Biogenesis of copper nanoparticles using peel extract of Punica granatum and their antimicrobial activity against opportunistic pathogens

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were biologically synthesized using peel extract of Punica granatum as reducing agent as well as capping agent. On treatment of aqueous solutions of CuSO₄·5H₂O with peel extract of P. granatum, stable CuNPs were formed. UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis confirmed the formation of CuNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, particles size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The electron microscopy analysis of CuNPs indicated that they ranged in size from 15 to 20?nm. The biologically synthesized CuNPs demonstrated high antibacterial activity against opportunistic pathogens, that is, Micrococcus luteus MTCC 1809, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC 424, Salmonella enterica MTCC 1253 and Enterobactor aerogenes MTCC 2823 in vitro. Nanoparticles synthesized biologically using plant extracts have the potential to serve as possible ecofriendly alternatives to chemical and physical methods for biomedical applications and research.!     

Anti-hyperalgesic activity of crude extract and 7-methyljuglone of Diospyros lotus roots

This study was designed to evaluate the antihyperalgesic effect of crude extract of Diospyros lotus followed by the isolation and characterisation of 7-methyljuglone in acetic acid and formalin tests. The pretreatment of crude extract evoked dose-dependent inhibition of noxious stimulation with maximum effect of 56.78% in acetic acid-induced writhing test, which were 51.89% and 60.69% in first and second phases, respectively, at 100 mg/kg i.p. The structure of 7-methyljuglone was confirmed by spectroscopic analysis. 7-Methyljuglone evoked profound increase in pain threshhold dose dependently; when it was studied in acetic acid-induced writhing test with 63.73% pain attenuation while 51.22% and 65.44% pain amelioration in first and second phases, respectively, at 100 mg/kg i.p. In conclusion, crude extract and 7-methyljuglone of D. lotus roots possessed both peripheral and central antinociceptive potential and thus could be a useful new therapeutic agent.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of Pistacia lentiscus L. edible oil and phenolic extract

Pistacia lentiscus L. is known in some Tunisian forest area by its fixed oil used in traditional medicine as an antiseptic product. This investigation is the first to study the antimicrobial activity of P.lentiscus edible oil and its phenolic extract. Oil was extracted from fruits harvested from six provenances located in Tunisia. The antimicrobial activity was tested using disc diffusion assay and the broth dilution method. Kbouch and Sidi Zid oils were most efficient (p < 0.003) against, respectively, Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger with an inhibition zone of 9.33 mm. The phenolic extract had the largest spectrum of sensitive microorganisms. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration results showed that all strains were inhibited by both oil and extract.     

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using olive leaf extract and its antibacterial activity

The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using hot water olive leaf extracts (OLE) as reducing and stabilizing agent are reported and evaluated for antibacterial activity against drug resistant bacterial isolates. The effect of extract concentration, contact time, pH and temperature on the reaction rate and the shape of the Ag nanoparticles are investigated. The data revealed that the rate of formation of the nanosilver increased significantly in the basic medium with increasing temperature. The nature of AgNPs synthesized was analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). The silver nanoparticles were with an average size of 20–25 nm and mostly spherical. The antibacterial potential of synthesized AgNPs was compared with that of aqueous OLE by well diffusion method. The AgNPs at 0.03–0.07 mg/ml concentration significantly inhibited bacterial growth against multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). This study revealed that the aqueous olive leaf extract has no effect at the concentrations used for preparation of the Ag nanoparticles. Thus AgNPs showed broad spectrum antibacterial activity at lower concentration and may be a good alternative therapeutic approach in future.     

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of methanolic extract and essential oil of Iranian Teucrium polium against some of phytobacteria

The antibacterial activity of essential oil and methanolic extract of Teucrium polium was determined against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pantoea agglomerans, Brenneria nigrifluens, Rhizobium radiobacter, Rhizobium vitis, Streptomyces scabies, Ralstonia solanacearum, Xanthomonas campestris and Pectobacterium cartovorum by disc diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined by using the serial dilution method. Chemical composition of essential oil and methanolic extract was determined by GC-MS and HPLC. α-Pinene (25.769%) and myrcene (12.507) were of the highest percentage in T. polium essential oil, and sinapic acid (15.553 mg/g) and eugenol (6.805 mg/g) were the major compounds in the methanolic extract. Our results indicate that both methanolic extract and essential oil did not show antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa. Also the essential oil did not show antibacterial activity against P. cartovorum. In general, both methanolic extract and essential oil showed the same antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum, P. agglomerans, B. nigrifluens and S. scabies.     

Green fabrication of silver nanoparticles via Ipomea carnea latex extract: Antibacterial activity

A versatile green and nontoxic begin method for bio-reduction of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using latex extract of Ipomea carnea was reported. Different instrumental tools were applied to evaluate the formation of AgNPs, as an example UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The absorption peak of AgNPs obtained at around 413 nm. FTIR study confirmed that the bio-capping components present in latex extract served as reducing and stabilizing agent. The findings of XRD, SEM and HR-TEM images revealed that the formation of crystalline and spherical shape nanoparticles and showed well size distribution with mean size 9.8±0.27 nm. Additionally, the green fabricated AgNPs exhibited considerable zone of inhibition for both Gram-positive and Gram–negative bacteria. The outcome implies that the synthesized AgNPs also showed similar inhibition effect as streptomycin (a common reference antibiotic).     

Comparison of green extraction methods with conventional extraction method for extract yield,L-DOPA concentration and antioxidant activity of Mucuna pruriens seed

ABSTRACT

Mucuna pruriens is a plant of Fabaceae family. Seed of M. pruriens is considered as a rich source of levo-3,4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), a non-protein phenolic amino acid. In the present study, three different extraction methods were compared for extract yield, concentration of bioactive compounds such as total phenol, L-DOPA and antioxidant capacity. Extracts were prepared using water acidified with hydrochloric acid (0.1?N) by conventional method of refluxing as well as two green methods namely ultrasound and microwave assisted solvent extraction. A rapid and qualified high-performance liquid chromatography method was also developed for quantification of L-DOPA in different extracts. Among the three extraction methods, microwave assisted extraction provided the best results for yield and quality of M. pruriens extract in much shorter time in comparison to refluxing method of extraction.     

邻烷氧基羰基苯磺酰胺衍生物的合成、表征及生物活性

磺酰胺类化合物是继磺酰脲与咪唑啉酮除草剂之后开发的乙酰乳酸合成酶 (ＡＬＳ)抑制剂的另一重要领域 ,已筛选出一些高活性的新品种[1～ 3] 。为寻找新的性能优良的活性物质 ,进一步研究活性与结构的关系 ,本文设计将磺酰胺类和酰胺类除草剂的基本骨架用一个亚甲基 ＣＨ2 连结起来 ,相当于在磺酰脲桥链中间插入了一个亚甲基 ,共合成了 1 6个新的邻烷氧基羰基苯磺酰胺衍生物( 2ａ～ 2ｐ) ,并初步测试了它们的生物活性。1　实验部分1 1　仪器和试剂ＪＥＯＬＦＸ 90Ｑ型、ＢＲＵＫＥＲＡＣ Ｐ2 0 0型核磁共振仪 ,ＴＭＳ为内标 ;Ｓｈｉｍａｄ…     

Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of sulfated astragalus polysaccharide

Sulfated astragalus polysaccharide (sulfated astragalan, SA) was prepared by chemical modification of astragalus polysaccharide abstracted from an astragalus menbranceus used as a Mongolia herbal medicine. Anti-HIV activity of SA was assayed in vitro and the results indicated that the SA showing high anti-HIV activity and lower cytotoxity. Sulfation of astragalan was carried out by using sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex in a mixture of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to give sulfated astragalan with degree of substitution (DS) of 1.14–1.20 and a number average molecular weight (M_n) of 1.27–1.46 × 10⁴. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Synthesis,biological activity and toxicity of chromium(III) metformin complex as potential insulin-mimetic agent in C57BL/6 mice

As an oral hypoglycemic agent, metformin (Met) has become a best-selling inexpensive drug worldwide. In this thesis, [Cr(metformin)₃] (CrMet) complex was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis (EA), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR), UV-visible (UV-vis), and molar conductivity. Meanwhile, the molecule structure of CrMet complex was optimized using Gaussian 09. Considering the therapeutic effect of Met and Met/Cr(III) complex on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the biological activities of CrMet in streptozocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice were evaluated in detail from the aspects of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting serum insulin (FINS), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) levels. These results indicated that CrMet had beneficial function on blood glucose (BG) and lipid metabolism for diabetes. Additionally, the results of cytotoxicity and toxicity experiments showed that CrMet had no damage to cells and relatively high safety in mice. It maybe a potential candidate as a therapeutic agent in T2DM.     

Ultra-fast sustainable synthesis,optimization and characterization of guava phenolic extract functionalized nanosilver with enhanced biomimetic attributes

There had been some reports demonstrating the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using guava (Psidium guajava (L.) extract); however, detailed and in-depth interrogation of the vital synthesis parameters for rapid, facile, efficacious synthesis at room temperature, and robust characterization of the as-prepared nanoparticle is currently lacking. This study presents a comprehensive delineation of the sustainable phyto-fabrication of biogenic guava phenolic extract functionalized silver nanoparticles (GVE-SNP) based on guava phenolic extract as the sole reductant/stabilizer, as well as the synthesis optimization, thorough physicochemical characterization and potential biological applications of the as-prepared nanosilver. The results revealed that successful synthesis of GVE-SNP was instantaneous and maximum intensity of the plasmonic peak at 425 nm was achieved in less than 10 min. GVE-SNP was found to present stable, well-dispersed, round, uniform, and crystalline nanoparticles of about 5.88 nm. The FTIR and RAMAN spectra indicated that GVE-SNP surface was properly capped by bioactives from GVE. The nanoparticles displayed potent radical scavenging activity against ABTS⁺ and DPPH. Also, GVE-SNP exhibited a significant and dose–response inhibitory effect against tyrosinase. Furthermore, the nanoparticles displayed good cytotoxicity against L929 fibroblast and were found to possess strong antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the growth of S. aureus and S. epidermidis.     

Sulfotransferases: structure, mechanism, biological activity, inhibition, and synthetic utility

The sulfonation (also known as sulfurylation) of biomolecules has long been known to take place in a variety of organisms, from prokaryotes to multicellular species, and new biological functions continue to be uncovered in connection with this important transformation. Early studies of sulfotransferases (STs), the enzymes that catalyze sulfonation, focused primarily on the cytosolic STs, which are involved in detoxification, hormone regulation, and drug metabolism. Although known to exist, the membrane-associated STs were not studied as extensively until more recently. Involved in the sulfonation of complex carbohydrates and proteins, they have emerged as central players in a number of molecular-recognition events and biochemical signaling pathways. STs have also been implicated in many pathophysiological processes. As a result, much interest in the complex roles of STs and in their targeting for therapeutic intervention has been generated. Progress in the elucidation of the structures and mechanisms of sulfotransferases, as well as their biological activity, inhibition, and synthetic utility, are discussed in this Review.     

Biosynthesis of Bixa orellana seed extract mediated silver nanoparticles with moderate antioxidant,antibacterial and antiproliferative activity

Biosynthesis of metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained much interest and offers an attractive alternate to physical and chemical approaches. In recent year several safe, easy, cost-effective, reproducible, and environmentally friendly synthesis approaches for silver nanoparticles have been developed. In this research work, a simple, cheap, and unexplored method was applied on green synthesis of AgNPs using secondary metabolites extracted from Bixa orellana seeds. The seeds are rich of flavonoids and phenolic compounds which presumably responsible for the fast reduction and stabilization of silver ion into silver nanoparticles. The biosynthesis process is very likely to be able to reduce silver ions under simple physiological conditions. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) that was appeared at 420 nm in UV–vis spectrum, had confirmed the formation of AgNPs. Moreover, the functional groups in secondary metabolite that act as reducing, capping and stabilizing agents for silver nanoparticles, are identified by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. An X-ray diffraction analysis generated four peaks for Bixa orellana seed extract mediated AgNPs positioned at 2θ angles of 38.1°, 44.2°, 64.6°, and 77.5° corresponding to crystal planes (1 1 1), (2 0 0), (2 2 0), and (3 1 1). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images confirmed the formation of nanosized silver particles. The z-average of the synthesized particles measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was found to be 92.9 nm. AgNPs synthesized exhibited remarkable antioxidant activity, antibacterial and antiproliferative activity against human breast (MCF-7) cell line. On the basis of our results, we conclude that biologically synthesized AgNPs exhibited favorable characteristics and have the potential to be used in biomedical fields.     

Synthesis,structure and biological activity of four new picolinohydrazonamide derivatives

Four new picolinohydrazonamide derivatives, namely, 6‐methyl‐N′‐(morpholine‐4‐carbonothioyl)picolinohydrazonamide, C₁₂H₁₇N₅OS, 6‐chloro‐N′‐(morpholine‐4‐carbonothioyl)picolinohydrazonamide methanol monosolvate, C₁₁H₁₄ClN₅OS·CH₃OH, 6‐chloro‐N′‐(4‐phenylpiperazine‐1‐carbonothioyl)picolinohydrazonamide, C₁₇H₁₉ClN₆S, and 6‐chloropicolinohydrazonamide, C₆H₇ClN₄, have been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal low‐temperature X‐ray diffraction. In addition, their antibacterial and anti‐yeast activities have been determined. The first three compounds adopt the zwitterionic form in the crystal structure regardless of the presence or absence of solvent molecules in the structure. They also adopt the same symmetry, i.e. P2₁/c (P2₁/n), unlike the fourth structure which is chiral and has the space group P2₁2₁2₁. For all the studied cases, intermolecular N—H…O and N—H…N hydrogen bonds play an essential role in the formation of the structures.     

Quality and antitumour activity evaluation of extract of Hypericum ascyron

Similarity assessment of complex chromatographic profiles is a potential tool for the identification and quality control of herbal medicinal products to guarantee the expected biological activity. In this paper, a high‐performance liquid chromatography method was established for controlling the quality of extract of Hypericum ascyron for the first time. With this method, the correlation coefficients of similarity of 10 batches extract of H. ascyron were >0.97. The extract of H. ascyron displayed steadily inhibitorty activities on the growth of human cervical cancer Hela cell lines. Therefore, the present study successfully set up a sensitive efficient method which might confirm stable biological activity of the extract of H. ascyron. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of green tea extract loaded into nanostructured lipid carriers

In this paper, the preparation and characterization of some novel nanostructured lipid carriers for drug delivery are reported. They are obtained by mixing two solid lipids, cetyl palmitate and glyceryl stearate, with three types of vegetable oils: grape seed oil, St. John's wort oil (Hypericum perforatum oil) and sea buckthorn oil. In order to increase their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, they are co-loaded with green tea extract by using a modified high shear homogenization technique. Size distribution and polydispersity index of the developed nanostructured lipid carriers determined by the dynamic light scattering, and corroborated with the results obtained by the transmission electron microscopy analysis, confirmed that the structures obtained are at nanoscales. The crystallinity behavior of the prepared nanostructured lipid carriers has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry; zeta potential measurements show that all loaded nanostructures present excellent physical stability. Their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties evaluated by an appropriate in vitro analysis using the chemiluminescence method, and the diffusion disc method, respectively, show that green tea extract could be utilized as a valuable natural source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agent. These new nano-formulations proved to have significant potential for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.     

Vibrational spectroscopic characterization of wild growing mushrooms and toadstools

Recently, there has been increase of general interest in fungi because of the possible medical applications of their polysaccharide constituents called glucans, some of which are reported to have immunomodulatory properties. Since an extraction method can change the chemical composition of a substance, especially a delicate one such as fungal thallus, it is necessary and useful to know more about the studied matter in advance in order to choose the chemical procedure properly. We demonstrated the usefulness of vibrational spectroscopy in identifying different glucan types in various parts of intact fruiting bodies of Asco- and Basidiomycetes. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy was used for obtaining vibrational spectra of spores and fruiting bodies of more than 70 species belonging to 37 different genera of wild growing mushrooms. The list of the bands in 750-950 cm(-1) interval, assigned to alpha- and beta-glucans, is provided for all species studied. Vibrational spectra in the interval 1000-1200 cm(-1) could serve as an indicator of mushroom genus, although particular species cannot be identified spectroscopically. Great similarities in spectra of spores of the same genus, but different species, e.g. Tricholoma album and Trichloma sulphureum, were observed. On the other hand, spectra of cap, stalk and spores of the same mushroom show great differences, indicating variety in the chemical composition of different parts of the same fruiting body.     

Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract: Catalytic and antimicrobial effects

In the current work, we followed a green chemistry route to prepare and characterize the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Syzygium aromaticum (clove) extract at room temperature. Suitably, the clove extract acted as a reducing agent as well as a capping agent, and these reactions occurred rapidly. The formation of the AgNPs was confirmed by the observation of the distinct absorption peak at a wavelength of 418 nm using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy, and a morphological study confirmed the uniform distribution of the optimally spherical nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicated the methoxy and allyl functional groups of eugenol of the clove extract to be responsible for the bioreduction of silver ions and for the stabilization of the resulting nanoparticles (flavonoids). We also found the AgNPs to be effective catalysts of the degradation of three pollutant organic dyes viz., 4‐nitrophenol, methylene blue and rhodamine B, in the presence of excess NaBH₄. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of the bio‐synthesized AgNPs were also explored. Overall, the results suggested the potential use of clove extract as a resource for the synthesis of AgNPs having a broad range of possible commercial and biomedical applications.     

Antioxidant capacity,radical scavenger activity,lipid oxidation protection analysis and antimicrobial activity of red grape extracts from different varieties cultivated in Portugal

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant capacity, radical scavenger activity, lipid oxidation protection and antimicrobial activity of grape extracts from 12 different red grape varieties cultivated in Portugal. The mean values of total phenolic content quantified in grape extracts varied from 833.7 to 2005.6 mg/L gallic acid. Antioxidant capacity results showed different values for each grape variety ranging from 3.96 to 32.96 mm/L Fe(II). The scavenger activity values ranged from 15.99% to 54.82% for the superoxide radical and from 11.79% to 29.67% for the hydroxyl radical. The grape extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity had a positive effect on the lipid oxidation protection and induced low peroxide values in butter samples. Finally, concerning antimicrobial activity, grape extracts from Touriga Nacional and Tinta Roriz grape varieties had significant antimicrobial activity, especially notable for total mesophilic aerobics.     

聚异戊二烯基三胺的合成及生理活性评价

设计、合成了一系列聚异戊二烯基三胺化合物,目标化合物结构均经过核磁共振谱、质谱及元素分析确认;利用MTT法测试了目标化合物对人白血病细胞K562和人肝癌细胞Bel-7402的体外抗肿瘤活性.结果表明,目标化合物对两种肿瘤细胞的生长均有较强的抑制活性.