储氢合金电极中添加碳纳米管对SC型高功率电池性能的影响

在SC型高功率镍氢电池的负极中添加不同含量的碳纳米管制备SC型高功率镍氢电池, 并对其容量、大电流放电性能和循环寿命进行研究. 结果发现, 碳纳米管的加入有利于提高电池的综合性能, 尤其是大电流放电性能和循环寿命; 加入碳纳米管的含量为0.8%(w)时电池的综合性能最好, 其最高容量达到3369 mAh, 2C(6000 mA)循环600次后容量仍然保持在3280 mAh(97% DOD(放电深度))以上, 5C(15000 mA)循环180 次容量仍然有2850 mAh(89.1% DOD)以上.     

温度对空间用氢镍电池电化学性能的影响

以60 Ah氢镍电池为研究对象,研究了温度对电池电性能的影响. 结果表明,电池的放电容量、过充电率随着温度均呈先升后降趋势,最高放电容量可达63.68 Ah（-5 ^oC）,电池的适合涓流值及3天自放电率随着温度的升高呈增加趋势,电池的放电容量、过充电率、适合涓流值和自放电率与环境温度之间有近似的代数公式变化关系. -10 ^oC、80%放电深度（DOD）条件下循环3000次后,电池电性能无明显衰降;25 ^oC下循环550次,放电电压跌至0.8 V,电池失效. 结合相关参考文献结果及EIS试验分析可知,25 ^oC下电池循环性能迅速失效主要是由于高温下镍电极更易析氧和发生极板腐蚀,以及高温下镍极板更易粉化所致.     

关于钒电池中支路电流(shunt current)的计算

本文针对双极堆式的全钒氧化还原液流电池中,因电极1框结构所导致液流过程中存在的支路电流(shunt current)进行分析,提出了支路电流的计算方法并对5组单电池组成的电池组进行了理论计算,并探讨了支路电流对电池性能的可能影响.结果表明:1)支路电流的大小与电池位置密切相关,支路电流呈对称分布,电液通道中电流越接近电堆中心越小.主路电流充电时越靠近电池中心越小,放电时越靠近电池中心越大.2)充电时,电液通道中的支路电流会对接触溶液的双极板产生腐蚀;放电时,过大的支路电流会降低电池的电压、库仑及能量效率.     

关于钒电池中支路电流（shunt current）的计算

本文针对双极堆式的全钒氧化还原液流电池中，因电极框结构所导致液流过程中存在的支路电流（shunt current）进行分析，提出了支路电流的计算方法并对5组单电池组成的电池组进行了理论计算，并探讨了支路电流对电池性能的可能影响。结果表明：1）支路电流的大小与电池位置密切相关，支路电流呈对称分布，电液通道中电流越接近电堆中心越小。主路电流充电时越靠近电池中心越小，放电时越靠近电池中心越大。2）充电时，电液通道中的支路电流会对接触溶液的双极板产生腐蚀；放电时，过大的支路电流会降低电池的电压、库仑及能量效率。     

石墨烯/硫酸铅复合材料的制备及其在铅酸电池中的电化学性能

利用简单的浸渍法制备了石墨烯/硫酸铅复合材料,使得硫酸铅可以直接用作铅酸电池负极材料。该复合材料分别以100 mA.g-1、200 mA.g-1和300 mA.g-1电流密度放电时,平均放电比容量分别可达到110、94和69 mAh.g-1,而硫酸铅仅为49、5和0.5 mAh.g-1,显示出复合材料在高倍率充放电下更好的比容量和再接受充电能力。循环伏安测试表明石墨烯的电容效应随扫描速率增大而增强,同时析氢也变得严重,使得复合材料在充放电过程中充电效率比纯硫酸铅低20%。在充放电过程中,石墨烯能够提高硫酸铅1倍以上的放电容量,并将充电电压提高0.1 V。XRD和SEM结果显示硫酸铅均匀分布在石墨烯片层上,没有出现团聚现象。     

酞菁类化合物对MH/Ni电池性能的影响

针对MH/Ni电池充电过程中氧的产生和不恰当的消除方式带来的内压升高和热量聚集使电池总体性能衰减很快的问题, 提出采用降低化学催化氧还原的比例, 提高热量产生少的电催化氧还原比例的方法加以解决.金属酞菁类化合物是一种电催化氧还原剂.添加酞菁的MH/Ni电池与对比电池进行容量衰减、内压、大电流放电等特性比较, 其性能均有显著提高.     

磷酸钒锂溶胶-凝胶制备及电化学性能研究

以柠檬酸为螯合剂和碳源,应用溶胶-凝胶法制备锂离子电池正极Li3V2(PO4)3/C.XRD、SEM及恒电流充放电等测试表明,所得样品经800℃、12 h焙烧后具有单一晶相结构,粒度相对较小,分布均匀.0.1C、0.5C和1C放电首次比容量分别为153.0、143.1和130.6 mAh.g-1,50次循环容量效率分别为93.1%,85.4%和77.3%,充电效率达80%,放电电压较高.     

40Ah H_2/Ni空间储能电源充放电特性研究

组装40Ah氢镍电池,研究该空间储能电源充放电性能.结果表明,在环境温度0～10℃之间电池放电容量最高(达50A·h),放电过程电池温度升高10℃,过放电后,电池电压降至-0.2V左右,电池温度逐升,过充电时,电池电压先升后降,温度激升;该电池以57%DOD(depth of discharge)充放电,经循环2350次,放电电压仍可稳定于1.2V,电池电性能无减.     

一种新的流变相法制备锂离子电池纳米-LiVOPO4正极材料

采用新型流变相法制备锂离子电池正极材料纳米-LiVOPO4. 采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜以及电化学测试等手段对LiVOPO4的微观结构、表面形貌和电化学性能进行了表征. 结果表明, 采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO4由粒径大约在10-60 nm的小颗粒组成. 首次放电容量, 首次充电容量以及库仑效率分别为135.7 mAh·g-1, 145.8 mAh·g-1和93.0%. 0.1C (1C=160 mA·g-1)放电时, 60次循环后, 放电容量保持在134.2 mAh·g-1, 为首次放电容量的98.9%, 平均每次循环的容量损失仅为0.018%. 而1.0C和2.0C放电时的放电容量达到0.1C放电容量的96.5%和91.6%. 随着放电次数的增加, 电荷转移阻抗增加, 而锂离子在电极中的扩散系数达到10-11 cm2·s-1数量级. 实验结果显示采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO4是一种容量高、循环性能好、倍率性能好的锂离子电池正极材料.     

一种新的流变相法制备锂离子电池纳米-LiVOPO_4正极材料(英文)

采用新型流变相法制备锂离子电池正极材料纳米-LiVOPO4.采用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜以及电化学测试等手段对LiVOPO4的微观结构、表面形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO4由粒径大约在10-60nm的小颗粒组成.首次放电容量,首次充电容量以及库仑效率分别为135.7mAh·g-1,145.8mAh·g-1和93.0%.0.1C(1C=160mA·g-1)放电时,60次循环后,放电容量保持在134.2mAh·g-1,为首次放电容量的98.9%,平均每次循环的容量损失仅为0.018%.而1.0C和2.0C放电时的放电容量达到0.1C放电容量的96.5%和91.6%.随着放电次数的增加,电荷转移阻抗增加,而锂离子在电极中的扩散系数达到10-11cm2·s-1数量级.实验结果显示采用流变相法制备的LiVOPO4是一种容量高、循环性能好、倍率性能好的锂离子电池正极材料.     

单液流锌镍电池锌负极性能及电池性能初步研究

对单液流锌镍电池锌电极在电解液流动状态下,电沉积锌形貌随电流密度的变化进行表征,结果表明,随充电电流密度的增大电沉积锌层逐渐致密化,没有枝晶生成.组装了容量为2Ah的电池,并进行长时间充放电性能研究.测试结果该电池的平均充电电压为1.84 V,平均放电电压1.65 V,平均库仑效率达到96%,能量效率达到了86%.     

Synthesis of high voltage (4.9 V) cycling LiNixCoyMn(1-x-y)O2 cathode materials for lithium rechargeable batteries

Layered mixed oxides LiNi(x)Co(y)Mn(1-x-y)O(2) (0 ≤x, y≤ 0.5) synthesized by a sol-gel method using tartaric acid as a chelating agent, and their structural and electrochemical properties are investigated by thermal analysis, XRD, SEM, FT-IR and XPS studies. The higher composition of Co leads to cation disorder and shrinks the cell volume. Electrochemical behaviour of the synthesized materials is evaluated by Galvanostatic charge/discharge studies using 2016 type coin cells. The cycling studies are carried out in the voltage limits of 2.7 to 4.6, 4.8 and 4.9 V at current rates of C/10 and C/5 respectively. The composition LiNi(0.4)Co(0.1)Mn(0.5)O(2) exhibits an average discharge capacity of 192 mA h g(-1) at the current density of 0.612 mA cm(-2) (C/5) in the voltage range of 2.7-4.9 V as compared to the discharge capacity of 155 and 175 mA h g(-1) in the potential range of 2.7-4.6 and 2.7-4.8 V over the 50 investigated cycles. The effect of higher charge voltage at 4.9 V on the electrochemical performance of LiNi(x)Co(y)Mn(1-x-y)O(2) oxide materials has not previously been reported.     

辉光放电质谱法测定核级石墨粉中痕量杂质

建立了直流辉光放电质谱法(DC-GDMS)测定核级石墨粉中痕量杂质元素的方法。用一定的压力将石墨粉镶嵌在高纯铟片上,形成一个直径约为5 mm的圆形石墨薄层,用铟片辅助石墨粉放电,实现了粉状样品直接检测。优化的实验条件为放电电流0.8 mA,放电电压1.2 kV,放电气体流速0.437 mL/min。用石墨粉标准样品(19J T61029)单点校准了仪器相对灵敏度因子,消除基体效应,实现15个关键杂质元素定量分析。方法检出限为5.0 ng/g,在单侧0.05显著性水平下,利用Student’s t检验,方法测定结果 t值均小于临界值,与标准值无显著性差异。相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%。本方法与电感耦合等离子体光谱法测定结果比较,相对误差在2.4%～17.4%之间。     

聚合物自由基锂二次电池正极材料的合成与电化学性能

合成了一种聚合物自由基聚 4 甲基丙烯酸 2 ,2 ,6 ,6 四甲基哌啶 1 氮氧自由基酯 (PTMA) ,并用红外光谱 (IR)、紫外光谱 (UV)、电子顺磁共振 (ESR)等证实了PTMA的结构 .PTMA的循环伏安曲线 (扫描速度为 5mV·s- 1)显示通过阳极的氧化电量和阴极的还原电量相等且氧化峰电流等于还原峰电流 ,表明PTMA的氧化还原反应可逆性很好 .PTMA的氧化峰电位 (Ea ,p=3 6 6VversusLi Li+ )与还原峰电位 (Ec,p=3 58V)之差为 80mV ,比其它锂二次电池的有机正极材料 (如有机二硫化物 )小得多 ,因此PTMA的氧化还原反应速度比较快 .PTMA的最大放电比容量为 78 4mAh·g- 1(以 0 2C充放电 ) ,是它理论比容量 ( 111mAh·g- 1)的 70 6 % ,它的充放电曲线分别在 3 6 5V和 3 56V处有一个很平稳的平台 ,经过 10 0次充放电循环后电池的放电比容量相对于最大放电比容量只衰减了 2 % ,表明PTMA 锂扣式电池具有优良的循环稳定性 .这些研究结果显示PTMA是一种非常有发展前景的有机聚合物自由基锂二次电池正极材料     

Mechanism of the Enhanced Electrochemical Properties of LiNi<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>Co<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>1/3</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript> Cathode Materials by a Pre-Sintering Process

α-NaFeO₂ layered LiNi_1/3Co_1/3Mn_1/3O₂ cathode materials were synthesized by mechanical milling accompanied by the solid phase sintering. The sample exhibited a good crystallinity and layered structure while sintered at 900°C, which can be further improved by adding a pre-sintering process at 500°C before high temperature sintering. The sample with a pre-sintering process presents an average particle size about 0.6 μm, and a hexagonal crystalline structure. The optimally fabricated sample showed a first charge capacity of 210.2 mA h/g, discharge capacity of 171.2 mA h/g with a current rate of 0.2 C within the voltage range of 2.7~4.5 V. With increasing the current rate to 1 C, the charge–discharge capacity faded quickly during the cycling process, which can be partially recovered while operated at a low current rate. However, the capacity fading at a current rate of 2 C was largely irreversible. The evolution of the surface chemical states was evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on the charged and discharged samples to understand the high rate capacity fading.     

Lithium deintercalation/intercalation processes in cathode materials based on lithium iron phosphate with the olivine structure

This review describes the current state of the studies of lithium deintercalation/intercalation processes in cathode materials based on lithium iron phosphate with olivine structure. The limiting factors of LiFePO₄ charge/discharge processes, as well as the main methods for their acceleration are considered. A partial replacement of iron cations in the structure improves the electrochemical characteristics of the cathode materials, including the discharge capacity, charge/discharge rate, and, in some cases, changes the charge/discharge mechanism. The use of nanoscale phosphate LiFePO₄ with the olivine structure considerably increases the charge/discharge rate of cathode materials based on it by reducing the diffusion path length. Methods for LiFePO₄ surface modification are considered. Particular attention is paid to the development of composite materials with electron-conducting additives. Combining of various approaches to the modification of the material in question makes it possible to obtain materials with a discharge capacity close to the theoretical value (170 mA h g^–1) at a low charge/discharge rate and to considerably increase its capacity at high charge and discharge currents.     

Studies on Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Li1+δNi1-xCoxO2-yFy Cathode Materials for Lithium-ion Rechargeable Batteries

It is a technological problem of LiNiO2 cathode material for lithium-ion secondary batteries because of the difficult preparation and hard purification, instable performance, remarkable capacity fading at initial discharge, worse thermal stability and safety of Ni-series cathode materials,and it is also the key factor of hindering LiNiO2 cathode material from practical applications.Recently, by doping some metal cations such as Co, Mn, Mg, Al, Cr and so on[1-5] into LiNiO2, the preparation difficulty and the purification hardness can be obviously improved, and the initial irreversible discharge capacity can be reduced, and the ratio of the initial discharge to charge capacity can be enhanced. But the cyclic stability, thermal stability and safety of LiNiO2 are not enough to satisfy the demand of commercial use.At present, the synthesis of LiNiO2 cathode material must be sintered under oxygen atmosphere in most cases, and the improved effect of fluoride doping on the electrochemical properties of LiNiO2 has seldom been reported in the literatures.In this paper, the cobalt cation and fluorine anion co-doping cathode materials Li1+δNi1-xCoxO2-yFy( 0≤δ≤0.2, 0≤x≤0.5, 0≤y≤0.1 ) were synthesized by solid state reaction method at 650℃ ～750℃ under air atmosphere, and characterized by XRD、 SEM、 TEM、 BET、 laser particle-size distribution measurement and electrochemical performance testing, the effect of different nickel sources on the properties of as-synthesized cathode materials was investigated. The results demonstrated that the cobalt and fluorine ions co-doping cathode materials Li1+δNi1-xCoxO2-yFy have complete layered structure, uniform surface morphology and better particle-size distribution as well as excellent electrochemical performances. At 20～25℃, 0.15～0.25mA charge and discharge current,4.25～2.70V cut-off voltage, 0.2～0.5C charge and discharge rate and 0.2～0.5 mA/cm2 current density,LiNi0.8Co0.2O1.95F0.05 cathode material has higher initial charge and discharge capacity and better cyclic properties which can be mainly attributed to the doping of the higher electronegativity fluorine which improves the structural stability and the synergistic reaction of cobalt and fluorine ions co-doping on the cathode materials. Under the above conditions, the initial charge and discharge capacity of LiNi0.8Co0.2O1.95F0.05 is 165.70mAh/g and 146.10mAh/g, respectively. After 50 cycles, it has more than 140mAh/g of discharge capacity and displays preliminary application possibility in the future.     

聚苯胺/活性碳复合型超电容器的电化学特性

电化学电容器作为一种新型储能器件具有广泛的应用.采用(NH₄)₂S₂O₈化学氧化聚合苯胺法制备了聚苯胺电极材料，采用化学物理二次催化活化法制备了高比表面积活性碳材料.并用循环伏安、恒流充放电以及交流阻抗等方法对上述电极材料的电化学特性进行了研究.实验结果表明,所制备的聚苯胺电极材料具有高于420 F•g^－1的法拉第赝电容和良好的电化学特性，所制备的活性碳电极材料则具有160 F•g^－1的双电层电容量.分别采用聚苯胺作为正极，活性碳作为负极，38％硫酸作为电解液制备了复合型电化学电容器.复合型电容器工作电压达到1.4 V, 电容器单体比电容达到57 F•g^－1，最大比能量和最大真实比功率分别达到15.5 W•h•kg^－1和2.4 W•g^－1, 峰值比功率达到20.4 W•g^－1,电容器循环工作寿命超过500次. 与活性碳双电层电容器相比，复合型电容器还具有较低的自放电率.     

碳纳米管在室温熔盐中的电容特性

研究了碳纳米管在室温熔盐二(三氟甲基磺酸酰)亚胺锂(LiTFSI)-乙酰胺中的电容特性. 将碳纳米管制成薄膜电极, 以LiTFSI-乙酰胺为电解液, 装配成模拟电容器, 用循环伏安和恒流充放电法研究其电化学性能. 结果表明, 碳纳米管在室温熔盐中表现出典型的电容特性, 其比电容为22 F•g^-1, 模拟电容器的工作电压可达2.0 V, 具有非常好的循环性能, 循环充放电1000次后容量损失仅10%, 表明室温熔盐是超级电容器非常有前景的新型电解液.