Effect of strong magnetic field on electron capture of iron group nuclei in crusts of neutron stars

In this paper electron capture on iron group nuclei in crusts of neutron stars in a strong magnetic field is investigated. The results show that the magnetic fields have only a slight effect on electron capture rates in a range of 10$^{8}-10^{13}$G on surfaces of most neutron stars, whereas for some magnetars the magnetic fields range from 10$^{13}$ to 10$^{18}$~G. The electron capture rates of most iron group nuclei are greatly decreased, reduced by even four orders of magnitude due to the strong magnetic field.     

Neutrino Energy Loss by Electron Capture on Nucleus ^56Mn, ^56Fe, ^56Co and ^56Ni in Strong Electron Screening

Based on the p-f shell model, the neutrino energy loss rates for nucleus ^56Mn, ^56Fe, ^56Co and ^56Ni in the electron capture process are canvassed in and not in a strong electron screening. The results show that the neutrino energy loss rates for ^56Mn, ^56Fe, ^56Co and ^56Ni decrease about 15%, 10%, 60% and i order of magnitude correspondingly at the temperature T9 = 15 and even debase 2 orders of magnitude at the temperature T9 = 1.     

Re-evaluation of the ^23Mg（p,γ） ^24Al reaction rate

Based on a new screening Coulomb model, this paper discusses the effect of electron screening on proton capture reaction of 23Mg. The derived result shows that, in some considerable range of stellar temperatures, the effect of electron screening on resonant reaction is prominent; on the non-resonant reaction the effect is obvious only in the low stellar temperatures. The reaction rates of ^23Mg（p,γ） ^24Al would increase 15%-25% due to the fact that the electron screening are considered in typical temperature range of massive mass white dwarfs, and the results undoubtedly affect the nucleosynthesis of some heavier nuclei in massive mass white dwarfs.     

Spin polarization effect for molecule Ta2

Density functional theory （DFT） （B3p86） has been used to optimize the structure of the molecule Ta2. The result shows that the ground state of molecule Ta2 is a 7-multiple state and its electronic configuration is ^7∑u^＋, which shows the spin polarization effect for molecule Ta2 of transition metal elements for the first time. Meanwhile, spin pollution has not been found because the wavefunction of the ground state does not mix with those of higher states. So, the fact that the ground state of molecule Ta2 is a 7-multiple state indicates a spin polarization effect of molecule Ta2 of the transition metal elements, i.e. there exist 6 parallel spin electrons and the non-conjugated electrons are greatest in number. These electrons occupy different space orbitals so that the energy of molecule Ta2 is minimized. It can be concluded that the effect of parallel spin of the molecule Ta2 is larger than the effect of the conjugated molecule, which is obviously related to the effect of d-electron delocalization. In addition, the Murrell-Sorbie potential functions with parameters for the ground state ^7∑u^＋ and other states of the molecule Ta2 are derived. The dissociation energy De, equilibrium bond length Re and vibration frequency we for the ground state of molecule Ta2 are 4.5513eV, 0.2433nm and 173.06cm^-1, respectively. Its force constants f2, f3 and f4 are 1.5965×10^2aJ.nm^-2, -6.4722×10^3aJ·nm^-3 and 29.4851×10^4aJ·nm^-4, respectively. Other spectroscopic data we xe, Be and αe for the ground state of Ta2 are 0.2078cm^-1, 0.0315 cm^-1 and 0.7858×10^-4 cm^-1, respectively.     

Optical parameters and energy levels splitting of Ho^3＋ in Ho^3＋： GdVO4

Ho^3＋ ： GdVO4 is a new laser material suitable for high-power laser systems. In this paper we measure the absorption spectra of Ho^3＋ in the sample Ho^3＋： GdVO4. The intensity parameters are calculated by using the Judd-Ofelt theory. Some predicted spectroscopic parameters, such as the spontaneous radiative transition rate, branching ratio and integrated emission cross section are dealt with. And we also compare the optical parameters with those of other materials. From these results, it is found that there are many transitions which have large oscillator strengths and large integrated emission cross sections. Especially the transitions such as ^5 F4 → ^5 I 8, ^5 S2→^5 I8, ^5 F5 → ^5 I8 and ^5 I7 →^ 5 I8 are useful in solid-state lasers and other fields. Finally, we discuss the splitting of the energy levels of Ho^3＋ in the crystal GdVO4 based on the group theory.     

Judd-Oflet analysis of spectrum and laser performance of Ho：YAP crystal end-pumped by 1.91μm Tm：YLF laser

The Ho:YAP crystal is grown by the Czochralski technique.The room temperature polarized absorption spectra of Ho:YAP crystal was measured on a c cut sample with 1 at% holmium.According to the obtained Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ω2 = 1.42 × 10-20 cm2,Ω4 = 2.92 × 10-20 cm2,and Ω6 = 1.71 × 10-20 cm2,this paper calculated the fluorescence lifetime to be 6 ms for 5I7 →5 I8 transition,and the integrated emission cross section to be 2.24×10-18 cm2.It investigates the room temperature Ho:YAP laser end pumped by a 1.91 μm Tm:YLF laser.The maximum output power was 4.1 W when the incident 1.91 μm pump power was 14.4 W.The slope efficiency is 40.8%,corresponding to an optical to optical conversion efficiency of 28.4%.The Ho:YAP output wavelength was centred at 2118 nm with full width at half maximum of about 0.8 nm.     

Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of Nd2O3 nanoparticles modified by sodium bis 2-ethylhexyl sulfosuccinate

This paper reports that Nd₂O₃ nanoparticles modified by AOT(sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate) were prepared using microemulsion method in the system of water and propanol/AOT/toluene. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the Nd₂O₃ nanoparticles take the shape of sphere with 18\,nm and 31nm with different preparation. The organic sol of Nd₂O₃ nanoparticles is very stable at room temperature. X-ray diffraction results show that the product has hexagonal phase structure. Two ultraviolet emission band at 344\,nm and 361\,nm corresponding to the transition of ⁴D_3/2→4I_9/2 and 2P_3/2→⁴I₁₁₂ or ⁴D_3/2 →⁴I_13/2 were observed.     

Gaussian modification of neutrino energy loss on strongly screening nuclides 55Co and 56Ni by electron capture in stellar interior

Gaussian modifications of the neutrino energy loss (NEL) by electron capture on the strongly screening nuclides 55Co and 56Ni are investigated. The results show that in strong electron screening (SES),the NEL rates decrease without modifying the Gamow-Teller (G-T) resonance transition. For instance, the NEL rates of 55Co and 56Ni decrease more than two and three orders of magnitude for ρ7 = 5.86, T9≤ 5,Ye = 0.47, △ = 6.3, respectively. In contrast, due to Gaussian modification, the NEL rates increase about two orders of magnitude in SES. Due to SES, the maximum values of the C-factor (in %) on NEL of 55Co, 56Ni are of the order of 99.80%, 99.56% at ρ7 = 5.86 Ye = 0.47 and 99.60%, 99.65% at ρ7 = 106 Ye = 0.43, respectively.     

A possible experimental observable for the determination of neutron skin thickness

The dependence between neutron skin thickness and neutron abrasion cross section （σnabr） for neutron-rich nuclei is investigated within the framework of the statistical abrasion ablation model. Assuming that the density distributions for proton and neutron are of Fermi-type, and adjusting the diffuseness parameter of neutron density distribution in the droplet model, we find out the good linear correlation between the neutron skin thickness and the abrasion cross section σnabr for neutron-rich nuclei. The uncertainty of neutron skin thickness determined from σnabr is very small. It is suggested that σnabr can be used as a new experimental observable to extract the neutron skin thickness for neutronrich nucleus. The scaling behaviours between neutron skin thickness and σnabr, separately, for isotopes of ^26-35Na, ^44-56Ar, ^48-60Ca, ^67-78Ni are also investigated.     

A CVD diamond film detector for pulsed proton detection

A chemical vapour deposition （CVD） diamond film detector was prepared and the main characteristics for pulsed proton detection were studied at Beijing Tandem Accelerator. The result shows that the charge collection efficiency of the detector increases with increasing electric field intensity and reaches to 9.44% at 5 V/μm with the charge collection distance of 15.9 μm. The relationship between the sensitivity of the detector and proton energy is consistent with the Monte Carlo （MC） simulation result. Its plasma time for a pulse with 4.85×10^5 protons is 1l.2ns. The dose threshold for onset of damage under 9MeV proton irradiation in the detector is about 10^13 cm^-2. All of the results show that a CVD diamond detector has fast time response and high radiation hardness, and can be used in pulsed proton detection.     

High energy electron radiation effect on Ni/4H-SiC SBD and Ohmic contact

The Ni/4H-SiC Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) and transfer length method (TLM) test patterns of Ni/4H-SiC Ohmic contacts were fabricated, and irradiated with 1~MeV electrons up to a dose of 3.43× 10¹⁴~e/cm^-2. After radiation, the forward currents of the SBDs at 2~V decreased by about 50%, and the reverse currents at -200~V increased by less than 30%. Schottky barrier height (φ _B ) of the Ni/4H-SiC SBD increased from 1.20~eV to 1.21~eV under 0~V irradiation bias, and decreased from 1.25~eV to 1.19~eV under -30~V irradiation bias. The degradation of φ _B could be explained by the variation of interface states of Schottky contacts. The on-state resistance (R_s) and the reverse current increased with the dose, which can be ascribed to the radiation defects in bulk material. The specific contact resistance (\rho_c) of the Ni/SiC Ohmic contact increased from 5.11× 10⁵~Ωega.cm² to 2.97× 10^-4~Ωega.cm².     

Spin polarization effect for Os2 molecule

Density functional Theory （DFT） （B3p86） of Gaussian03 has been used to optimize the structure of Os2 molecule. The result shows that the ground state for Os2 molecule is 9-multiple state and its electronic configuration is ^9∑^＋g, which shows spin polarization effect of Os2 molecule of transition metal elements for the first time. Meanwhile, we have not found any spin pollution because the wavefunction of the ground state does not mingle with wavefunctions with higher energy states. So, the fact that the ground state for Os2 molecule is a 9-multiple state is indicative of spin polarization effect of Os2 molecule of transition metal elements. That is, there exist 8 parallel spin electrons. The non-conjugated electron is greatest in number. These electrons occupy different spacious tracks, so that the energy of Os2 molecule is minimized. It can be concluded that the effect of parallel spin of Os2 molecule is larger than the effect of the conjugated molecule, which is obviously related to the effect of electron d delocalization. In addition, the Murrell-Sorbie potential functions with the parameters for the ground state ^9∑^＋g and other states of Os2 molecule are derived. Dissociation energy De for the ground state of Os2 molecule is 3.3971eV, equilibrium bond length Re is 0.2403nm, vibration frequency ωe is 235.32cm^-1. Its force constants f2, f3, and f4 are 3.1032×10^2aJ·nm^-2, -14.3425×10^3aJ·nm^-3 and 50.5792×10^4aJ·nm^-4 respectively. The other spectroscopic data for the ground state of Os2 molecule ωexe, Be and ae are 0.4277cm^- 1, 0.0307cm^- 1 and 0.6491 × 10^-4cm^-1 respectively.     

The research on suspended ZnO nanowire field-effect transistor

This paper reports that a novel type of suspended ZnO nanowire field-effect transistors (FETs) were successfully fabricated using a photolithography process, and their electrical properties were characterized by I--V measurements. Single-crystalline ZnO nanowires were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, they were used as a suspended ZnO nanowire channel of back-gate field-effect transistors (FET). The fabricated suspended nanowire FETs showed a p-channel depletion mode, exhibited high on--off current ratio of ～10⁵. When V_DS=2.5 V, the peak transconductances of the suspended FETs were 0.396 μS, the oxide capacitance was found to be 1.547 fF, the pinch-off voltage V_TH was about 0.6 V, the electron mobility was on average 50.17 cm²/Vs. The resistivity of the ZnO nanowire channel was estimated to be 0.96× 10²Ω cm at V_GS = 0 V. These characteristics revealed that the suspended nanowire FET fabricated by the photolithography process had excellent performance. Better contacts between the ZnO nanowire and metal electrodes could be improved through annealing and metal deposition using a focused ion beam.     

Judd--Ofelt analysis of spectra and experimental evaluation of laser performance of Tm3+ doped Lu2SiO5 crystal

This paper reports that the Tm^3＋：Lu2SiO5 （Tm：LSO） crystal is grown by Czochralski technique. The roomtemperature absorption spectra of Tm：LSO crystal are measured on a b-cut sample with 4 at.% thulium. According to the obtained Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ω2=9.3155×10^-20 cm^2, Ω4=8.4103×10^-20 cm^2, Ω6=1.5908×10^-20 cm^2, the fluorescence lifetime is calculated to be 2.03 ms for ^3F4 → ^3H6 transition, and the integrated emission cross section is 5.81×10^-18 cm^2. Room-temperature laser action near 2μm under diode pumping is experimentally evaluated in Tm：LSO. An optical-optical conversion efficiency of 9.1% and a slope efficiency of 16.2% are obtained with continuouswave maximum output power of 0.67 W. The emission wavelengths of Tm：LSO laser are centred around 2.06μm with spectral bandwidth of -13.6 nm.     

百兆电子伏特/核子原子核诱发乳胶核反应靶核反冲质子多重数涨落分析(英文)

利用标度阶乘矩方法对290 A MeV $^{12}$C-AgBr, 400 A MeV $^{12}$C-AgBr, 400 A MeV $^{20}$Ne-AgBr及500 A MeV $^{56}$Fe-AgBr 作用靶核反冲质子在二维正常相空间及累积变量空间发射过程中的多重数涨落分别进行了分析。实验结果表明:在正常相空间,对于秩数q较小时标度阶乘矩（$ln$）随相空间的分割数的增加而增加,而对于秩数较大时标度阶乘矩（$ln$）随相空间的分割数的增加表现出先增加后趋于饱和或减小的趋势;在累积变量空间,标度阶乘矩（$ln$）随相空间的分割数的增加而减小,这表明对于我们所研究的核作用体系靶核反冲质子发射过程中不存在非统计涨落。Multiplicity fluctuation of the target recoil protons emitted in $290$\,A MeV $^{12}$C-AgBr, $400$\,A MeV $^{12}$C-AgBr, $400$\,A MeV $^{20}$Ne-AgBr and $500$\,A MeV $^{56}$Fe-AgBr interactions are studied using the scaled factorial moment (SFM) method in two-dimensional normal phase space and cumulative variable space, respectively. It is found that in normal phase space the SFM ($\ln$) increases linearly with the increase of the divided number of phase space ($\ln{M}$) for lower q-values and increases linearly and then becomes saturation or decrease with the increase of $\ln{M}$ for higher q-values, and in cumulative variable space $\ln$ decreases linearly with the increase of $\ln{M}$, which indicates that no evidence of non-statistical multiplicity fluctuation is observed in our data sets.     

New levels and transitions in ^72Ge following thedecay of ^72Ga

The decay of ^72Ga has been investigated by means of γ-ray spectroscopy. The 72Ga nuclei were produced through the ^71Ga(n, γ)^72Ga reaction. The Compton-suppressed spectrometer and high-purity Ge detectors have been used singly and in coincidence, separately, to study γ-rays in the β-decay of ^72Ga to ^72Ge. Ninety-three events of γ-rays were reported, of which 7 were observed for the first time. A decay scheme of ^72Ga including 4 new levels is proposed which accommodates 87 of these transitions. Spins and parities for new levels are proposed from calculated logft values, modes on the observed decay, and some nuclear reaction experimental results.     

Multireference configuration interaction potential curve and analytical potential energy function of the ground and low-lying excited states of CdSe

The potential energy curves (PECs) of the ground state ($^{3}\Pi )$ and three low-lying excited states ($^{1}\Sigma $, $^{3}\Sigma $,$^{ 1}\Pi )$ of CdSe dimer have been studied by employing quasirelativistic effective core potentials on the basis of the complete active space self-consistent field method followed by multireference configuration interaction calculation. The four PECs are fitted to analytical potential energy functions using the Murrel--Sorbie potential function. Based on the PECs, the vibrational levels of the four states are determined by solving the Schr\"{o}dinger equation of nuclear motion, and corresponding spectroscopic constants are accurately calculated. The equilibrium positions as well as the spectroscopic constants and the vibrational levels are reported. By our analysis, the $^{3}\Pi $ state, of which the dissociation asymptote is Cd($^{1}$S) + Se($^{3}$P), is identified as a ground state of CdSe dimer, and the corresponding dissociation energy is estimated to be 0.39\,eV. However, the first excited state is only 1132.49\,cm$^{ - 1}$ above the ground state and the $^{3}\Sigma $ state is the highest in the four calculated states.     

Determination of the stellar reaction rate for 12C（α,γ）16O： using a new expression with the reaction mechanism

The astrophysical reaction rate of 12C(α, γ)16O plays a key role in massive star evolution. However, this reaction rate and its uncertainties have not been well determined yet, especially at T9=0.2. The existing results even disagree with each other to a certain extent. In this paper, the E1, E2 and total (E1+E2) 12C(α, γ)16O reaction rates are calculated in the temperature range from T9=0.3 to 2 according to all the available cross section data. A new analytic expression of the 12 C(α, γ)16 O reaction rate is brought forward based on the reaction mechanism. In this expression, each part embodies the underlying physics of the reaction. Unlike previous works, some physical parameters are chosen from experimental results directly, instead of all the parameters obtained from fitting. These parameters in the new expression, with their 3σ fit errors, are obtained from fit to our calculated reaction rate from T9=0.3 to 2. Using the fit results, the analytic expression of 12C(α, γ)16O reaction rate is extrapolated down to T9=0.05 based on the underlying physics. The 12C(α, γ)16 O reaction rate at T9=0.2 is (8.78 ± 1.52) × 1015 cm3s-1mol-1. Some comparisons and discussions about our new 12 C(α, γ)16 O reaction rate are presented, and the contributions of the reaction rate correspond to the different part of reaction mechanism are given. The agreements of the reaction rate below T9=2 between our results and previous works indicate that our results are reliable, and they could be included in the astrophysical reaction rate network. Furthermore, we believe our method to investigate the 12C(α, γ)16O reaction rate is reasonable, and this method can also be employed to study the reaction rate of other astrophysical reactions. Finally, a new constraint of the supernovae production factor of some isotopes are illustrated according to our 12C(α, γ)16O reaction rates.     

Neutrino energy loss by electron capture in magnetic field at the crusts of neutron stars

Based on the p-f shell model, the effect of strong magnetic field on neutrino energy loss rates by electron capture is investigated. The calculations show that the magnetic field has only a slight effect on the neutrino energy loss rates in the range of 10⁸—10¹³G on the surfaces of most neutron stars. But for some magnetars, the range of the magnetic field is 10¹³—10¹⁸G, and the neutrino energy loss rates are greatly reduced, even by more than four orders of magnitude due to the strong magnetic field.     

Isotopic effect of Cl2+ rovibronic spectra in the A-X system

This paper studies the isotopic effect of Cl2+ rovibronic spectra in the A2Πu(Ω=1/2) X 2Πg(Ω= 1/2) system.Based on the experimental results of the molecular constants of 35 Cl2+,it calculates the vibrational isotope shifts of the(2,7) and(3,7) band between the isotopic species 35 Cl+2,35 Cl 37 Cl+and 37 Cl2+,and estimates the rotational constants of both A 2 Π u and X 2 Π g states for the minor isotopic species 35 Cl 37 Cl+and 37 Cl2+.The experimental results of the spectrum of 35 Cl 37 Cl+(3,7) band proves the above mentioned theoretical calculation.The molecular constants and thus resultant rovibronic spectrum for 37 Cl2+ were predicted,which will be helpful for further experimental investigation.