Simultaneous quantitative evaluation of in-plane and out-of-plane deformation by use of a carrier method of large image-shearing shearography

A carrier method for separating out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components based on large imageshearing shearography is presented. A reference surface is fixed on the side of a test object. They are illuminated by two expanded symmetric illuminations respectively. The carrier is introduced by rotating the reference surface to modulate the displacement of an object. By using Fourier transform to demodulate the modulated fringe pattern, two phase maps, which include out-of-plane and in-plane displacements, can be obtained. Then the out-of-plane displacement can be easily separated from in-plane displacement by subtraction and addition of the two unwrapped phase distributions. The principle of the method is presented and proved by a typical three-point-bending experiment. Experimental results show that the method enjoys high visibility of carrier fringes. The system does not need a special beam as a reference light and has simple optical setup.     

Minute displacement and strain analysis using lensless Fourier transformed holographic interferometry

An optical system for lensless Fourier transformed holographic interferometry is constructed to enable the measurement of minute displacements from nanometers to micrometers scale and to obtain corresponding strain distributions using a CCD camera with poor spatial resolution. Since a Fourier spectrum of an object beam is recorded on a hologram in this technique, the image reconstruction is easily performed with a single pass of 2-D fast Fourier transformation. Then, the map of the phase difference over the whole field is obtained by comparing two images before and after deformation. A suitable and effective unwrapping process is, however, inevitably required since the phase difference distribution is wrapped from −π to π in this technique. For phase unwrapping, the maximum spanning tree method is adopted here, which seeks a spanning tree that maximizes overall edge weights given by the cross amplitude. In-plane and out-of-plane displacements are obtained separately from the phase difference distributions at one's request. Moreover, in-plain strain is easily calculated from the in-plane displacement distribution.     

The separation of out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components by fringe carrier method based on large image-shearing ESPI

A fringe carrier method for separating out-of-plane displacement from in-plane components based on large image-shearing electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) is presented. If the test object is respectively illuminated by two expanded symmetric illuminations in large image-shearing ESPI, two interferometers are formed. Carrier fringe patterns can be introduced by tilting reference surface a small angle. The carrier fringe patterns are demodulated after deformation of the object. Two phase maps, which include out-of-plane and in-plane displacement, can be obtained by using Fourier transform. Then out-of-plane displacement can be easily separated from in-plane displacement by simple operation between two unwrapped phase distributions. The principle of spatial carrier frequency modulation in large image-shearing ESPI is discussed. A typical three-point-bending experiment is completed. Experimental results are offered. The results show that the method offers high visibility of carrier fringes. And the system presented does not need a special beam as a reference light and has simple optical setup.     

Digital speckle pattern interferometry (DSPI) with increased sensitivity: Use of spatial phase shifting

This paper presents a real-time digital speckle pattern interferometry system with twofold increase in sensitivity for the measurement of in-plane displacement and first order derivative of out-of-plane displacement (slope). Spatial phase shifting technique has been used for quantitative fringe analysis. The system employs a double aperture arrangement in front of the imaging system that introduces spatial carrier fringes within the speckle for spatial phase shifting. For in-plane displacement measurement, the scattered fields from the object are collected independently along the direction of illumination beams, and combined at the image plane. For slope measurement, a shear is introduced between the two scattered fields. Experimental results on an edge clamped circular plate subjected to in-plane rotation for in-plane displacement measurement and central loading for slope measurement are presented.     

电子散斑干涉位移场分离技术及其在三维测量中的应用

提供了一种可将离面位移与面内位移分离的三维位移场测量方法.在双光束电子散斑干涉中增加参考光,使这一路参考光为两光束所共用.两束光各自独立地对变形物体进行测量,结合相移技术,可分别得到包含离面和面内位移信息的二幅位相图.只需简单的位相运算就能够将面内位移场与离面位移场分离.在竖直方向上,采用两光束对称照明被测物,直接测量面内位移竖直方向分量.本文将该技术应用到柴油机油泵测量上,得到了油泵的三维位移场.该技术为三维位移场的测量提供了一种新的有效途径,也为柴油机零部件的强度和刚度分析评价提供了新的方法.     

Developments and applications of conjugate-wave holographic interferometry

Conjugate-wave holographic interferometry is an optical technique which was recently proposed by one of the authors for the measurement, in real time, of in-plane deformation.Basically, the technique consists of projecting, from two symmetrical directions, two real images of an object upon the object itself. If the object deforms, interference fringes are observed on its surface. These fringes give a representation of one in-plane component of the point displacement vector and are independent of the out of plane component.On this paper some aspects of the optical principles underlying the technique are analyzed in deeper detail, and more advanced solutions for their practical implementation are proposed. In addition, a few examples of applications on-plane and not-plane specimens are presented.     

Velocity measurement using the time-space cross-correlation of speckle patterns

The vector velocity measurement of the in-plane object motion based on the dynamic properties of speckle patterns is conducted. The time-space cross-correlation function of speckle intensity variations is used to determine the magnitude and direction of the in-plane object velocity. Theoretical and experimental studies of the speckle correlation technique for the determination of the in-plane object velocity are discussed and the vector velocities of the diffuse object are displayed as a two-dimensional image.     

在电子散斑干涉中利用反相位法进行三维变形测量

提出一种可将离面位移与面内位移分离的三维位移计算方法。在双光束电子散斑干涉系统中增加一路参考光,使这一路参考光为两光束所共用。两束光各自独立地对变形物体进行测量,分别计算相位分布,并对其中之一进行反相位计算。理论分析表明,对二路检测光所得到的相位进行相减运算,就能够较好地减少电子噪声的影响,分离面内位移场与离面位移,实现物体变形的三维测量。介绍该方法的原理,并利用典型实验证实了该方法的可行性。     

Quadrature phase-shifting interferometer with a polarization imaging camera

We present a new high-speed phase distribution measurement, in which a polarization imaging camera is applied to a quadrature phase-shifting interferometer. The polarization imaging camera composed of a polarizer-mask on a detector array can provide simultaneously two phase-shifted data in quadrature. Two sets of two phase-shifted data in quadrature are obtained before and after a change of the interferometer such as object displacement or environmental disturbances. Phase sum and difference distributions of the interferograms between two states with arbitrary phase-shift in the interferometer are calculated with the two sets of two phase-shifted data in quadrature. This phase calculation method in the pixel displaced phase-shift method has such advantage that phase-shifted data required for the calculation of phase distributions can be obtained by only two pixels in the polarizer-mask detector array, which means no reduction of the image resolution in the other direction. The principle of this technique and experimental results are presented.     

双散斑场相移数字干涉计量

本文介绍了一种检测散射表面变形的自动测量系统。将相移和数字图像处理技术应用于数字散斑干涉计量中,毋须中间记录过程,在计算机控制下采集数据和计算相位,产生相位条纹而非相关条纹。用图像处理技术消除散斑随机性引起的噪声。文中给出了面内、离面变形的测量结果。     

Large amplitude point-vibration measurement with optical-fiber moiré-based technique

We describe a technique that is used for the real-time measurement of the vibration of an object point. The technique can be used when the vibration is characterized by a large amplitude, i.e. several millimeters. The technique has additional advantages that it requires no special surface treatment and is insensitive to object in-plane displacements that are small. In this technique an object point is illuminated by a small diameter beam (at an angle) that is structured with straight parallel fringes. The illuminated object point is then imaged onto a Ronchi ruling. The total light transmitted through the Ronchi ruling is then used to recover the vibration of the object point, in real time, by using well-known servo techniques.     

Additive-subtractive phase-modulated speckle interferometry: Fringe visibility under partial decorrelation

Additive-subtractive phase modulated speckle interferometry (ASPMSI) is a technique that minimizes the susceptibility of speckle methods to environmental noise while providing fringes of good visibility. The method requires the acquisition of two consecutive video frames of additive-speckle images of the same two deformed states of an object at a rapid enough rate such that ambient noise is not a problem. The additive-speckle images as expected are of very poor visibility due to the presence of the self-interference term. An interframe phase-modulation is introduced and the two additive-speckle images are digitally subtracted to improve the fringe visibility by removing the self-interference term. The ASPM-SI method works with in-plane and out-of-plane deformation sensitive ESPI as well as with displacement-gradient sensitive speckle-shearing interferometry. It is shown that the ASPM-SI scheme has higher visibility than conventional additive-SI and performs consistently better than subtractive-SI schemes in the presence of partial interframe speckle decorrelating optical noise. Furthermore, it is shown that the fringe visibility of the out-of-plane displacement sensitive interferometer which uses a protected reference beam separate from the object beam can be made to be essentially unity even at complete interframe decorrelation.     

A study on the digital moiré technique with circular and radial gratings

A digital moiré technique with circular and radial gratings is proposed to measure in-plane displacement and strain distributions of soft materials in a polar coordinate system. By introducing the coordinate-transform technique, the concentric circles and radial lines in the Cartesian coordinate system are converted to cross gratings in a polar coordinate system. Then, the digital moiré fringes are generated using logical and filter operations on the one-bit binary images. Finally, the in-plane displacement distributions are obtained by means of the four step phase-shifting procedure. Also, the measurement principles and the basic procedures of the new digital moiré technique are explained in detail. An application for rubber sheet with a single-edge crack is studied, and the experimental results show that the presented method is feasible.     

In-plane electronic speckle pattern shearing interferometry

An analysis of the out-of-plane shearing interferometer has been performed which shows that production of in-plane strain partial derivatives is possible, which are not affected by out-of-plane displacement function components. The in-plane data are represented as subtraction correlation fringes. This interferometer employs a single diverging illumination beam and is applicable to object plane stress and plane strain loading conditions. The interferometer was tested and compared using a compact tension crack specimen and the results are correlated with finite element software predictions of strain distributions across modelled specimens. This experimental validation was chosen because we had an existing test rig and finite element models which had been independently verified.     

Non-destructive evaluation of materials at high temperatures using electro-optic holography

An electro-optic holographic technique for the non-destructive evaluation of materials at high temperatures is presented. The test object is heated in an oven that can attain a temperature of 1000 °C. Electro-optic holography is used for the real-time visualization of full field in-plane displacement fringes. Digital image processing techniques are used for the analysis of fringes. Some of the problems encountered, while recording interferograms at high temperatures, are discussed. The technique is employed for the measurement of in-plane strains, in a disc of a super alloy, subjected to diametral compression, at 1000 °C.     

Interferometric 3-D displacement measurement using wavefront analysis

We propose and demonstrate a novel interferometric technique for 3-D displacement measurement. The method is based on the analysis of the phase difference distribution measured when two coherent curved wavefronts originating from different locations interfere. Both the in-plane and out-of-plane displacements are found simultaneously from a single phase difference distribution. We find that our system could measure with an accuracy better than 1.5 μm for in-plane displacements and 36 μm for out-of-plane displacements over 1 mm range. This accuracy was limited by the output lens performance. Theoretical analysis reveals that sub-micron accuracy may be possible with more careful calibration.     

An improved method for shape measurement using two-dimensional digital image correlation

Shape measurement is a significant application of digital image correlation (DIC). An improved method that combines a rotatable plane mirror is proposed to measure the shape of an immovable object. In this method, two images, one before and the other after rotating the plane mirror, are obtained and then in-plane translation which related to the shape of the detected object can be calculated by the use of two-dimensional digital image correlation (2D DIC). The relationship between the in-plane translation and the shape of the object is described. Experimental results show that the proposed method is feasible for shape and distance measurement with high accuracy.     

电子散斑干涉载频调制形貌测量方法的分析

根据电子散斑干涉载频调制测量物体形貌的基本原理,物体表面的微小偏转可引入包含物体高度信息的载波干涉条纹。将物体的偏转视为变形,对物体变形与载波干涉条纹之间的关系进行了讨论,得出了离面位移引入载波和面内位移引入含有物体高度信息相位的结论。发现利用典型电子散斑干涉系统测量物体形貌效果最好,并通过实验得到了验证。     

全息散斑条纹的提取及图像处理

介绍了一种新的全息散斑条纹的提取方法.理论和实验表明:对全息散斑底片逐点再现时,两伴生亮斑条纹是全息散斑底片一级衍射光的杨氏干涉条纹,与中央的杨氏条纹是一致的,有较高的条纹对比度且没有背景光晕的影响.利用计算机数字图像处理技术对伴生散斑条纹进行处理,定量测试了受静载物体的面内位移.     

超声散斑相移法测量技术

超声散斑相移法能满足工程建设中对水下物内层界面关键点位移进行测量的特殊要求。测量时,引入数字参考信号与物面测点上的散斑信号进行数字干涉,获得叠加信号强度。界面位移前后,应用软件逐步改变参考信号相位,可逐步改变叠加信号强度,根据这些信号强度值可计算出测点的位移量。应用此技术对水下试件内层表面的法线和切线方向上的位移进行了实测,测量结果与理论值有较好的吻合;研究表明打磨后的粗糙外层界面不影响应用相移法进行测量。在应用相移法测量时,不需声像转换,不需全场扫描,测量精度不受散斑尺寸限制。