基于S-A湍流模型的Runge-Kutta有限元算法

采用一方程S-A模型(Spalart-Allmaras模型)封闭雷诺时均N-S方程(RANS方程)进行湍流数值计算,可以减少方程求解数量,节约计算时间。本文对其进行了有限元数值算法研究,首先通过沿流线坐标变换,得到无对流项RANS方程,并引入三阶Runge-Kutta法对其进行时间离散;然后利用沿流线的Taylor展开解决坐标变换带来的网格更新的困难;最后采用Galerkin法进行空间离散,得到湍流模型的有限元算法。基于方柱绕流和覆冰输电线绕流模型,与试验结果进行对比,验证了该算法的有效性,与一阶数值算法相比,该算法在精度和收敛性方面更具优势。     

靠近排列的两个交错方柱三维绕流的数值模拟

通过用时间分裂算法求解Navier－Stokes方程,对中等Reynolds数下靠近排列的两个交错方柱三维绕流进行了数值模拟,其中,中间速度场用四阶Adams格式计算,压力场通过结合近似因子分解方法AF1与稳定的双共轭梯度方法Bi-CGSTAB进行迭代求解．数值模拟发现当两个方柱靠得较近时,有互相吸引趋势,而且上游方柱的Strouhal数较大．方柱的交错排列方式对绕流影响明显．计算结果与实验定性吻合,而且比用MAC－AF1方法计算的结果好．     

圆角化对受迫振动方柱绕流特性影响机理分析

为分析圆角化对低雷诺数下受迫振动方柱绕流特性的影响机理, 对Ansys Fluent软件进行二次开发, 即通过用户自定义函数中的DEFINE_ CG_MOTION宏对柱体周期性受迫振动的函数进行编程, 并对流场计算域进行区域划分以便利用动网格技术中动态层法实现柱体受迫振动, 从而实现对受迫振动柱体绕流流场的流固耦合模拟.在雷诺数Re = 200时, 考虑方柱截面不同圆角的影响, 对均匀流作用下5种圆角化r/D = 1/2, 1/4, 1/5, 1/8和0受迫振动方柱的绕流进行数值模拟, 分析了这5种参数下受迫振动方柱的升阻力系数、尾流涡量和锁定区间的变化规律, 澄清了圆角化对受迫振动方柱稳定性的影响机理.研究表明: 与尖角方柱相比, 圆角化方柱升阻力系数有了明显的减小, 且升力、阻力系数随圆角增大而减小; 低振幅比下圆角方柱的涡旋脱落模式均为2S模态, 涡旋尾迹变窄; 锁定区间范围基本关于F = 1对称, 锁定区间的变化趋势与圆柱类似.      

NUMERICAL SIMULATION FOR NAVIER-STOKES EQUATIONS BY PROJECTION/CHARACTERISTIC-BASED OPERATOR-SPLITTING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

提出了一种求解非定常不可压缩纳维-斯托克斯方程（N-S方程）的新型有限元法：基于投影法的特征线算子分裂有限元法.在每一个时间层上将N-S方程分裂成扩散项、对流项、压力修正项.对流项采用多步显式格式,且在每一个对流子时间步内采用更加精确的显式特征线-伽辽金法进行时间离散,空间离散采用标准伽辽金法.应用此算法对平面泊肃叶流、方腔流和圆柱绕流进行数值模拟,所得结果与基准解符合良好.尤其对于Re=10000的方腔流,给出了方腔中分离涡发展和运动的计算结果,并发现在该雷诺数下存在周期解,表明该算法能较好地模拟流体流动中的小尺度物理量以及流场中分离涡的运动.     

N-S方程基于投影法的特征线算子分裂有限元求解

提出了一种求解非定常不可压缩纳维-斯托克斯方程（N-S方程）的新型有限元法:基于投影法的特征线算子分裂有限元法.在每一个时间层上将N-S方程分裂成扩散项、对流项、压力修正项.对流项采用多步显式格式,且在每一个对流子时间步内采用更加精确的显式特征线-伽辽金法进行时间离散,空间离散采用标准伽辽金法.应用此算法对平面泊肃叶流、方腔流和圆柱绕流进行数值模拟,所得结果与基准解符合良好.尤其对于Re=10000的方腔流,给出了方腔中分离涡发展和运动的计算结果,并发现在该雷诺数下存在周期解,表明该算法能较好地模拟流体流动中的小尺度物理量以及流场中分离涡的运动.      

梯形断面明渠丁坝绕流水力特性三维数值模拟

采用两相流混合模型,并选取RNG k-ε湍流模型封闭两相流时均方程,对梯型断面明渠非淹没式丁坝绕流水力特性进行了三维数值模拟。采用有限体积法离散计算区域,求解速度与压力耦合方程组时使用半隐式SIMPLE(Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations)算法,模拟自由水面时采用了VOF(Volume of Fluid)法。对丁坝后不同的回流长度进行了分析比较,并将模拟结果与实测资料进行了对比验证,结果表明两者吻合较好,相对误差小于8%,说明该模型能够很好地模拟明渠丁坝绕流的水力特性分布规律。     

非定常不可压N-S方程的最小二乘算子分裂有限元法数值求解

采用最小二乘算子分裂有限元法求解非定常不可压N-S(Navier-Stokes)方程,即在每个时间层上采用算子分裂法将N-S方程分裂成扩散项和对流项,这样既能考虑对流占优特点又能顾及方程的扩散性质。扩散项是一个抛物型方程,时间离散采用向后差分格式,空间离散采用标准Galerkin有限元法。对流项的时间项采用后向差分格式,非线性部分用牛顿法进行线性化处理,再用最小二乘有限元法进行空间离散,得到对称正定的代数方程组系数矩阵。采用Re=1000的方腔流对该算法的有效性进行检验,表明其具有较高的精度,能够很好地捕捉流场中的涡结构。同时,对圆柱层流绕流进行了数值研究,通过流线图、压力场、阻力系数、升力系数及斯特劳哈数等结果的分析与对比,表明本文算法对于模拟圆柱层流绕流是准确和可靠的。     

非结构混合网格化学非平衡粘性绕流数值模拟

在非结构混合网格上对化学非平衡粘性绕流进行了数值模拟。控制方程为考虑了化学非平衡效应的二维Navier-Stokes方程,化学动力学模型为7组元、7反应模型。控制方程中的对流项采用VanLeer逆风分裂格式处理,并应用MUSCL方法及Minmod限制器扩展到二阶精度,粘性项用中心差分格式处理。时间推进采用显式5步龙格-库塔方法。为了适应高超声速流场计算,对VanLeer通量分裂方法进行了改进,并引入了化学反应时间步长。对RAMC-II模型的飞行试验流场进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验测量数据符合较好,并与参考文献中的数值模拟结果吻合。     

棱柱绕流流动的数值模拟

利用数值方法对长宽比为1／3, 1和3的棱柱绕流在雷诺数为100的非稳态流动特性进行了分析和研究。采用有限体积法对棱柱绕流的二维流动N-S方程进行离散求解,分析和研究了非稳态的棱柱绕流流场,升力系数,阻力系数和涡动特性,数值模拟的结果与相关文献的数据比较吻合。通过上述研究能够为了解棱柱绕流的非稳态流动特性提供有力的帮助。而对棱柱三维流动的模拟分析和对雷诺数的变化对棱柱流动特性的影响进行研究,将为掌握棱柱绕流的工程特性打下基础。     

带控制片方柱绕流的非定常数值模拟

对高雷诺数下带控制片的方体(在方柱之前放置一小尺度的柱形薄片)非定常绕流进行了数值模拟。数值模拟方法采用RNG重整化群紊流模型，SIMPLE算法，在非定常计算中引入双重时间步方法，将方体和控制片区域作为求解域的一部分作整体求解。结果表明，控制片与方柱之间距离的不同，使得控制片所形成的涡被抑止或产生卡门涡街，从而对柱体侧面边界层的分离发生影响，产生三种典型的流态，柱体时均阻力系数相对于无控制片的情况迅速减小，当控制片偏离柱体轴心时，柱体升力系数迅速增大，偏心至柱体外壁面附近达到极大值。阻力系数达到最小值后将产生跳跃式的增大，而升力系数在达到最大值后也将产生跳跃式的减小。     

Modeling of drag reduction in turbulent channel flow with hydrophobic walls by FVM method and weakly-compressible flow equations

In this paper the effects of hydrophobic wall on skin-friction drag in the channel flow are investigated through large eddy simulation on the basis of weaklycompressible flow equations with the MacCormack's scheme on collocated mesh in the FVM framework. The slip length model is adopted to describe the behavior of the slip velocities in the streamwise and spanwise directions at the interface between the hydrophobic wall and turbulent channel flow. Simulation results are presented by analyzing flow behaviors over hydrophobic wall with the Smagorinky subgrid-scale model and a dynamic model on computational meshes of different resolutions. Comparison and analysis are made on the distributions of timeaveraged velocity, velocity fluctuations, Reynolds stress as well as the skin-friction drag. Excellent agreement between the present study and previous results demonstrates the accuracy of the simple classical second-order scheme in representing turbulent vertox near hydrophobic wall. In addition, the relation of drag reduction efficiency versus time-averaged slip velocity is established. It is also foundthat the decrease of velocity gradient in the close wall region is responsible for the drag reduction. Considering its advantages of high calculation precision and efficiency, the present method has good prospect in its application to practical projects.     

Large eddy simulation and a simple wall model for turbulent flow calculation by a particle method

A turbulent channel flow and the flow around a cubic obstacle are calculated by the moving particle semi‐implicit method with the subparticle‐scale turbulent model and a wall model, which is based on the zero equation RANS (Reynolds Averaged Navier‐Stokes). The wall model is useful in practical problems that often involve high Reynolds numbers and wall turbulence, because it is difficult to keep high resolution in the near‐wall region in particle simulation. A turbulent channel flow is calculated by the present method to validate our wall model. The mean velocity distribution agrees with the log‐law velocity profile near the wall. Statistical values are also the same order and tendency as experimental results with emulating viscous layer by the wall model. We also investigated the influence of numerical oscillations on turbulence analysis in using the moving particle semi‐implicit method. Finally, the turbulent flow around a cubic obstacle is calculated by the present method to demonstrate capability of calculating practical turbulent flows. Three characteristic eddies appear in front of, over, and in the back of the cube both in our calculation and the experimental result that was obtained by Martinuzzi and Tropea. Mean velocity and turbulent intensity profiles are predicted in the same order and have similar tendency as the experimental result. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SIMULATION OF TUBE BUNDLE VIBRATIONS INDUCED BY CROSS-FLOW

A two-dimensional simulation model for flow-induced vibrations of tube bundles subjected to single-phase cross-flow is applied on six different bundles at realistic Reynolds numbers. The calculation scheme solves the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations, including turbulence modelling. Fluid forces, tube acceleration, tube velocity and tube displacements are computed after each time step due to the current flow field. The bundles are square and 30°-arrangements, with pitch-to-diameter ratios of 1·2 up to 2·4. The point of resonance or instability is determined by increasing the approach velocity step by step. The results are analysed and compared with experimental data and with design criteria proposed in the literature.     

Acoustoelastic effect simulation by time–space finite element formulation based on quadratic interpolation of the acceleration

Acoustoelastic effect describes the change of ultrasound velocity due to the initial stress. Its simulation involves a numerical analysis of nonlinear elastodynamics and requires high accuracy in the time domain. A time–space finite element formulation, derived from the quadratic interpolation of the acceleration within a time segment, is proposed for an accurate simulation of the acoustoelastic effect in the present study. Ten different integration schemes are generated based on this formulation and nine of them are found to be conditionally stable. Among the nine stable schemes, one is found to obtain a spectral radius of one when the normalized step ratio is less than 5.477, indicating no numerical dissipation or numerical divergence. Compared with integration schemes from previous studies, this integration scheme demonstrates better performance in calculation accuracy and energy conservation. A two-stage approach, namely the static stage and the dynamic stage, has been employed in the simulation of the acoustoelastic effect. The former stage is adopted to obtain the initial stress and the latter stage, where the proposed integration scheme is implemented, is adopted to simulate the ultrasound propagation in an initial stress state. The simulation results of the dynamic stage show that the ultrasound velocity increases in a compression stress state and decreases in a tension stress state for aluminum alloy, which is in good agreement with previous experimental studies. Together with the simulation result of the static stage, it is conjectured that the acoustoelastic effect results from the stress-dependent elastic modulus.     

Large eddy simulation of high-Reynolds-number atmospheric boundary layer flow with improved near-wall correction

It is highly attractive to develop an efficient and flexible large eddy simulation(LES)technique for high-Reynolds-number atmospheric boundary layer(ABL)simulation using the low-order numerical scheme on a relatively coarse grid,that could reproduce the logarithmic profile of the mean velocity and some key features of large-scale coherent structures in the outer layer.In this study,an improved near-wall correction scheme for the vertical gradient of the resolved streamwise velocity in the strain-rate tensor is proposed to calculate the eddy viscosity coefficient in the subgrid-scale(SGS)model.The LES code is realized with a second-order finite-difference scheme,the scale-dependent dynamic SGS stress model,the equilibrium wall stress model,and the proposed correction scheme.Very-high-Reynolds-number ABL flow simulation under the neutral stratification condition is conducted to assess the performance of the method in predicting the mean and fluctuating characteristics of the rough-wall turbulence.It is found that the logarithmic profile of the mean streamwise velocity and some key features of large-scale coherent structures can be reasonably predicted by adopting the proposed correction method and the low-order numerical scheme.     

人体上呼吸道内气流运动特性的数值模拟分析

运用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法对人体上呼吸道内的气流运动特性进行了数值模拟,通过PIV实验对数值模拟结果进行了验证。研究结果表明:气流在咽部外壁、气管外壁发生分离现象,气流在气管内壁形成局部高速区,支气管内的气流在分叉处发生分离,靠近支气管内壁速度较高,并且在支气管边界层的外缘速度达到最大值。气管和支气管内的二次涡流运动和轴向速度的分布使得气管支气管内壁受到的剪应力较大,内壁粘膜更容易受到损伤。     

Large eddy simulation of a developing turbulent boundary layer at a low Reynolds number

A spectral code has been used to simulate a developing turbulent boundary layer at low Reynolds number Re_θ (based on free stream velocity and momentum thickness) between 353 and 576. The starting field was generated by allowing a step change of temperature to diffuse outwards from one wall in a fully developed channel flow. The thermal boundary layer so created was conditionally sampled to convert it into a momentum boundary layer with an irrotational free stream region, a process which is justified by appeal to experiments. This initial field was allowed to develop until the momentum boundary layer thickness δ₉₉₅ had grown to about 1·5 times its original thickness. The results of the simulation have been compared with a wide range of experimental data. The outcome of this comparison is generally very satisfactory; the main trends of the experiments are well reproduced and our simulation supplements and extends the existing sets of experimental data. The simulation also gives pressure statistics which cannot be obtained experimentally. In particular, it gives the contribution of pressure diffusion to the balance equations for the Reynolds stress and indicates the error produced by omitting this term.     

Simulation of liquid sloshing in curved‐wall containers with arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian method

There are many challenges in the numerical simulation of liquid sloshing in horizontal cylinders and spherical containers using the finite element method of arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) formulation: tracking the motion of the free surface with the contact points, defining the mesh velocity on the curved wall boundary and updating the computational mesh. In order to keep the contact points slipping along the curved side wall, the shape vector in each time advancement is defined to modify the kinematical boundary conditions on the free surface. A special function is introduced to automatically smooth the nodal velocities on the curved wall boundary based on the liquid nodal velocities. The elliptic partial differential equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions can directly rezone the inner nodal velocities in more than a single freedom. The incremental fractional step method is introduced to solve the finite element liquid equations. The numerical results that stemmed from the algorithm show good agreement with experimental phenomena, which demonstrates that the ALE method provides an efficient computing scheme in moving curved wall boundaries. This method can be extended to 3D cases by improving the technique to compute the shape vector. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于比拟理论的翼型扰流声场数值模拟

从二维模型方程的全离散形式出发,重点分析了差分格式的色散特性和各向异性效应,证实迎风紧致格式比对称格式有更好的色散和各向同性特性,故有利于声场的数值模拟,并采用三阶迎风紧致格式（ＵＣＤ３）和四阶对称紧致格式（ＳＣＤ４）计算了绕ＮＡＣＡ００１２翼型的可压缩非定常流场,并将此流场作为近场声源,运用声学比拟理论对气动声进行模拟。