Nuclear structure effect on internal conversion ofl-forbidden transitions in139La,141Pr and203Tl

Accurate experimental internal conversion data have been used to study the effect of nuclear penetration in the case of thel-forbidden transitions in¹³⁹La (165.8 keV),¹⁴¹Pr (145.4 keV) and²⁰³Tl (279.2 keV). The nuclear penetration parameterλ and theE2/M 1 mixing ratioδ ² have been deduced by graphical analysis. Following results were obtained:λ=2.8±1.3,δ ² =(8.4 _?8.4 ^+14.0 )·10^?4 for¹³⁹La,λ=1.2±0.6,δ ²=(4.8±0.5)·10^?3 for¹⁴¹Pr, andλ=6.4±1.1,δ ²=1.36±0.12 for²⁰³Tl.     

Ferroelectric and optical properties of Ba6Ti2Nb8O30 single crystals

The dielectric, optical and non-linear optical properties of Ba₆Ti₂Nb₈O₃₀ single crystals were examined from room temperature up to the Curie temperature of 245°C. The spontaneous polarization at room temperature was estimated as 0·22±0·01 C/m². The linear electrooptic constants were measured as r₃₃^T=(1·17±0·02)×10^?10 and r₁₃^T=(0·42±0·01)×10^?10 m/V. The non-linear optical coefficients were d₃₃=(15·1±2·0)×10^?12 and d₃₁=(11·0±2·0)×10^?12 m/V, which are comparable to those of Ba₄Na₂Nb₁₀O₃₀. Temperature dependences of δ₃₃ and δ₃₁ (Miller's δ) were found to be proportional to that of P_s.     

Isomerieverschiebungen der 81 keV γ-Linie des133Cs

Isomer shifts of the 81.0 keVγ-transition in¹³³Cs have been measured by the Mössbauer technique for eight ionic Cs compounds, and for the intermetallic compound CsBi₂. The source was¹³³Ba in CaF₂. The shifts, relative to CsCl, range from ?1.4 · 10^?8 eV for CsNO₃ to +1.6 · 10^?8 eV for CsBi₂. The difference in electron density at the Cs nucleus between CsBi₂ and CsNO₃ is discussed using chemical bonding arguments. For the Cs halides, this difference is estimated from the overlap of outer electron shells in the lattices. A relative change of the mean square charge radiusδ〈r ²〉/〈r ²〉=+2 · 10^?4 is derived.     

Beta decay of12B and12N to the first excited state of12C (4.44 MeV)

The branching ratios of the beta-decay of¹²B and¹²N to the 4.44 MeV state in¹²C were determined by (βγ-coincidences to be (1.182±0.019)% and (1.898±0.032)% of the total rate, resp. This givesft ^?=(1.407±0.023) · 10⁵ s andft ⁺=(1.406±0.024) · 10⁵ s. For theft-asymmetryδ=(ft ⁺/ft ^?)?1 the valueδ=?(1±14) · 10^?3 was obtained. This is in contrast to other GT mirror transitions which show positiveδ of a few percent.     

Mößbauereffekt in FeCl2, FeSO4 und FeSO4 · 7 H2O

Mößbauereffect measurements were performed with FeCl₂, FeSO₄ and FeSO₄ · 7 H₂O in the temperature range between 5 and 300 ?K. The quadrupole splittings at 5 ?K were determined to be (1.300±0.027) mm/sec, (3.650±0.053) mm/sec, and (3.350±0.053) mm/sec respectively. From the temperature dependence of the quadrupole splittings it follows that in FeCl₂ the energy of the excited 3d-electron-level isδ=150 cm^?1, in FeSO₄ δ ₁=360 cm^?1 andδ ₂=1680 cm^?1 and in FeSO₄ · 7 H₂Oδ ₁=480 cm^?1 andδ ₂=1300 cm^?1. The magnitudes of the magnetic field at the iron nucleus at 5 ?K are (202±8) kOe for FeSO₄ and (0±4) kOe for FeCl₂.     

Investigation of the decay rate for71Ge in chemical compounds and calibration of the Mössbauer isomer shift of the 67 keV γ-transition of73Ge

Changes of the radioactive decay rate of⁷¹Ge (T _1/2=11.43 days) have been studied experimentally for⁷¹Ge in some compounds of bivalent and quadrivalent germanium. Relative changes Δλ/λ of the electron capture probability have been measured, and the chemical changes Δρ(0) of the electron density at the germanium nuclei have been determined from these measurements. Values for the Mössbauer isomer shift calibration constants for the 67 keV γ-transition of⁷³Ge have been estimated:C=δ/Δρ(0)=(0.061±0.020) mm·s^?1/a.u., Δ〈r ²〉=(21±7)·10^?3 fm², ΔR/R=(6.9±2.3)·10^?4.     

Untersuchung der vier ersten angeregten Zustände des6Li-Kernes durch Elektronenstreuung

Inelastic electron scattering cross sections were measured for energies below 60 MeV and momentum transfersq between 0.2 and 0.6 fm^?1. Ground state radiative widths Γ _γ ⁰ and transition radiiR _tr were deduced. 2.18 MeV: Γ _γ ⁰ (E2)=(4.40±0.34) · 10^?4 eV,R _tr=(4.28±0.39)fm; 3.56MeV: Γ _γ ⁰ (M1)=(8.31±0.36)eV,R _tr=(2.90±0.10)fm; 4.27 MeV: Γ _γ ⁰ (E2)=(5.4±2.8) · 10^?3 eV,R _tr=(3.4±1.2) fm. The excitation of the 5.37 MeV level shows a transverse angular dependence.     

High resolution measurements of the line positions and strengths of the 2ν2 band of H2CO

Spectra of the 2ν₂ band of formaldehyde have been obtained with high resolution (0.035 cm^?1). Measurements were made with path lengths of 8, 16, and 24 m and at sample pressures from 0.1 to 0.3 mm Hg at room temperature (～296°K). From these data, the following constants were determined for the 2ν₂ band in wavenumber units: v₀=3471.718±0.004,A=9.3958±030013,B=1.28100±0.00024,C=1.11662±0.00024, Tbbb=-12.8±0.5×10^-6,Taabb=60±5×10^-6. The line strengths were also obtained from the data. The strengths were analyzed to determine the band strength and the rotational factors. At 296°K, the strength of the 2ν₂ band was found to be 15.5 ± 0.9 cm^?1/(cm·atm).     

An investigation of theL 2-L 3 Coster-Kronig transition probability for 63≦Z≦96

Nuclear spin polarization in the 4f ¹⁴6s ^{2 1} S ₀ ground state of¹⁷⁵Lu⁺(I=7/2) ions is achieved by optical pumping with the resonance line (¹ S ₀-¹ P ₁,λ=261.5 nm). Nuclear magnetic resonance of the free ions in He buffer gas yields for the magnetic dipole momentμ(¹⁷⁵Lu)=2.2240(11)μ _n (with diamagnetic correction). This value can be used for a more accurate determination of the magnetic dipole moments of other Lu isotopes from knownA factor ratios. A comparison with nuclear induction measurements in solids results in the chemical shiftsδ(LuB₁₂)=?23(5)·10^?4 andδ(LuSb)= ?31(5)·10^?4.     

EPR study of Fe3+ and Mn2+ in CeO2 and ThO2

Attempts were made to grow CeO₂ and ThO₂ single crystals doped with transition metal ions. Only Fe³⁺ and Mn²⁺ could be detected by the EPR technique. The EPR spectrum of Fe³⁺ in CeO₂ exhibits the well-known fine structure in cubic fields. The parameters areg=2.0044(1) anda=15.6(1)·10^?4 cm^?1. The hyperfine constantA for⁵⁷Fe in hexahedral coordination was found to be 8.9(1)·10^?4 cm^?1. The EPR spectrum of Mn²⁺ in CeO₂ reveals two cubic Mn²⁺ centers. The parameters for center 1 areg=1.9999(1) andA=86.9(1)·10^?4 cm^?1 and for center 2g=1.9984(1) andA=87.0(1)·10^?4 cm^?1. Heating the Mn doped CeO₂ samples in hydrogen, the Mn²⁺ centers transform from cubic into trigonal centers with approximate values ofg=1.9988(2),A=84.5(6)·10^?4 cm^?1 andD=203(1)·10^?4 cm^?1. The two observed Mn²⁺ centers in ThO₂ exhibita priori axial symmetry with approximate values ofg=2.0006(2),A=88.9(4)·10^?4 cm^?1 andD=33(3)·10^?4 cm^?1.     

Investigation of224Ra in the226Ra(α, α′ 2n) reaction

Positive and negative parity bands have been followed up to 10⁺ (possibly 12⁺) and 11^? in²²⁴Ra and are compared to the corresponding bands in the isotone²²⁶Th. If a constant value of the intrinsic quadrupole moment is assumed for allE2 transitions in²²⁴Ra theE1/E2 branching ratios are consistent with an intrinsic dipole moment of ¦Q₁¦=0.032(3)e·fm. This small value, as compared to ¦Q₁¦=0.30(2)e·fm for²²⁶Th, can be explained by an almost complete cancellation of large positive liquid-drop and negative shell-model contributions.     

The influence of the mean free path on the current induced superconducting/normal conducting transition of tin whiskers with indium impurities

The current induced step-like structure in the V-I characteristics of tin whiskers with indium impurities up to 4 at.% shows a zero voltage intercept I₀ of approximatively 0.5I_c. This current can be explained by the existence of phase slip centers above the critical current which carry a time averaged supercurrent of ≈0.5I_c. From the differential resistance associated with the first step a “healing length” L_n proportional to l^{$\text{1}\text{2}$} (l = mean free path) was obtained which can be related to the quasi-particle diffusion length Λ introduced by Tinkham et al. in the explanation of temperature independent nonequilibrium processes between pairs and quasiparticles at a phase slip center.     

Mössbauer conversion spectroscopy: Measurements on the first excited states of180, 182W and145Pm

The Mössbauer Conversion (MBC) Spectroscopy and criteria for its useful application are discussed and compared with other MB-techniques. By help of the MBC spectroscopy the isomer shift of the first excited state in¹⁸²W was measured and a change in radius ?0.05 · 10^?4>Δ 〈r ²〉/〈r ²〉>?0.28 · 10^?4 derived. The ratio of quadrupole moments of first excited states in¹⁸⁰W and¹⁸²W turns out to be¹⁸⁰ Q/¹⁸² Q=0.976 (30). Due to the excellent statistical quality of the spectra the interference parameter of the 100keVE2 transition in¹⁸²W could be determined to 2β=0.0165(9) for theL-shell. The MB-effect for the 61 keV transition in the instable¹⁴⁵Pm has been detected for the first time. A widthΛ _exp=2.15(58) mm/s was obtained.     

Die Diffusionskoeffizienten und mittleren freien Weglängen der geladenen und neutralen Radon-Folgeprodukte in Luft

The knowledge of the diffusion coefficients of radioactive atoms and ions in air is very important in a number of investigations on and computations of the attachment of radon decay products to aerosol particles. In this work measurements of the diffusion coefficients of neutral and charged²¹²Pb atoms are reported. The values found areD ₀=(7.6±0.4)·10^?2cm²s^?1 for neutral atomsD=(5.0±0.3)·10^?2cm²s^?1 for charged atoms The used method of measurement allowed to determine these constants 1–5 seconds after the formation aged²¹²Pb atoms, so that a “cluster” formation was improbable. The mean free path for neutral (λ₀=(4.9±0.3)·10^?6cm) and charged (λ=(3.2±0.2)· 10^?6cm) lead 212 atoms in air were computed from the measured diffusion coefficients. All obtained results were compared with values, calculated from theory.     

Relaxation times in dissipative heavy-ion collisions

The classical model introduced earlier for analyzing experimental data on dissipative heavy-ion collisions, is generalized to include effects from the gradual dissipation of radial kinetic energy and from the development of fragment deformations during the collision. Relaxation times for the dissipation of radial kinetic energy (τ _R ) and relative angular momentum (τ _l ) as well as for the development of deformations (τ_α) are fitted to the reaction⁸⁶Kr (8.18 MeV/u) +¹⁶⁶Er and applied to three other reactions. A consistent set of relaxation times isτ _R = 0.3 · 10^?21 s,τ _l =1.5 · 10^?21 s andτ _α = 5 · 10^?21 s. Empirical mass transport coefficients are deduced from comparisons with experimental element distributions. Effects from fluctuations in the deflection function are discussed. Evidence is found for the existence of a relaxation time of the order 10^?21 s in the mass-drift coefficient.     

Iodine as a donor in CdS

Iodine doped single crystals of CdS were grown from the vapor phase. High temperature Hall effect measurements for the crystals equilibrated with Cd and S₂ vapors at temperatures between 700 and 1000°C gave the free electron concentration as a function of p_Cd or p_S2 and temperature. The results can be explained on the basis of a model in which the CdS is saturated with iodine at low p_Cd (=high p_S2) but unsaturated at high p_Cd.The solubility of iodine in CdS is given by c_t=1·73×10²²p_S2^?1/8 exp (?1·045 eV/kT) cm^?3 atm^?1/8=4·62×10¹⁹p_Cd^1/4 exp (?0·195 eV/kT) cm^?3 atm^1/4The formation of pairs (I_SV_Cd)′ from I_S^· and V_Cd″ is governed by the equilibrium constant K_{P(I, V)}=4 exp (≤1·1 eV/kT)If Cd diffusion occurs primarily by free vacancies, the Cd^* tracer self diffusion leads to a vacancy mobility of (1·2±0·5)×10^?5 cm² sec^?1 at 900°C, in agreement with results reported by Woodbury [12], but (7±3) times larger than reported by Kumar and Kroger [10].     

Messung der zirkularen polarisation von γ-strahlung nach einfang polarisierter thermischer neutronen in kernen

A 70% polarized thermal neutron flux of 6 · 10⁶ s^? was obtained by total reflexion of a 1 m long Co-Fe mirror. Naturel targets of Al, Co, Mo and Sm where exposed to this beam. The measurement of the circular polarization of high energy captureγ-rays yielded some information about nuclear properties: For the transition from the compound state to the ground state in²⁸Al we derived theE2/M1 mixing ratioδ=?2.0 _+1.0 ^?0.5 . In⁹⁶Mo we obtained for the spin of the 2.25 MeV levelJ ^π=2^? or 3^?. If in agreement with theory the spin for this level isJ ^π=3^? the compound state for this decay hasJ ^π=2⁺ for over 50% of the transitions. In accordence with a previous measurement we found for the spins of the doublet in⁶⁰Co at 0.278 and 0.288 MeVJ ^π=3⁺ or 4⁺. For¹⁵⁰Sm we determined the overall circularγ-polarization. The measurement is in agreement with the statistical nuclear model yielding for the compound stateJ ^π=4^?. We confirmed the earlier spin assignementJ ^π=4⁺ for the 0.777 MeV level of¹⁵⁰Sm.     

Rückstreuung von Neutronen an perfekten Silizium-Einkristallen

A neutron backscattering diffractometer is described. Using this instrument, we measured the Bragg reflections of neutrons which are backscattered from the (111)-and the (333)-lattice planes of silicon single crystals. The relative line widths of the (111)-reflex (Δa/a)₁₁₁=3.3 · 10^?5 and that of the (333)-reflex (Δa/a)₃₃₃=6.8 · 10^?6 are broader than the theoretical values of (Δa/a)₁₁₁=3.0 · 10^?5 and (Δa/a)₃₃₃=3.2 · 10^?6. The additional broadening of 3 · 10^?6 is due to experimental inaccuracies. The measured integrated reflectivities for both reflexes agreed with the theory.     

The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity and the negative magnetoresistance of carbon nanoparticles

Temperature dependences of the electrical resistivity of samples of carbon nanoparticles obtained from nanodiamonds by annealing at 1800, 1900, and 2140 K were studied. The magnetoresistance of these samples was measured at 4.5 K. Data on the positive magnetoresistance obtained in fields above 3 T were used to estimate the mean free path l of carriers at liquid-helium temperature, l～12 Å for a sample annealed at 1800 K, l～80 Å for a sample annealed at 1900 K, and l～18 Å for the case of annealing at 2140 K. The samples annealed at 1800 and 2140 K exhibit a negative magnetoresistance in fields below 2 T. The carrier concentrations n in the samples annealed at 1800 and 2140 K were estimated as n～8×10²¹ and 3×10²¹ cm^?3, respectively.     

Measurement of Ar(I) and Ar(II) transition probabilities in LTE ARC plasmas

The transition probabilities of two Ar(I) lines and one Ar(II) line have been measured in emission on wall-stabilized argon arc plasmas (0·5×10⁵?p, Nm^-2?3×10⁵; 10,000?T, K?20,000; 10²²?N_e, m^-3?5×10²³) using the “method of best fit (MBF)”. The results (without line-wing correction) are for Ar(I) at 714·7 nm, A_nm=5·66×10⁵ s^-1±5%; for Ar(I) at 430·0 nm, A_nm=3·40×10⁵ s^-1±5%; for Ar(II) at 480·6 nm, A_nm=8·82×10⁷ s^-1±7%. These values were not influenced by deviations from LTE, which have been observed at electron number densities n_e?10²³ m^-3. The small uncertainties were achieved after careful corrections of different sources of error.