单一视角X射线分幅变像管设计

针对传统X射线快门选通微通道板(MCP)分幅相机利用针孔阵列获取目标图像时视角不一致的问题,提出一种单一视角X射线变像管分幅方法。利用电子束团在电子光学交叉点所携带信息的全息性和可分割性,设计了一种单一视角多幅输出图像的静电聚焦变像管,输出端配接MCP分幅单元以实现图像选通和增强功能。与传统门控MCP分幅管相比,其既能实现图像视角的同一性,又可以避免直穿光激发荧光屏对输出图像的影响,具有更高的信噪比。所设计的分幅变像管阴极有效工作直径为40mm,输出荧光屏直径为40mm,放大倍率为1.29,中心理论空间分辨率达到60lp/mm,边缘空间分辨率达到26lp/mm,分幅曝光时间特性由快门选通MCP分幅单元的选通脉宽决定。该方法为实现X射线分幅相机视角同一性给出了一条有效途径。     

神光Ⅲ核心X射线分幅相机(英文)

神光III装置核心X射线分幅相机将用于激光装置性能验收实验和宽范围的高能量密度物理、惯性约束聚变物理及基础物理实验研究.相机系统主要为记录神光III装置靶的时间分辨X射线发射设计,利用可更换的鼻椎实现具有二维空间分辨或者一维谱分辨的靶形貌时间分辨图像.神光III装置核心X射线分幅相机将被嵌入到一个铝制空气包中,空气包具有大容量冷却平板和一个特制的环境监测传感器阵列.相机设计很多部分不同于早期X射线分幅相机,如一套全新的阻抗匹配方案,曝光时间从0.07-1.5ns可调,先进的荧光屏,脉冲屏压电路,准确的模块定位,独特的监控系统和完全远程计算机控制.其中先进的荧光屏和脉冲屏压电路已经获得初步应用.     

神光III核心X射线分幅相机

神光III装置核心X射线分幅相机将用于激光装置性能验收实验和宽范围的高能量密度物理、惯性约束聚变物理及基础物理实验研究.相机系统主要为记录神光III装置靶的时间分辨X射线发射设计,利用可更换的鼻椎实现具有二维空间分辨或者一维谱分辨的靶形貌时间分辨图像.神光III装置核心X射线分幅相机将被嵌入到一个铝制空气包中,空气包具有大容量冷却平板和一个特制的环境监测传感器阵列.相机设计很多部分不同于早期X射线分幅相机,如一套全新的阻抗匹配方案,曝光时间从0.07-1.5 ns可调,先进的荧光屏,脉冲屏压电路,准确的模块定位,独特的监控系统和完全远程计算机控制.其中先进的荧光屏和脉冲屏压电路已经获得初步应用.     

神光Ⅲ核心Ⅹ射线分幅相机

神光Ⅲ装置核心Ⅹ射线分幅相机将用于激光装置性能验收实验和宽范围的高能量密度物理、惯性约束聚变物理及基础物理实验研究.相机系统主要为记录神光Ⅲ装置靶的时间分辨X射线发射设计,利用可更换的鼻椎实现具有二维空间分辨或者一维谱分辨的靶形貌时间分辨图像.神光Ⅲ装置核心X射线分幅相机将被嵌入到一个铝制空气包中,空气包具有大容量冷却平板和一个特制的环境监测传感器阵列.相机设计很多部分不同于早期X射线分幅相机,如一套全新的阻抗匹配方案,曝光时间从0.07-1.5 ns可调,先进的荧光屏,脉冲屏压电路,准确的模块定位,独特的监控系统和完全远程计算机控制.其中先进的荧光屏和脉冲屏压电路已经获得初步应用.     

微通道板行波选通X射线皮秒分幅相机动态空间分辨率的优化

通过微通道板皮秒脉冲选通动态模型结合近贴聚焦系统的空间调制传递函数理论模型,研究了微通道板X射线分幅相机系统的动态空间分辨能力与屏压,近贴距离,皮秒选通脉冲的幅值与宽度等参数的关系.计算了常用参数下的微通道板行波选通X射线皮秒分幅相机的系统动态空间分辨率,讨论了提高相机动态空间分辨率的措施,提出了优化相机结构参数的方法.     

微通道板选通X射线纳秒分幅相机的研制

设计并研制了一种新的微通道板选通X射线纳秒分幅相机,相机系统由带有行波选通微带光电阴极的近贴聚焦分幅变像管、电控单元、针孔安装和调节系统及真空系统组成.电控单元提供相机上作需要的直流电压和脉冲开关电雎.输出图像山采用光纤面板耦合到荧光屏的CCD相机读出.采用厚50 mm的Au作为变像管光电阴极,相机谱响应范围0.1～10 keV.可获得八幅分幅图像,每幅曝光时间1 ns,2 ns和5.0 ns三档可调,像幅时间间隔分2 ns、5 ns和10 ns 三档可调.相机动态空间分辨力优于18 lp/mm,触发晃动小于100 ps,时间抖动小于5%.并可实现远距离监视、控制和数据采集.对相机静态特性和动态特性的实验标定及应用现场所获得的实验结果均表明,相机上作性能稳定,具有几何畸变小、动态范围大等特点,满足 Z-箍缩实验研究的需要.     

直流控制的固体X光图象转换器

研制出一种夹层结构的固体X光薄屏,由光导层和半导体场致发光粉末层所组成。光导层和场致发光层相互串联并同时加上交流及直流电压。转换器对X光的敏感度取决于通过光导层的电压降和输入的X光强。转换器的灰度系数和输入范围通过调节加在屏上的直流电压广泛地予以控制。场致发光磷光体用交流激发。在低X光强下光输出强度得到很大改进,而并不响影图象分辨率。当X光强为30毫仑/分,峰值电压为80千伏时,转换器所产生的光输出约为普通荧光屏的800倍,能够观察到直径为200微米的钼线。不过图象建立和消除的时间需要几秒钟。另外,还示出了用试制的转换器转换的X光图象。     

Silex-I飞秒激光装置X射线探测系统时间特性北大核心CSCD

在Silex-Ⅰ飞秒激光装置上,利用32fs、800nm的激光辐照平面金靶,产生小于1ps的X射线脉冲,作为δ脉冲X射线源,研究XRD探测器的时间响应特性,并且探索X射线条纹相机时间分辨和分幅相机曝光时间的X射线标定方法。实验给出了XRD探测器的时间响应特性。解决了条纹相机和分幅相机触发晃动问题,给出了条纹相机时间分辨和分幅相机曝光时间的X射线标定方法,初步给出条纹相机时间分辨和分幅相机曝光时间。     

X射线辐射输运分解实验研究

在“星光Ⅱ”激光装置上进行了X射线辐射输运分解实验研究.实验中利用高时空分辨的MCP选通X射线皮秒分幅相机和软X射线条纹相机从缝口观测腔内壁X射线辐射时空分布,得到X射线在腔中的输运速率、X射线持续发射时间和轴向强度衰减量;利用X射线CCD针孔透射光栅谱仪观测到腔内X射线辐射光谱随空间位置的变化,得到X射线在输运过程中被多次吸收和发射后谱的变化特征;用X射线二极管和亚千X射线能谱仪分别得到源和输运末端X射线辐射总量和辐射温度.介绍了实验中采用的诊断技术和实验方法,并给出了获得的典型结果. 关键词：     

X射线皮秒分幅相机在强X射线情况下的应用研究

扫描型变象管Ｘ射线皮秒分幅相机在强Ｘ射线情况下，由于空间电荷效应，像质变坏，甚至无法工作。本文简述了ＭｇＦ光阴极材料的性能。首次在Ｘ射线皮秒变象管分幅相机上的应用结果：降低了强Ｘ射线源情况下分幅管内空间电荷效应的影响，并获得了清晰的物理图像。     

From Field Emission to Vacuum Arc Ignition: A New Tool for Simulating Copper Vacuum Arcs

Understanding plasma initiation in vacuum arc discharges can help to bridge the gap between nano‐scale triggering phenomena and the macroscopic surface damage caused by vacuum arcs. We present a new twodimensional particle‐in‐cell tool to simulate plasma initiation in direct‐current (DC) copper vacuum arc discharges starting from a single, strong field emitter at the cathode. Our simulations describe in detail how a sub‐micron field emission site can evolve to a macroscopic vacuum arc discharge, and provide a possible explanation for why and how cathode spots can spread on the cathode surface. Furthermore, the model provides us with a prediction for the current and voltage characteristics, as well as for properties of the plasma like densities, fluxes and electric potentials in a simple DC discharge case, which are in agreement with the known experimental values. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

单壁碳纳米管在场发射显示器中的应用研究

采用丝网印刷法将利用电弧放电法制备的单壁碳纳米管印刷在玻璃板上作为场发射显示器阴极材料，利用荧光粉阳极测试了其发光亮度，并研究其场发射性能.实验结果表明，单壁碳纳米管作为场发射显示器阴极材料具有较低的开启电场和较大的场发射电流密度，显示出良好的场发射特性.     

Experimental observations of steady anodic vacuum arcs withthermionic cathodes

Stationary plasma discharges have been investigated in a high vacuum ambient (background gas pressure <10^-2 Pa), with an externally heated cathode and a consumable hot evaporating anode. With various anode materials like chromium or copper, and electrode separations between 0.5 and 3 mm, the nonself-sustained discharge operates with DC arc currents in the range of 220 A. The waveform of the arc voltage is strongly influenced by the magnetic field of the cathode heating current, and arc voltages between a minimum of 3 V and a maximum exceeding 100 V have been observed. The voltage-current characteristics (V_CC) and the influence of the electrode separation have been measured separately for the minimum and the maximum of the arc voltages and show a different behavior. The metal plasma expands into the ambient vacuum toward the walls of the vacuum vessel and offers a macroparticle free deposition source of thin films. The arc voltage can be varied by external manipulations of the arc discharge, and the mean ion energy of the expanding metal plasma shows a linear dependence of the mean arc voltage     

Displacement of Field Emitters by Vacuum Discharges

The location of field emitting micro-points, produced by nanosecond discharges in UHV, has been investigated by field emission microscopy. Weak discharges (duration < 5 ns, current < 10 A) caused a displacement of the field emission over the cathode by a distance that corresponds to average crater diameters (4–6 μm). Thus new emitters are produced at the boundary of discharge craters. More intense discharges show sometimes a far higher displacement. This can be explained by the formation of micro-points by splashes of molten metal that fly out of the discharge craters. The results support the model of the development of micro-points, as it was published in [1]. They show furthermore that the motion of arc cathode spots can be related to the displacement of microscopic field emitters.     

大气压空气中重复频率纳秒脉冲气体放电模式研究

利用上升沿100ns、脉宽150ns的单级磁压缩纳秒脉冲电源,通过电压电流测量和放电图像拍摄实验,研究了大气压空气中极不均匀电场结构重复频率纳秒脉冲气体放电的放电模式。结果表明纳秒脉冲气体放电存在三种典型的放电模式:电晕放电、弥散放电和火花放电。施加的脉冲电压幅值对放电模式影响显著,随着电压幅值的增加,放电依次经历电晕、弥散和火花放电。固定电压幅值时,放电可能同时存在两种模式。重复频率加强了放电强度,弥散放电的激发电压随重复频率的增加变化不大,但火花放电的激发电压随着重复频率的增加而降低。因此降低重复频率有利于在较大电压范围获得大气压空气弥散放电。     

Vacuum discharge from perovskite oxide electrodes

This paper presents results of the investigation of electrical discharge in vacuum from perovskite-like La_0.7Sr_0.3CoO₃ and YBa₂Cu ₃O_6.95 electrodes. Data are given on the local chemical composition of cathode surfaces subjected to nanosecond high-current arc discharges and on the erosion of ceramic cathode materials. The results of measurements of the work function and of the emission capability of extended ceramic cathodes and of field emission characteristics of clean surfaces of perovskite-like oxides are presented. A comparative analysis has been carried out of the behavior of ceramic cathodes with results obtained from the discharge of metallic electrodes     

Experimental study of the discharge glow structure in the initial phase of a nanosecond breakdown of an insulating gap

The diffuse phase of high-voltage nanosecond atmospheric-pressure discharges in insulating gaps with a highly nonuniform electric field has been studied experimentally with the purpose of developing methods for protecting power supply equipment from natural and man-caused overvoltages. The structure of the discharge glow in 6- to 12-cm rod-plane gaps has been investigated for five configurations of the rod cathode. It is found that the discharge can exist in different forms and that the occurrence of one or another type of discharge is probabilistic in character. The electric characteristics of the discharge have been studied as functions of the electrode gap length for two types of cathode that provide the preferential development of volume and multichannel discharges. It is shown that the main factors governing the shape of the discharge glow are the distribution of the electric field near the cathode in the voltage growth phase and the dynamics of the accompanying discharge processes.     

Investigation of the Directional Velocities of Ions in a Vacuum Arc Discharge by Emission Methods

This paper is devoted to an investigation of the directional velocities of the ions generated in cathode spots of vacuum arc discharges. By using emission methods of studying the processes in a vacuum arc discharge, which involve the determination of the parameters and characteristics of the discharge plasma by analyzing the ion current extracted from the plasma and the ion charge states, the velocities of ions have been determined for the majority of cathode materials available in the periodic table. Is has been shown that at a low pressure of the residual gas in the discharge gap the directional velocities of the ions do not depend on the ion charge state. Comparison of the data obtained with calculated values allows the conclusion that the acceleration of ions in a vacuum arc occurs by the magnetohydrodynamic mechanism.     

Über den Gleichspannungsdurchschlag im Ultrahochvakuum

DC-breakdowns with arc-conditioned electrodes in vapour-free vacuum have been investigated with high temporal resolution. The breakdowns started always with a cathode flare, the ignition voltage of which was strongly correlated with prebreakdown field emission. The temporal development of gap plasma, discharge current and gap voltage during the breakdowns could be satisfactorily explained by the models of explosive electron emission and space-charge limited diode conduction. No change of mechanism was observed with gap distances up to 6 mm and voltages up to 120 kV. Generally the resistance of the discharge channel became low enough for a transition to the arc stage. However, in a few cases a self-limitation of the discharge occurred due to starvation of the material transfer from the cathode. At higher gap distances the surrounding walls had a distinct influence on the ignition of the discharges.     

Rapid breakdown mechanisms of open air nanosecond dielectric barrier discharges

The discharge initiation mechanism of nanosecond dielectric barrier discharges in open air has been clarified with time-dependent measurement of the discharge electric field by electric-field-induced coherent Raman scattering and optical emission. Our experimental observations have revealed that, in the prebreakdown phase of a nanosecond dielectric barrier discharge, the externally applied fast-rising electric field is strongly enhanced near the cathode due to large accumulation of space charge, which then strongly enhances ionization near the cathode. Once a sufficiently large number of ionizations take place, the location of peak ionization forms a front and propagates toward the cathode with strong optical emission, which establishes the discharge. This process is essentially different from the well-known Townsend mechanism for slower discharges.