Ruthenium-catalysed synthesis of tertiary amines from alcohols

Secondary amines have been converted into tertiary amines by reactions with primary alcohols. A catalytic system of [Ru(cymene)Cl₂]₂ with dppf has been shown to be effective for this transformation for a range of primary alcohols and secondary amines. The methodology has been applied to the one pot synthesis of Piribedil and other piperazine and morpholine-containing products.     

Oxidative amide synthesis directly from alcohols with amines

Transition metal catalyzed oxidative amide synthesis directly from primary alcohols and amines is a highly atom economical transformation that evolves hydrogen gas as the only by-product. Several Ru-, Rh-based homogeneous and Ag-based heterogeneous catalysts have been developed for direct amide synthesis. Most of the developed catalysts showed excellent activity with sterically unhindered alcohols and amines; however, limited activity was observed with sterically hindered alcohols or amines, less basic aryl amines, and secondary amines. This account provides an overview of recent advances and challenges in direct amide synthesis.     

Ruthenium catalyzed synthesis of secondary or tertiary amines from amines and alcohols

Unsymmetrical secondary and tertiary amines are prepared by the ruthenium catalyzed reaction of alcohols with amines, which provides highly efficient method for synthesis of cyclic amines.     

One-pot synthesis of secondary or tertiary amines from alcohols and amines via alkoxyphosphonium salts

Secondary or tertiary amines may be prepared from primary alcohols and primary or secondary amines by treating triphenylphosphine with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in the presence of the alcohol at low temperature, followed by addition of the amine and heating for about 1 h. The yield of amine is good to fair, decreasing sharply with sterically congested alcohols and starting amines.     

In(III)-catalyzed tandem reaction of chromone-derived Morita-Baylis-Hillman alcohols with amines

The reaction of chromone-derived cyclic Morita-Baylis-Hillman alcohols with amines catalyzed by In(OTf)(3) in a one pot process was developed for the convenient and efficient synthesis of 2-substituted-3-aminomethylenechromans. The tandem allylic amination/chromen ring-opening/Michael cyclization reactions were involved in this protocol.     

Preparation of secondary and tertiary amines from nitroarenes and alcohols

Various secondary amines were obtained selectively from the reaction of nitroarenes with primary alcohols in the presence of ruthenium(II) complexes having phosphine-amine ligands as the catalyst. Secondary amines could be further alkylated with a primary alcohol using the same catalyst, but different conditions.     

Silver-catalyzed efficient synthesis of enaminones from propargyl alcohols and amines

Enaminones are used as the key intermediates to construct heterocyclic compounds with various bioactivities. In this study, a simple and efficient approach for the synthesis of enaminones via amination of propargyl alcohols was developed. Under the catalysis of Ag₂CO₃, the reaction proceeded smoothly to afford the desired products in good yields. Preliminary mechanism experiments showed that Ag₂CO₃ played an essential role in the procedure of the reaction.     

Hydrogen bonding by alcohols and amines

The pure base calorimetric method has been used to determine the enthalpies of hydrogen bond complex formation between aliphatic amines and alcohols. The enthalpies of complexation for the series methanol-n-butanol bonding with triethylamine increase with decreasing alkyl chain length in accordance with the electron donating properties of alkyl groups. Unexpectedly, the enthalpies for the complexes of n-butanol with tributylamine, tripropylamine, and triethylamine increase with decreasing alkyl chain length.Primary and secondary amines form hydrogen bonded complexes with n-butanol in which the amine protons form an NH···O bond with the alcohol and the alcohol hydroxyl proton donates a proton to the amine nitrogen. The difference in enthalpy of complex formation between tertiary amines and secondary amines is largely accounted for by the involvement of the amine proton of the secondary amine. Primary amines, like secondary amines, donate only one proton to the complex with n-butanol but have a larger complex enthalpy than secondary amines probably because of steric hindrance and differences in basicity.     

Borrowing hydrogen methodology for the conversion of alcohols into N-protected primary amines and in situ deprotection

Alcohols have been converted into a range of protected amines including sulfonamides and N-alkylbenzylamine derivatives. Representative examples of deprotection to afford primary amines are also provided.     

Rules for the addition of secondary amines to diacetylenic alcohols

Summary The addition of dimethylamine to tertiary diacetylenic alcohols was studied and a scheme was given for the transformations that take place here.     

Efficient conversion of primary and secondary alcohols to primary amines

A convenient single-vessel conversion of primary and secondary alcohols to primary amines is reported. Use of this method results in substantially cleaner crude products than similar procedures reported in the literature. A simple work-up also makes this procedure ideal for parallel synthesis.     

Dual-function of alcohols in gold-mediated selective coupling of amines and alcohols

Oxidative coupling of alcohols (methanol and ethanol) and dimethylamine on atomic-oxygen-activated Au(111) occurs entirely on the surface to form the corresponding amides when the alkoxy of the alcohol and the amide derived from the amine are co-adsorbed. For effective oxygen-assisted coupling the formation of the amide requires excess methanol. Mechanistic studies reveal that molecularly adsorbed methanol removes excess adsorbed atomic oxygen efficiently, precluding either secondary oxidation or oxidative dehydrogenation of dimethylamide to the imine. The adsorbed amide then can react with the aldehyde produced by β-hydride elimination from the alkoxy to form the hemiaminal, the reactive intermediate leading to coupling. The selectivity for formamide production can be increased to nearly 100?% in excess methanol.     

Sustainable routes to amines in recyclable water using ppm Pd catalysis

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室温下以原位生成的醋酸咪唑鎓盐为催化剂和酰化剂用于醇、酚和胺的乙酰化反应(英文)

Acylimidazolium acetate was readily prepared in situ from the reaction of imidazole with acetic anhydride and subsequently acted as a catalyst and acylating agent for the efficient acetylation of alcohols, phenols, and amines at ambient temperature.     

Palladium catalyzed N-alkylation of amines with alcohols

An iron oxide immobilized palladium catalyst was prepared for the N-alkylation of amines with alcohols under base and organic ligand free conditions. Applying the optimized reaction conditions, the coupling reactions of amines and alcohols with various structures could be realized with up to 99% isolated yields. The catalysts were studied by XRD, BET, and XPS and the mechanism was studied by DFT calculations.