气相色谱-质谱技术结合化学计量学对6种植物油进行判别分析

测定了6种不同种类植物油(茶籽油、大豆油、花生油、葵花籽油、玉米油和芝麻油)的脂肪酸组成及含量,旨在探讨利用植物油脂肪酸的指标对不同种类的植物油进行分类和判别的可能性。采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术,对6种不同植物油中脂肪酸的组成和含量进行测定,用SPSS.19.0统计软件进行主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析。对6种不同植物油脂肪酸进行分析、对比,得出植物油脂的主要成分为C16∶0,C18∶0,C18∶1 cis-9,C18∶2 cis-9,12和C18∶3 cis-9,12,15。这5种主要脂肪酸的总含量在茶籽油、大豆油、花生油、葵花籽油、玉米油和芝麻油中分别为98.455%,97.586%,89.019%,97.378%,98.294%和98.021%。6种植物油的不饱和度(U/S)均大于2.000,其中最小为花生油2.055,最大为茶籽油3.976。进行主成分分析降维得到前3个主成分,因为前3个主成分的特征//值均大于1且累计贡献率达到80.060%,第1主成分的贡献率为35.853%,第2主成分的贡献率为23.847%,第3主成分的贡献率为20.360%。建立了3个典则判别函数,典则判别函数的相关系数均大于0.990,且对于茶籽油、大豆油、花生油、葵花籽油、玉米油和芝麻油的初始分类正确率为100.0%,交叉验证正确率为100.0%。     

高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱联用测定DNA分子中4种脱氧核苷酸

建立了用反相离子对色谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱的联用技术同时测定DNA分子中4种脱氧核苷酸的含量。液相流动相最佳条件是:pH4.8,甲醇2.5%,10mmol/LNH4Ac。为了避免直接测定31P时14N16O1H ,15N16O 等复合离子的干扰造成信噪较差的问题,利用碰撞/反应池技术(CCT)加入O2和31P生成31P16O复合离子后测定该复合离子的信号可提高测定磷的信噪比。使用该联用技术测定4种脱氧核苷酸的检出限分别为0.211μmol/L(dCMP)、0.204μmol/L(dTMP)、0.173μmol/L(dGMP)和0.225μmol/L(dAMP),并且测定经过核酸酶酶解的质粒DNA后生成的4种脱氧核苷酸的含量分别是:152.9±2.4μmol/L(dCMP)、228.2±4.0μmol/L(dTMP)、125.3±3.0μmol/L(dGMP)和222.9±3.3μmol/L(dAMP)。     

超高效合相色谱-质谱法快速分析食用植物油中常见脂肪酸

建立了超高效合相色谱-质谱(UPC²-MS)快速分析6种食用植物油(玉米油、葵花籽油、大豆油、茶油、菜籽油、花生油)中棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸等5种常见脂肪酸的方法,并比较了这6种食用油中上述5种脂肪酸的含量差异。采用皂化反应对植物油进行前处理,以ACQUITY UPC² BEH 2-EP色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm)为分析柱,以超临界CO₂-甲醇/乙腈(1:1, v/v)为流动相进行梯度洗脱,流速为0.8 mL/min。在电喷雾负离子模式下进行检测,外标法定量。结果表明:5种脂肪酸标准物质在0.5~100 mg/L范围内呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.9985~0.9998,定量限(S/N≥10)为0.15~0.50 mg/L;在3个添加水平下,样品的加标回收率为89.61%~108.50%;方法重复性的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.69%~3.01%。该方法简单、快速、分离效果好,无需对脂肪酸样品进行衍生化,已成功地用于玉米油、葵花籽油、橄榄油、茶油、大豆油和花生油等6种食用油中常见脂肪酸含量的测定。     

HS和HOO抽氢反应机理的研究

在B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)水平上对HS和HOO反应中的所有物种进行了几何构型优化和频率计算,采用QCISD(T)/6-311+G(3df,2p)方法获得了各物种的单点能,构建了HS和HOO反应在单、三重态势能剖面.结果表明,HS与HOO反应体系中存在2种不同的抽氢通道,在单、三重态势能面上生成的产物分别为[1P1(H2O2+1S),1P2(H2S+1 O2)]和[3P1(H2O2+3S),3P2(H2S+3O2)].标题反应主要发生在三重态势能面上,优势通道[R→3 TS2→3P2(H2S+3O2)]的活化能为9.99kJ·mol-1.此结果对认识大气硫迁移转变规律具有实际意义.     

硅与强碱溶液作用中何者为氧化剂

现行高中化学课本（甲种本）第二册P102列出了硅跟强破溶液反应的化学方程式: Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO2+2H2↑这是一个氧化还原反应,其中Si的化合价升高失去电子,是还原剂。而另外两种反应物何者是氧化剂?是H2O,还是NaOH,或者二者都是?     

气相中烯丙基负离子与N2O反应机理

采用二阶微扰理论的MP2/6-31G(d,p)方法对气相中烯丙基负离子与N2O的反应机理进行了理论计算研究, 并在相同基组下进一步用CCSD(T)方法进行了单点能的校正. 计算结果表明, 该反应存在三条反应通道, 产物分别为cis-CH2CHCNN-+H2O, trans-CH2CHCNN-+H2O和CH2CCH-+N2+H2O, 其中生成cis-CH2CHCNN-和trans-CH2CHCNN-的两条通道为相互竞争的主反应通道, 计算结果与实验相吻合. 同时利用传统的过渡态理论, 计算了各反应通道在298 K时, 速控步骤的反应速率常数k(T).     

苯二酚异构体双电荷离子和单电荷离子的动能谱研究

本文利用质量分析离子动能谱(MIKES)、碰撞诱导解离(CID)技术和电子捕获诱导解离(ECID)技术, 研究了邻、间、对苯二酚分子在电子轰击质谱(EIMS)中产生的双电荷离子[C6H6O2]^2^+, [C6H4O]^2^+和单电荷离子[C6H6O2]^+。根据测定的电荷分离反应动能释放值T和由此计算出的两电荷间距R, 推测出过渡态的结构。有趣的是, 可利用单电荷离子[C6H6O2]^+的MIKES/CID谱区分苯二酚异构体。     

Ni/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂在水相加氢体系中的活性及稳定性研究

采用浸渍法制备了不同Si含量的Ni/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂,通过吡啶-原位傅里叶变换红外(Py-FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、低温N2物理吸附(N2Physisorption)、H2-程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等技术对催化剂进行了表征,并考察了催化剂在水相1,4-丁炔二醇加氢反应中的活性和稳定性.结果表明:SiO2的引入覆盖了部分γ-Al2O3表面,使暴露的Al3+减少,载体表现出部分SiO2的表面性质.随Si含量的增加,Ni/SiO2-Al2O3催化剂初始活性下降,产生这一现象的原因是引入SiO2使活性组分Ni与载体之间相互作用减弱,导致活性组分Ni迁移聚集,且催化剂的孔容和孔径减小.同时,SiO2显著抑制了γ-Al2O3的水合,催化剂的使用稳定性随Si含量的增加而提高.当Si含量为3%时,催化剂的初始活性下降幅度较小,且催化剂的水热稳定性显著提高,表现出最佳的反应性能.     

乙烯酮自由基(HCCO·)与氧气(O2)反应势能面的理论研究

在G2(B3LYP/MP2/CC)水平上对反应HCCO+O2进行了计算,得到了反应势能面,提出了3种可能的反应机理:(1)四元环反应机理得到产物P1(HCO+CO2);(2)三元环反应机理得到产物P2(CO+HCO2);(3)O—O键断裂反应机理得到产物P3(O+OCC(O)H)和P4(O+CO+HCO).由反应势能面推测产物P1(HCO+CO2)为主要产物,产物P2(CO+HCO2),P3(O+OCC(O)H)和P4(O+CO+HCO)为次要产物.     

无溶剂条件下反应控制相转移催化氯丙烯氧化制环氧氯丙烷

系统地研究了无溶剂条件下,H2O2为氧源,反应控制相转移催化剂[(C16H33(70%)+C18H37(30%))N(CH3)3]3[PW4O16]催化氯丙烯环氧化制环氧氯丙烷反应.结果表明,在氯丙烯/H2O2/催化剂(摩尔比)=400∶100∶1条件下,50～55℃反应3 h,环氧氯丙烷的收率为85～87%.在NaH2PO4存在下,催化剂循环使用5次,活性无明显降低,新鲜催化剂和回收催化剂的31P MAS NMR谱分析结果表明NaH2PO4对催化剂结构和组成具有稳定作用.     

电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定植物油中的磷

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定了植物油中的磷.采用多谱线拟合技术(MSF)校正了铜对P213.617 nm和P214.914 nm光谱干扰.比较了活性炭炭化灰化法和微波消解法两种样品前处理方法对分析结果的影响.结果表明这两种前处理方法所得结果都能与国标磷钼蓝分光光度法的分析结果吻合,其中活性炭炭化灰化法的方法检出限(0.053 mg/kg)较微波消解法的方法检出限(0.42 mg/kg)更低,所以对低含量的磷的检测结果其相对误差及精密度更好.该法应用于植物油中磷的测定.     

常压火焰离子化质谱技术对食用植物油快速分析的初探

建立了常压火焰离子化质谱(Ambient flame ionization mass spectrometry,AFI-MS)快速分析食用植物油(橄榄油、芝麻油、花生油和葵花籽油)的方法。AFI-MS检出食用植物油(橄榄油、芝麻油、花生油和葵花籽油)中的26种甘油三酯和11种甘油二脂。AFI-MS分析显示,不同的食用植物油(橄榄油、芝麻油、花生油和葵花籽油)得到的质谱图轮廓信息不同。通过对不同食用植物油的甘油三酯相对峰强度进行分析,可初步归纳出食用植物油的类型。AFI-MS分析食用植物油的操作简单,普通的打火机就可以作为离子源用于食用植物油的分析。这种便捷的离子化技术可以用于食用植物油的快速分析。     

Epoxidation of soybean oil catalyzed by [pi-C5H5NC16H33]3[PW4O16] with hydrogen peroxide and ethyl acetate as solvent

A new environmentally benign and highly efficient catalytic system [pi-C5H5NC16H33]3[PO4(WO3)4]/H2O2/CH3COOC2H5 for the epoxidation of soybean oil displayed excellent activity and high recovery. The change of the catalyst during the reaction was investigated by elemental analysis, FT-IR and 31P NMR.     

Determination of B,Si, P and S in steels by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry with dynamic reaction cell

An inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a dynamic reaction cell™ (DRC) was successfully used for the accurate determination of B, Si, P and S in steel samples, using the reaction of Si⁺, P⁺ and S⁺ ions with O₂ in the cell. The method obviated the effect of polyatomic isobaric interferences at m/z 28, 31 and 32 by detecting ²⁸Si⁺, ³¹P⁺ and ³²S⁺ as the oxide ion ²⁸Si¹⁶OH, ³¹P¹⁶O and ³²S¹⁶O at m/z 45, 47 and 48, respectively, which is less interfered. The effects of the operating conditions of DRC system were optimized to get the best signal to noise ratio for ²⁸Si¹⁶OH, ³¹P¹⁶O and ³²S¹⁶O. As there is no spectroscopic interference, boron was determined under the standard mode. Validation of the method was carried out by the determination of B, Si, P and S in steel standard reference materials (NIST SRM 361, 362 and 364). Since the sensitivities of Si, P and S in digested sample solutions and standard solutions were found to be quite different, standard addition method was used for the determination of B, Si, P and S in this study. Good agreement was obtained between the certified values and the experimental results. The precision between sample replicates was better than 6.3% for all the determinations.     

HPIC-UV-ICP-SFMS study of the interaction of cisplatin with guanosine monophosphate

Interaction of cis-[Pt(NH3)2Cl2] (cisplatin) with 5'-guanosine monophosphate (5'-GMP) has been investigated for the first time by on-line coupling of high performance ion chromatography (HPIC) to inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS). The time-dependent reaction course of the cisplatin-5'-GMP system was followed after incubation under simulated physiological conditions by monitoring the decrease in the concentration of 5'-GMP and the increase in the concentration of formed adducts, on the basis of speciation analysis. Because of the two-step mechanism an intermediate mono adduct was observed together with the major product, the bis adduct cis-[Pt(NH3)2(GMP)2]2-. The data obtained correlated well with those from earlier studies employing orthogonal techniques such as capillary electrophoresis (CE). Furthermore, HPIC-ICP-SFMS provided unambiguous stoichiometric information about the major GMP-adduct. For this purpose the platinum-to-phosphorus ratio was determined by simultaneously measuring 31P and 195Pt. To separate significant interferences from 15N16O+, 14N16O1H+, 12C18O1H+, and 13C17O1H+ on 31P, high-mass resolution (m/deltam = 4,500) proved to be mandatory. The P/Pt signal ratio of 2/1 obtained corresponds to the molar ratio in the bis adduct cis-[Pt(NH3)2(GMP)2]2-.     

Analysis of phosphorus herbicides by ion-pairing reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with octapole reaction cell

A reversed phase ion-pairing high performance liquid chromatographic (RPIP-HPLC) method is developed for the separation of two phosphorus herbicides, Glufosinate and Glyphosate as well as Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), the major metabolite of Glyphosate. Tetrabutylammonium hydroxide is used as the ion-pairing reagent in conjunction with an ammonium acetate/acetic acid buffering system at pH 4.7. An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) is coupled to the chromatographic system to detect the herbicides at m/z = 31P. Historically, phosphorus has been recognized as one of the elements difficult to analyze in argon plasma. This is due to its relatively high ionization potential (10.5 eV) as well as the inherent presence of the polyatomic interferences 14N16O1H+ and 15N16O+ overlapping its only isotope at m/z = 31. An octapole reaction cell is utilized to minimize the isobaric polyatomic interferences and to obtain the highest signal-to-background ratio. Detection limits were found to be in the low ppt range (25-32 ng/l). The developed method is successfully applied to the analysis of water samples collected from the Ohio River and spiked with a standard compounds at a level of 20 microg/l.     

Studies on the methods of identification of irradiated food I. Seedling growth test

A seedling growth test for the identification of gamma irradiated edible vegetable seeds was described. The identification of gamma irradiated grape and the other seeds has been investigated. The purpose of this study was to develop an easy, rapid and practical technique for the identification of irradiated edible vegetable seeds. Seven different irradiated edible vegetable seeds as: rice ( ), peanut ( ), maize ( ), soybean ( ), red bean ( ), mung bean ( ) and catjang cowpea ( ) were tested by using the method of seedling growth. All of the edible vegetable seeds were exposed to gamma radiation on different doses, O(CK), 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 5.0 kGy. After treatment with above 1.0 kGy dose to the seeds, the seedling rate was less than 50% compared with the control. Although the seedling rate of rice seeds can reached 58%, the seedling growth was not normal and the seedling leaves appeared deformed. The results by this method were helpful to identify gamma treatment of the edible vegetable seeds with above 1.0 kGy dose.     

Effort to improve the quantitative determination of oxidation and hydrolysis compound classes in edible vegetable oils.

This paper proposes an analytical method to evaluate the classes of products of polymerization, oxidation and hydrolysis as well as the polar compounds present in refined edible oils in a more reliable fashion. The polar compounds of a marketed refined peanut oil were analyzed by preparative gel permeation chromatography and the classes of substances corresponding to single chromatogram peaks were collected by means of a fraction collector, purified and used as standards for high-performance size-exclusion chromatographic analysis. The linearity of detector response, the precision and accuracy of the method for each class of compounds and for polar compounds were assessed. Another aim was to verify whether this method may be applied to other refined peanut oils and to edible vegetable oils in general, even of different botanical origin, using the standards that had already been prepared for that particular peanut oil. The results obtained showed that this was possible and the analytical method developed can be extended to the most common edible vegetable oils.     

Rapid characterization of edible oils by direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis using triacylglycerols

Direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric (MALDI-TOFMS) analysis of solutions of edible fats/oils yielded spectra useful for their rapid differentiation and classification. Results also reflected the individual fatty acid components and their degree of unsaturation. After dissolution in hexane, MALDI-MS analysis revealed spectra showing characteristic triacylglycerols (TAGs), the main fat/oil components, as sodium adduct ions. The Euclidean distances calculated using the mass and intensity values for 20 TAGs were used to evaluate and compare spectra. With cluster analysis, animal fats grouped together differently than vegetable oils and the individual oils grouped together by type. The ion abundances for the individual TAGs and their presumed compositions were used to approximate the overall fatty acid composition of canola, soybean, corn, olive and peanut oil, as well as lard. Using this approach the calculated fatty acid compositions and degree of unsaturation generally fell within about 4% of literature values. When the degree of saturation was compared with values calculated from the package labeling the differences were about 7%.