基于纳米金适配体传感器的激光诱导检测凝血酶

利用激光可使纳米金修饰的双链DNA(dsDNA)去杂化和适配体的特异性,设计了一种新颖、稳定、可控且高灵敏的凝血酶检测方法。将两端分别修饰金纳米粒子与荧光标记物的核酸适配体与其互补链杂化制成稳定的dsDNA传感器,当凝血酶存在时,通过激光触发传感器去杂化释放适配体并与凝血酶结合,拉近金纳米粒子与荧光标记物的距离,产生猝灭使荧光信号发生变化。对激光照射时间、激光输出功率、温育时间等条件进行优化。在最优条件下,荧光强度变化值(ΔI)与凝血酶浓度在0.55~33 nmol/L范围内呈现出良好的线性关系,其线性回归方程为y=0.0082x+0.2714,相关系数R^2为0.98,血清中加标回收率为95.5~102.7%,且溶菌酶等无明显干扰。该方法可作为凝血酶的检测方法。     

基于核酸适配体和纳米材料的凝血酶蛋白特异性识别电化学生物传感器

介绍了一种结合核酸适配体技术和纳米技术,以凝血酶蛋白为研究对象的高效、高灵敏、特异性识别蛋白质的电化学生物传感器. 利用金纳米颗粒标记的核酸适配体以及被固定在磁性纳米颗粒上的核酸适配体与凝血酶蛋白同时结合形成磁性颗粒/凝血酶/纳米金胶的三明治结构, 利用磁性分离, 将金胶纳米颗粒特异性地吸着到电极表面, 通过检测电极上金胶的电化学信号, 实现对凝血酶靶蛋白的检测. 这种生物传感器对凝血酶蛋白具有很高的特异性识别能力, 其检测不受其他蛋白质如牛血清白蛋白等存在的干扰, 可应用于实际血浆中凝血酶的检测. 由于利用磁性纳米颗粒使得分离、富集和测定在同一个自制的电化学反应池中进行, 其操作不仅简单, 而且检测的灵敏度得到提高. 该蛋白质生物传感器的线性范围为5.6×10^-12 ~ 1.12×10^-9 mol/L, 检测限可以达到1.42×10^-12 mol/L.     

基于ZrO2/AuNPs膜修饰电极的适配体传感器用于凝血酶的检测研究

提出了一种简单、无标记、可再生的电化学方法研究适配体和凝血酶之间的相互作用，采用亚甲基蓝(MB)做电化学指示剂，氧化锆(ZrO₂)-金纳米粒子(AuNPs)涂层修饰玻碳电极(GCE)。利用金-硫键及杂交化学反应，捕获探针和适配体依次修饰到电极表面，亚甲基蓝插入到DNA上，形成适配体传感器。电极表面的DNA双链在凝血酶的存在下发生解旋，MB在DNA上的吸附量随之减少，峰电流也显著降低，达到检测凝血酶的目的。实验显示，凝血酶在20 pmol/L～150 nmol/L的浓度范围内，峰电流的减小量随凝血酶浓度的升高而增大，检出限为20.6 fmol/L。该方法简单、灵敏、选择性好，并成功用于实际样品检测。     

基于核酸适配体的新型荧光纳米生物传感器用于凝血酶的测定

利用凝血酶的两条核酸适配体与凝血酶的高亲和力构建了三明治结构, 利用磁性纳米颗粒的磁性分离技术, 设计并制作了一种新型的荧光纳米生物传感器, 用其检测凝血酶. 此法对凝血酶的响应线性范围为2.24×10-11～4.03×10-9 mol/L, 其线性方程为I=0.9758×1011c-2.628, 检出限为1.0×10-11 mol/L, 对浓度为2.68×10-10 mol/L的凝血酶检测10次, 其RSD为2.56％, 测得的荧光信号稳定, 24 h后测定并无衰减, 具有很高的检测特异性和灵敏度.     

纳米金-核酸适配体快速可视化检测药材中4种有机磷农药的方法研究

建立了一种基于金纳米粒子-核酸适配体的可视化纳米生物传感器检测中药材中有机磷的方法。选用可与有机磷农药特异性结合的广谱适配体作为识别元件,以纳米金为信号转导元件,在纳米金粒子表面修饰有机磷适配体,构建出能够检测甲拌磷、氧化乐果、丙溴磷、水胺硫磷4种有机磷农药的适配体传感器,并将其用于中药材中4种有机磷农药的检测。结果显示,当4种有机磷残留总量超过1 000μg/L时,溶液体系由红色变为蓝色,可达到肉眼快速检测的效果。该方法操作简单、特异性好、检测结果直观,适用于中药材中4种有机磷农药的现场快速检测。     

采用纳米金和荧光标记的适配体检测凝血酶

将荧光染料分子标记的含29个碱基的可识别凝血酶的DNA适配体非特异吸附到纳米金表面,荧光发生猝灭,加入凝血酶后,凝血酶与适配体特异性结合,使适配体空间结构发生改变,荧光染料分子远离纳米金表面,荧光恢复,因此可以实现对凝血酶的检测。实验结果表明,这种检测方法简便、快速、特异性强,检出限为0.54 nmol/L(对应样品体积为200μL)。     

基于磁珠分离的酶联适配体检测痕量蛋白质的新型比色分析方法

以核酸适配体作为高效专一的识别/传感元件, 构建了一种新型的磁性分离和特异性捕获的检测方法. 两个适配体通过简单的生物素化修饰, 利用其与凝血酶不同位点的高亲和力形成夹心结构, 其中连接适配体的磁珠可捕获蛋白质, 加入另一个适配体及链霉亲和素标记的辣根过氧化物酶后, 通过比色法实现靶蛋白检测. 该法操作简单, 分析时间短, 对凝血酶的线性响应范围为 10~80 nmol/L, 检出限为 10 nmol/L.     

基于聚多巴胺磁性纳米微球的洛美沙星适配体筛选研究

基于纳米材料与单链核苷酸可能存在的氢键作用、π-π结合、电荷转移等非共价结合方式,可快速区分对目标靶分子有特异性结合的单链核酸适配体候选分子,从而缩短适配体筛选周期、提高筛选的成功率.本研究采用聚多巴胺磁性纳米微球(MNPs@PDAs)为分离载体,以洛美沙星(LMX)为靶标分子,利用磁分离技术建立了一种小分子的适配体筛选新方法.经过7轮筛选,获得了对洛美沙星分子具有高亲和性(KD=(17.57±0.5)nmol/L)的核酸适配体AF-3,且AF-3对于结构相似分子培氟沙星(PEFX)、氧氟沙星(OFLX)、诺氟沙星(NFLX)不具有亲和性.基于MNPs@PDAs的筛选方法有望于应用于其它重要靶分子的高效适配体探针获取.     

基于上转换荧光纳米粒子和金纳米粒子间荧光共振能量转移的高灵敏赭曲霉毒素A检测方法研究

制备了水溶性的上转换荧光纳米材料,在其表面修饰赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)适配体作为能量供体探针;在金纳米粒子表面修饰OTA适配体互补链作为能量受体探针,构建了OTA适配体传感器。在最优条件下,OTA的检测范围为0.001~10 ng/mL,检出限可达0.001 ng/mL。将其应用于啤酒样品中OTA的检测,当加标水平为0.01、0.1、1.0 ng/mL时,回收率为100%~119%,相对标准偏差为4.3%~4.9%,表明该方法可用于实际样品检测。该方法具有灵敏度高、特异性好、操作简单、成本较低等优点。     

基于磁性金属有机框架化合物-适配体探针的氯霉素仿生比色传感器研究

构建了一种基于磁性金属有机框架化合物( MOF)-适配体探针的仿生比色传感器,用于食品中氯霉素残留分析。首先将氯霉素( CAP)的适配体标记到Fe3 O4磁珠上获得捕获探针,进而采用该适配体的互补链标记到铁基MOF( Fe-MOF)上作为纳米示踪剂( MOF-cDNA),将捕获探针和示踪剂杂交结合后,可获得铁磁性仿生复合探针。当氯霉素和此类探针孵育后,其与捕获探针上的适配体结合,将纳米示踪剂释放到溶液中,并经过磁分离后进入上清液。由于Fe-MOF具有过氧化物酶的性质,可以催化TMB-H2 O2系统显色,由此构建了一种高选择性的氯霉素比色传感器。在最佳反应条件下,本法对氯霉素的检测范围在0.001~10 ng/mL之间,最低检出限为0.3 pg/mL(S/N=3),实际样品的加标回收率为86.9%~93.5%,且不受其它抗生素干扰。用此方法检测牛奶样品中氯霉素的结果与商业化ELISA方法一致。此类无酶标记仿生探针具有高催化活性且成本较酶标探针大大降低;该分析方法利用磁分离简化了前处理步骤,可用于奶制品中氯霉素的快速灵敏分析。     

An aptamer-based assay for thrombin via structure switch based on gold nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles

An aptamer-based assay for thrombin with high specificity and sensitivity was presented. In the protocol, the aptamer for thrombin was immobilized on magnetic nanoparticle, and its complementary oligonucleotide was labeled with gold nanoparticles, then the aptamer was hybridized with the complementary oligonucleotide to form the duplex structure as a probe, this probe could be used for the specific recognition for thrombin. In the presence of thrombin, the aptamer prefer to form the G-quarter structure with thrombin, resulting in the dissociation of the duplex of the probe and the release of the gold labeled oligonucleotide. Upon this, we were able to detect thrombin through the detection of the electrochemical signal of gold nanoparticles. The strategy combines with the high specificity of aptamer and the excellent characteristics of nanoparticles. This assay is simple, rapid, sensitive and highly specific, it does not require labeling of thrombin, and it could be applied to detect thrombin in complex real sample. The method shows great potential in other protein analysis and in disease diagnosis.     

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy of gold nanoparticles,and its application to an aptamer-based homogeneous thrombin assay

We have studied the fluorescence properties and diffusion behaviors of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) in solution by using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) at single molecule level. The GNPs display a high photo-saturation feature. Under illumination with strong laser light, they display higher brightness per particle (BPP) despite their low quantum yields. Based on the unique fluorescence properties and diffusion behaviors of GNPs, we have developed a sensitive and homogenous thrombin assay. It is based on a sandwich strategy and is making use of GNPs to which two different aptamers are conjugated. When the differently aptamer-labeled GNPs are mixed with solutions containing thrombin, the affinity reaction causes the GNPs to form dimers or oligomers. This leads to an increase in the diffusion time of the GNPs in the detection volume that is seen in FCS. The FCS method enables sensitive detection of the change in the characteristic diffusion time of the GNPs before and after the affinity reaction. Quantitative analysis of thrombin is based on the measurement of the change in the diffusion time. Under optimal conditions, the calibration plot is linear in the 0.5 nM to 110 nM thrombin concentration range, and the detection limit is 0.5 nM. The method was successfully applied to the direct determination of thrombin in human plasma.

利用互补核酸杂交富集金胶实现信号扩增的电化学凝血酶蛋白生物传感器研究

介绍了一种利用互补核酸杂交富集金胶实现信号扩增的蛋白质生物传感器. 以凝血酶蛋白为研究对象, 利用凝血酶蛋白相对应的两段核酸适配体, 将适配体Ⅰ固定在磁性颗粒上, 用于特异性地捕获蛋白, 将适配体Ⅱ标记金胶作为检测信标. 由凝血酶蛋白和相对应的两段核酸适配体构建三明治结构的凝血酶蛋白生物传感器. 另外, 再通过信标金胶上过剩的核酸适配体链与另一段标记有金胶的互补核酸进一步杂交, 获得金胶的选择性聚集, 实现了信号扩增. 通过信号扩增, 使此传感器的灵敏度大大提高, 对凝血酶蛋白的检测下限可达到4.52×10-15 mol/L. 平行测定浓度为7.47×10-14 mol/L的凝血酶8次, 其RSD为3.0%. 该生物传感器对凝血酶蛋白有很好的特异性, 其它蛋白如溶菌酶和牛血清白蛋白的存在对于检测没有影响.     

Aptamer‐Based Luminescence Energy Transfer from Near‐Infrared‐to‐Near‐Infrared Upconverting Nanoparticles to Gold Nanorods and Its Application for the Detection of Thrombin

A new luminescence energy transfer (LET) system has been designed for the detection of thrombin in the near‐infrared (NIR) region by utilizing NIR‐to‐NIR upconversion lanthanide nanophosphors (UCNPs) as the donor and gold nanorods (Au NRs) as the acceptor. The use of upconverting NaYF₄:Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺ nanoparticles with sharp NIR emission peaks upon NIR excitation by an inexpensive infrared continuous wave laser diode provided large spectral overlap between the donor and the acceptor. Both the Au NRs and carboxyl‐terminated NaYF₄:Yb³⁺,Tm³⁺ UCNPs were first modified with different thrombin aptamers. When thrombin was added, a LET system was then formed because of the specific recognition between the thrombin aptamers and thrombin. The LET system was used to monitor thrombin concentrations in aqueous buffer and human blood samples. The limits of detection for thrombin are as low as 0.118 nM in buffer solution and 0.129 nM in human serum. The method was also successfully applied to thrombin detection in blood samples.     

Preparation of brightly fluorescent silica nanoparticles modified with lucigenin and chitosan,and their application to an aptamer-based sandwich assay for thrombin

We report on the preparation of fluorescent silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) modified with chitosan and lucigenin by using a reverse microemulsion method. The introduction of chitosan to the lucigenin doped SiNPs is shown to improve the fluorescence quantum yield. The modified SiNPs were used as fluorescent markers in an aptamer-based method for selective determination of thrombin. In this protocol, thrombin was sandwiched between streptavidin-coated magnetic beads and the fluorescent SiNPs modified with a thrombin-binding aptamer. The method was successfully applied to the determination of thrombin in human serum and showed a detection limit as low as 0.02 nM. In our perception, the protocol presented here is promising in that such SiNPs may be applied to the sensitive fluorescent detection of other analytes by changing the corresponding aptamer.

The introduction of chitosan to the lucigenin doped SiNPs is shown to improve the fluorescence quantum yield. The modified SiNPs were used as fluorescent markers in an aptamer-based method for selective determination of thrombin. The effect of chitosan concentration on fluorescence intensity of lucigenin/SiO₂ nanoparticles (the volume of chitosan solution is 100 μL)

     

A novel optical thrombin aptasensor based on magnetic nanoparticles and split DNAzyme

In this paper, we report a novel and sensitive optical sensing protocol for thrombin detection based on magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and thrombin aptamer, employing split HRP-mimicking DNAzyme halves as its sensing element, which can catalyze the H₂O₂-mediated oxidation of the colorless ABTS into a blue-green product. A single nucleotide containing the recognition element and sensing element is utilized in our protocol. The specific recognition of thrombin and its aptamer leads to the structure deformation of the DNA strands and causes the split of the DNAzyme halves. Therefore, the decrease of absorption spectra can be recorded by the UV–visible Spectrophotometer. DNA-coated MNPs are utilized to separate the interferential materials from the analyst, thus making this assay can be applied in the detection of thrombin in complex samples, such as human plasma. This original, sensitive and cost-effective assay showed favorable recognition for thrombin. The absorbance signals with the concentration of thrombin over a range from 0.5 to 20 nM and the detection limit of thrombin was 0.5 nM. The controlled experiments showed that thrombin signal was not interfered in the presence of other co-existence proteins.     

Protein determination using graphene oxide-aptamer modified gold nanoparticles in combination with Tween 80

Recently, graphene oxide (GO) has shown superiority for disease detection arising from its unique physical and chemical properties. However, proteins adsorbed on the surface of GO prevent sensitivity improvement in fluorescence-based detection methods. In this paper, a label-free method based on aptamer modified gold nanoparticles (GNPs) combined with Tween 80 was shown to solve this problem using the detection of thrombin as an example. An aptamer was designed and bound to thrombin by changing its conformation. Tween 80 was used for rapid and reproducible synthesis of stable DNA-functionalized GNPs and prevented the thrombin from nonspecific binding to GO. Thrombin was detected with a limit of 0.68 pM by taking advantage of the efficient cross-linking effect of aptamer-GNPs to GO. The sensor was validated by determining thrombin concentration in human blood serum samples. The results indicate that this method has promising analytical application in medical diagnostic.     

A electrochemiluminescence aptasensor for detection of thrombin incorporating the capture aptamer labeled with gold nanoparticles immobilized onto the thio-silanized ITO electrode

A novel electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor was proposed for sensitive and cost-effective detection of the target thrombin adopted an aptamer-based sandwich format. To detect thrombin, capture aptamers labeled with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were first immobilized onto the thio-silanized ITO electrode surface through strong Au-S bonds. After catching the target thrombin, signal aptamers tagged with ECL labels were attached to the assembled electrode surface. As a result, an AuNPs-capture-aptamer/thrombin/ECL-tagged-signal-aptamer sandwich type was formed. Treating the resulting electrode surface with tri-n-propylamine (TPA) and applying a swept potential to the electrode, ECL response was generated which realized the detection of target protein. Spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance techniques were used to characterize and confirm the fabrication of the ECL aptasensor. AuNPs amplification and smart sensor fabrication art were implemented for the sensitive and cost-effective detection purpose. Signal-to-dose curve excellently followed a sandwich format equation and could be used to quantify the protein, and the detection limit was estimated to be 10 nM. Other forms of thrombin such as β- and γ-thrombins had negligible response, which indicated a high specificity of α-thrombin detection. The aptasensor opened up new fields of aptamer applications in ECL domain, a highly sensitive technique, and had a promising perspective to be applied in microarray analysis.     

Tryptophan-contained peptide-functional nanomaterials as general spectrofluorometric reagents for enzyme

By designing and coupling a functional peptide, Gly-Leu-Ala-Cys-Ser-Gly-Phe-Pro-Arg-Gly-Arg-Trp, which could be cleaved by thrombin at the site of Arg-Gly (R-G), to the surface of gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs), we propose a simple spectrofluorometry for thrombin (TRB) in this contribution. Experiments showed that the peptide coupled to the surface of Au-NPs in a Tris-HCl buffer at 37 degrees C could be cleaved, leaving the fluorescent fragment of Gly-Arg-Trp in the Au-NPs suspension. By centrifuging the suspension and measuring the fluorescence signals resulting from the Trp residue of Gly-Arg-Trp fragment in the supernatant, we found that the fluorescence intensity is proportional to thrombin concentrations in the range of 1-100 nM with the limit of the detection of 0.1 nM. Since there are a lot of enzymes that can hydrolyze peptide with special sequence, and novel nanomaterials that can bind with the tryptophan-contained peptide and understand centrifugation, this spectrofluorometric method is general and it is possible to develop a variety of detection method for target enzymes.