硫酸脲相变储热的实验研究

本文研究了尿素在相变储热方面的应用。尿素价廉易得，相变潜热大，但它在发生相变化时存在严重过冷并伴随有热分解。将尿素与硫酸作用形成一种熔点为７８℃的固态物质（硫酸脲）。通过对硫酸脲详细的相变化热性能研究，发现这种物质有望成为一种新型相变储热材料。     

交联型聚氨酯固-固相变材料的相变性能及形态

聚氨酯;聚乙二醇;储能材料;固 固相变材料;相变行为     

常低温相变储热材料的研究和应用

将常低温相变储热材料分类,介绍了常低温相变储热材料的种类及各自特点,对固-液相变、固-固相变储热材料的性能、优缺点和应用进行了讨论,讲述了目前人们针对常低温相变储热材料的缺陷采取的解决方法。     

石蜡/膨胀石墨/石墨烯复合相变储热材料的制备及性能

以石蜡(PA)作为相变储热材料、 膨胀石墨(EG)作为主导热材料和支撑材料, 石墨烯气凝胶(GA)作为导热增强材料和辅支撑材料制备了PA/EG/GA复合相变材料, 研究了GA添加量对复合相变材料相变温度、 相变潜热、 导热性能以及循环稳定性的影响. 结果表明, 所制备的80%PA-17%EG-3%GA复合相变材料导热性能良好, 循环稳定性出色. 与80%PA-20%EG复合材料相比, 该材料的相变温度、 相变潜热以及循环稳定性无明显变化, 但导热系数由4.089 W/(m·K)提升到了5.336 W/(m·K), 显示出良好的应用前景.     

癸二醇和十二烷二醇及其混合物的液固相变研究

使用差示扫描量热法（DSC）和红外光谱法（IR）对1,10-癸二醇（1,10-C10H22O2,A）与1,12-十二烷二醇（1,12-C12H26O2,B）及其二元混合物系统液固相变进行研究。测定了该二元混合系统的相变温度、相变焓和液固平衡相图。该二元系统存在低共熔混合物,其组成为xB=0．333,低共熔温度为328K。该二元混合系统的IR图谱显示存在氢键缔合现象,长链烷烃中的亚甲基在晶格中是有序规则排列的。该系统具有较低的相变温度和较高的相变焓,是一种潜在的低温储能材料。     

PEG-沸石固-固相变材料的制备及性能

摘要：采用接枝共聚法合成了以聚乙二醇（PEG）为相变物质,沸石为骨架的PEG沸石固-固相变材料。通过红外光谱（FT—IR）、热失重分析（TGA）和差示扫描量热法（DSC）等测试手段对PEG-沸石固-固相变材料的结构、相变行为及热稳定性进行了研究。结果表明：通过改变PEG的分子量,可以得到不同相变焓和不同相变温度的PEG-沸石固-固相变材料,其相变焓可达105．41J／g,热稳定性良好,起始分解温度高于300℃。     

六羟基化合物为骨架的高分子固-固相变材料的合成与性能

分别使用三种含6个羟基的化合物(山梨醇、双季戊四醇和肌醇)作为分子骨架,聚乙二醇(PEG)作为相变功能链,4,4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)为交联剂,合成了3种具有不同交联结构的新型固-固相变储能材料。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT IR)、X-射线衍射(XRD)、偏光显微镜(POM)、示差扫描量热法(DSC)和热重量分析法(TG)分别对合成材料的分子结构、结晶性能、相变行为和热稳定性进行了研究。结果显示,所制备的材料在30~70℃温度范围内具有典型的固-固相变特性,其升温和冷却过程的相变焓最高可达107.5J/g和102.9J/g。此外,通过热重分析发现所合成材料具有较好的可重复使用性和热稳定性。因此,合成的新型固-固相变材料在热能储存和控温领域具有巨大的应用潜力。     

聚乙二醇型聚氨酯软硬段对其相变储热性能的影响

以不同分子量的聚乙二醇(PEG)为软段,MDI-BDO为硬段,采用两步法溶液聚合合成一种具有固-固相变储热性能的聚氨酯材料.通过DSC,WAXD等测试手段对体系的软硬段结晶性,微相分离,相变可逆性及循环热稳定性进行研究,结果表明,聚氨酯中硬段的存在对软段结晶有着很大的影响,当软段分子量达到2000或以上时,软段才具有较大的结晶度和熔融相变焓,且硬段含量必须高于一定值才能形成较为完善的物理交联网络以保证材料在发生相变时维持固体状态.同时符合这两个条件的试样能具有较好的固-固相变储热性能.就软段PEG含量及分子量对材料储热性能的影响进行了研究,通过调节软段含量与分子量得到一系列具有不同相变焓和相变温度的聚氨酯固-固相变储热材料.经测试还发现,该材料具备很好的相变可逆性和循环热稳定性,是一类很有开发前景的相变储热材料.     

界面聚合法制备正二十烷微胶囊化相变储热材料

用界面聚合的方法,以甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)和己二胺(HDA)为反应单体,非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇壬基苯基醚(OP)为乳化剂,合成了正二十烷为相变材料的聚脲包覆微胶囊. 结果表明,二异氰酸酯和己二胺按质量比为1.5∶ 0.8进行反应. 空心微胶囊的直径约为0.2 μm,含正二十烷微胶囊直径为2~6 μm. 红外光谱分析证明, 囊壁聚脲是由TDI及HDA 2种单体形成. 正二十烷包裹效率为65%~80%. 微胶囊的熔点接近囊芯正二十烷的熔点,而其储热量在壁材固定时随囊芯的量而变. 热重分析结果表明,囊芯正二十烷、含正二十烷的微胶囊以及壁材聚脲,能够耐受的温度分别约为130、165及250 ℃.     

界面聚合法制备正二十烷微胶囊化相变储热材料

采用界面聚合的方法, 以甲苯鄄2,4-二异氰酸酯(TDI)和乙二胺(EDA)为反应单体, 非离子表面活性剂聚乙二醇壬基苯基醚(OP)为乳化剂, 合成了正二十烷为相变材料的聚脲包覆微胶囊. 结果表明, 二异氰酸酯和乙二胺按质量比1.9:1 进行反应. 以透射电镜和激光粒度分析仪分析微胶囊, 测得空心微胶囊直径约为0.2 μm, 含正二十烷微胶囊约为2-6 μm. 红外光谱分析证明, 壁材料聚脲是由TDI 及EDA 两种单体形成的. 正二十烷的包裹效率约为75%. 微胶囊的熔点接近囊芯二十烷的熔点, 而其储热量在壁材固定时随囊芯的量而变. 热重分析表明, 囊芯正二十烷、含正二十烷的微胶囊以及壁材料聚脲, 能够耐受的温度分别约为130 ℃、170 ℃及270 ℃.     

The solid-liquid phase diagrams of binary mixtures of even saturated fatty alcohols

This study is part of a work developed in the author's research group on the solid-liquid equilibrium of fatty substances. The phase diagrams of the following fatty alcohol systems were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC): 1-octanol + 1-dodecanol, 1-octanol + 1-tetradecanol, 1-decanol + 1-tetradecanol, 1-decanol + 1-hexadecanol and 1-dodecanol + 1-octadecanol. The liquidus lines of three of these systems were previously reported in the literature but the other two systems were never published. Moreover other transitions, in addition to the eutectic temperature, were also detected in all the systems. A region of solid solution at the extreme left of the phase diagrams was observed for all the binary mixtures. Polarized light microscopy was used to complement the characterization of the systems for a full grasp of the phase diagrams. The solid-liquid equilibrium was modeled using the Margules 2-suffix, Margules 3-suffix, NRTL and UNIFAC Dortmund equations.     

Kinetic investigations on the synthesis of a mixture of methanol and higher aliphatic alcohols

Kinetics of the CO hydrogenation over a Cs-doped Cu−Zn composite catalyst has been investigated in a gradientless stirred tank reactor. The kinetic equation is given in a simple power law form.     

沉淀方法对FeMnCu/ZnO合成低碳醇催化剂性能的影响

以分步连续沉淀法和共沉淀法制备了一系列FeMnCu/ZnO复合氧化物合成低碳醇催化剂，对其CO加氢合成低碳混合醇的反应性能进行了考察，并用ICP、XRD、BET、H2-TPR对其结构进行了表征。结果表明，沉淀方法不同对催化剂的催化性能有较大的影响。在T503K、P=8.0MPa，GHSV=8000h－1，H2/CO＝2(体积比)的条件下, 分步沉淀法制备的FeMnCu/ZnO催化剂醇的收率和C2+OH的质量分数均高于共沉淀法制备的催化剂。其中“Fe atop Cu”催化剂醇的收率最高，达到0.26g/mLcat·h，同时“Fe atop Cu”催化剂C2+OH的质量分数也最高，可达31.72%。XRD研究表明，分步沉淀法制备的催化剂促进了CuO和ZnO的分散，提高了催化剂的催化性能。BET测试结果表明，分步沉淀法有扩孔的作用，有利于长链醇的生成。TPR研究发现，共沉淀法制备的催化剂Cu物种较难还原，这是共沉淀催化剂合成醇性能较低的原因之一。     

La促进CuCo催化剂上合成气转化制低碳醇的研究

利用超声辅助的反相共沉淀法制备了合成气选择转化制低碳醇用CuCo基催化剂。研究稀土La助剂对CuCo基复合氧化物催化剂结构的影响和催化性能的促进作用,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附等温线(BET)和程序升温脱附(CO-TPD)等测试技术对催化剂进行表征,并以CO加氢合成低碳醇为模型反应对其催化性能进行评价。结果表明,La助剂的添加使催化剂晶粒细化,显著加大了比表面积,促进了合成醇活性位的形成,提高了催化剂表面较强吸附CO物种的浓度,从而明显提高催化剂的活性与C_2＋醇选择性,有效调节了低碳混合醇中甲醇的含量。     

氮掺杂碳纳米管担载CuCoCe对合成气制低碳醇的催化性能

以三聚氰胺为氮源,控制其与碳纳米管混合比例,经过高温焙烧得到不同氮含量的氮掺杂碳纳米管(xN-CNTs)载体;通过浸渍法制备x N-CNTs担载的CuCoCe催化剂,研究了氮掺杂对其催化合成气制低碳醇性能的影响。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、N₂吸附-脱附、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段,分析催化剂结构特性,关联了构效关系。结果表明,氮的掺杂量会影响催化剂活性组分Cu的存在状态及分散情况,减少可还原Co物种的数量,降低催化剂表面酸强度及酸量,使得长链烃类的生成受到抑制,总醇选择性明显提高。分析认为,掺杂在碳管上N的形态分布及掺杂量是影响上述因素的关键。     

Confined‐Volume Effect on the Thermal Properties of Encapsulated Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage

We have encapsulated the heat exchange material, n‐docosane, into polyurethane capsules of different sizes. Decreasing the size of the capsules leads to changes of the crystallinity of phase‐change material as well as melting/crystallization temperature. The novelty of the paper includes 1) protection of the nanostructured energy‐enriched materials against environment during storage and controlled release of the encapsulated energy on demand and 2) study of the structure and surface‐to‐volume properties of the energy‐enriched materials dispersed in capsules of different sizes. The stability of energy nanomaterials, influence of capsule diameter on their energy capacity, homogeneity and operation lifetime are investigated.     

Conversion of syngas to higher alcohols over Cu-Fe-Zr catalysts induced by ethanol

Ethanol induced method was applied to prepare Cu-Fe-Zr catalysts for conversion of syngas to higher alcohols. The catalytic performance of the catalysts induced by ethanol was superior to that of the catalyst prepared by the conventional precipitation method. Among various procedures for ethanol induced method, it was found that incorporation of ethanol in the precipitation process was the better. After incorporation of ethanol, the crystal size of CuO decreased and the reduction of copper species became easier. The better activity of Cu-Fe-Zr catalysts prepared by ethanol induced procedures was probably caused by the higher dispersion of Cu species.     

Thermo-physical characterization of some paraffins used as phase change materials for thermal energy storage

Three phase change paraffinic materials (PCMs) were thermophysically (phase-transition temperatures, latent heat, heat capacity at constant pressure, density, and thermal conductivity) investigated in order to be used as latent heat storage media in a pilot plant developed in Plovdiv Bulgaria. Raman structural investigation probes aliphatic character of the E53 sample, while the E46 and ECP samples contain also unsaturated components due to their Raman features within 1,500–1,700 cm^?1 range. Orthorhombic structure of the three PCMs was evidenced by the Raman modes at the 1,417 cm^?1. The highest latent heat value, ΔH, of phase transitions among the three materials was represented by summation of a solid order–disorder, and melting latent heat was encountered by the E53 paraffin, i.e., 194.32 J g^?1 during a μ-DSC scan of 1 °C min^?1. Conversely, the ECP composite containing ceresin component shows the lowest latent heat value of 143.89 J g^?1 and the highest thermal conductivity of 0.46 W m^?1 K^?1 among the three phase change materials (PCMs). More facile melt-disordered solid transition with the activation energy of 525.45 kJ mol^?1 than the lower temperature transition of disorder–order (E _a of 631.73 kJ mol^?1) during the two-step process of solidification for the E53 melt are discussed in terms of structural and molecular motion changes.     

CuFe@SiO_2催化剂的制备及其在CO加氢合成低碳醇中的应用

采用共还原-原位包覆法制备一系列SiO_2包覆铜铁双金属纳米颗粒的催化剂(CuFe@SiO_2),借助N_2物理吸附、XRD、TEM、SEM-EDS、XPS和H_2-TPR等手段对不同Cu/Fe物质的量比的CuFe@SiO_2催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征,并考察了催化剂在CO加氢合成低碳醇中的催化反应性能。结果表明,所制得的催化剂均为孔分布处于介孔范围的SiO_2包覆的铜铁纳米颗粒。随着Cu/Fe物质的量比降低,铜铁以复合氧化物存在的比例、总醇及C_(2+)OH选择性先增大后减小。其中,总醇及C_(2+)OH选择性在Cu/Fe物质的量比为1时达到最大,这是由于此时催化剂存在较多的CuFe_2O_4复合氧化物,铜铁协同作用较强,同时催化剂也呈现较大的比表面积及孔容,有利于所生成的醇更快扩散至催化剂表面而避免二次加氢生产烃类。     

Investigation of the association of higher fatty alcohols on a chromatographic paper

Summary An attempt was made to apply a low-activity chromatographic layer (Whatman 2) and a non-polar mobile phase (decalin) in studying the self-association of higher fatty alcohols. The obtained results showed a satisfactory, semi-quantitative agreement with IR spectroscopic data and theoretical considerations and calculations. Usefulness of the complementary paper chromatographic investigations can be considered as complementary investigations when setudying the self-association of higher fatty alcohols.