聚合物链构象的研究 Ⅱ.1,2-聚丁二烯的构象特征和链分子的特征比

基于Flory的链分子统计理论,用MM2分子力学程序改进了1,2-聚丁二烯构象分析,所得能量E_η和E_(ω″)更加合理,表征聚合物构象特征的统计权重矩阵中各项参数是:η=1.0exp(-E_η/RT),τ=0.8exp(-3340/RT),ω=1.4exp(-7320/RT),ω′=-1.1exp(-4390/RT)和ω″=-1.0exp(-E_(ω″)/RT).同时讨论了温度对这些参数的影响.着重考查了全同1,2-聚丁二烯特征比随能量E(E_η+E_(ω″))的变化规律,并且注意到聚苯乙烯,聚丙烯酸甲酯等全同链的特征比按相似规律变化,从而表现了聚烯烃全同链的共同特征.     

聚合物链构象的研究I: 1,2-聚丁二烯的构象分析

本文应用Flory的链分子统计理论研究1,2-聚丁二烯的链构象,选择固定键长和键角的分子模型,计算构象能,构成势能面图,并由势能面的构型积分,得到了表征1,2-聚丁二烯链构象特征的统计权重矩阵.     

聚合物链构象的研究 Ⅰ.1,2-聚丁二烯的构象分析

本文应用Flory的链分子统计理论研究1,2-聚丁二烯的链构象,选择固定键长和键角的分子模型,计算构象能,构成势能面图,并由势能面的构型积分,得到了表征1,2-聚丁二烯链构象特征的统计权重矩阵.     

裂解色谱法(PGC)分析聚丁二烯分子链结构

近年来热裂解色谱法(PGC)发展不断完善,已成为高分子结构分析的有力手段。利用PGC法对聚丁二烯分子链结构的研究已有很多报导。庄野曾提出用VCH/BD(克分子比)表征聚丁二烯分子链中1,4-结构的含量;Perry通过对1,2-和1,4-结构的聚丁二烯热裂解反应研究,建议用C_2/BD表征聚丁二烯分子链中1,2/1,4结构克分子比。但由于方法的     

烯酮和酸酯侧基对乙烯基聚合物构象性质的影响

聚甲基乙烯酮(PMVK)、聚叔丁乙烯酮(PTBVK)、聚衣康酸酯(PI)、1,2-聚丁二烯(1,2-PBD)带有结构、成分各异的大侧基,是可以比较侧基对分子链无扰尺寸和极性影响的典型乙烯基聚合物.基于构象构型统计方法,通过建立不同的结构模型下统一的计算公式,计算得到无规PMVK、PI、PTBVK和1,2-PBD链均方回转半径特征比稳定值依次为3.09、2.96、1.72和1.11,无规PI、PMVK和PTBVK电偶极矩特征比分别为1.57、0.79和0.45.从特性黏数、特征比及温度系数,特征比的能量微分值比较,PMVK的各物理量随构型和链长的规律具有更丰富的变化,PI和PTBVK均方回转半径与均方电偶极矩规律相关曲线差异相对较大,如PTBVK能量微分值差异可达到20.12×10~(-2)mol/J.PI和1,2-PBD侧基的结构虽然不同,但由于物理机理的一致性,其特征量均比较稳定.因此,针对聚合物侧基差异建立计算模型的比较研究是十分必要的.     

聚合物分子链的横截面积与分子链的运动

本文把单个分子链的横截面积与聚合物的玻璃化转变温度联系起来,发现对于所讨论的聚合物,考虑了分子链间的相互作用以后,上面二者之间有一一对应的关系。认为单个分子链的横截面积与聚合物分子链柔顺性有关。同时采用文献[17]的方法,得到了1,2-聚丁二烯的分子链的内旋转异构化能,比较所得结果,证实了上面的看法。     

1,2-聚丁二烯分子链的结构和内旋转运动

实验订定了1,2-链节含量分别为8％,30％和90％的1,2-聚丁二烯在30℃甲苯溶液中的Mark-Houwink方程[η]=KM~(?)。发现不同样品的α值基本相同,而K值确实随1,2-链节含量的增加而减小,说明溶液中分子链线团变得紧密了。用线膨胀法和Stockmayer-Fixman方程及分子链的统计力学方法,分别得到了样品的玻璃化温度T_g,和它们的分子链内旋转空间位阻因子σ。它们二者符合T_g=A(σ—b),其中A=174(K),b=0.68。反映了1,2-链节对分子链内旋转的阻碍作用。进一步的研究表明,低1,2-链节含量对应着较低的分子链内旋转势垒和内旋转异构化能。     

聚硅氧烷侧基极性对链均方偶极矩的影响

为了改进无机高分子链偶极矩的计算,在旋转异构态模型和生成矩阵统计方法基础上,导出了可以同时考虑骨架键和侧基极性的均方偶极矩公式,应用于对称和不对称聚硅氧烷高分子链的偶极矩构象构型统计性质的分析,及聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)链、聚甲基苯基硅氧烷(PMPS)链是否考虑侧基极性的偶极矩比较。计算结果表明,PDMS的偶极矩特征比值0.36与实验结果一致,它大于忽略侧基极矩的特征比值约46%,均方偶极矩温度系数为1.29×10-3K-1,无规聚甲基苯基硅氧烷链(50%i-PMPS)的均方偶极矩特征比和温度系数分别为0.61和1.73×10-3K-1.不考虑侧基极性的均方偶极矩特征比与PDMS不考虑侧基时趋于同样的值0.20.对PMPS偶极矩与链规整性关系研究发现,PMPS间同链的均方偶极矩要大于全同和无规链,而全同链温度系数最大.均方偶极矩对一级相互作用能的依赖程度依次按间同链、无规和全同链顺序增加,而间同和全同链均方偶极矩受二级相互作用能的影响要大于无规链.     

聚丁二烯分子微观结构的分析 Ⅱ、PGC测定1,2-聚丁二烯的间规度

目前用PGC研究聚丁二烯分子1,2-和1,4-结构的工作已有较多报导,可是对1, 2-聚丁二烯(1,2-PBD)立体规正度的测定至今仍是一个新的课题。用PGC测定间规度前人也曾作了某些尝试,但未见到较好的结果。本文介绍了利用PGC对间规度不同的1,2-PBD热裂解反应研究的结果。找到了1,2-PBD间规结构的特征峰,用GC-MS鉴定该峰为异戊二烯,并探讨了1,2-PBD间规度与参数bic_5~-/hc_2~-的关系和热降解机理。     

分子结构对1,2-聚丁二烯橡胶性能的影响

本文研究了分子链结构、分子量及其分布对钼催化聚合1,2-聚丁二烯(1,2-PB)的加工工艺性能及硫化胶性能的影响.实验发现,1,2-PB的加工工艺行为随分子量降低和分子量分布加宽而得以改善,其抗湿滑性能随分子链中1,2-结构含量增加而提高,而1,2-结构的空间规整性—间同含量的增加则导致1,2-PB应变诱导结晶、降低硫化胶的弹性和增加生热值。     

聚乙二醇、聚丙二醇和环氧乙烷-环氧丙烷嵌段共聚物在固-液界面上的吸附 III:硅烷化活性炭/水和甲基化硅胶/水界面

测定了25℃时硅烷化不同时间(1至30天)的活性炭及甲基化硅胶自水溶液中吸附四种聚乙二醇(PEG)、三种聚丙二醇(PPG)和环氧乙烷(EO)-环氧丙烷(PO)嵌段共聚物pluronic-L64的等温线。结果表明, 在各活性炭样品上的等温线均为Langmuir型的; 同一炭样对不同PEG的极限吸附量(g·g^-^1)与分子量无关; 极限吸附时每个PEG分子所占面积(A)与分子中所含EO数(nEO)间有直线关系, 直线的斜率与硅烷化时间有关, 这一结果可用硅烷化时间延长时吸附分子的EO基可能以其氧原子向水, 碳氢链节靠近固体表面取向的模型解释。根据PPG的极限吸附量与分子量有关和极限吸附时的分子面积推断PPG分子不是以平躺方式吸附。甲基化硅胶对PEG的吸附量极小, 对PPG的吸附量随分子量减小急剧降低, 而对L64的吸附量明显大于在亲水硅胶上的。文中对所得结果给出了初步的解释。     

The influence of plasma chemical treatment of nickel and nickel-rhenium catalysts deposited on sibunite on their activity in dehydrogenation

The dehydrogenation of isopropanol was studied at 440–680 K to find that the activity of the Ni(1 wt %)/sibunite catalyst decreased after annealings and quenchings and was stabilized after subsequent treatment with an (I) O₂ glow-discharge or (II) H₂ high-frequency plasma. Treatments of both kinds decreased the activity of the catalyst below the Curie point (633 K) and increased it over the paramagnetic temperature range (635–680 K). The treatment of the (1 wt % Ni–1 wt %Re)/sibunite and (2 wt % Ni–2 wt % Re)/sibunite catalysts with plasma II weakly influenced their activity, whereas treatment with plasma I substantially increased it. The kinetic reaction parameters on the (2 wt % Ni–2 wt % Re)/sibunite catalyst were found to depend on the duration of treatment with plasma II. Treatment with plasma I much more effectively changed the state of the surface of all the catalysts studied than treatment with plasma II.     

Thermal catalytic cracking of naphtha over multi wall carbon nanotube catalysts

The effects of temperature and Fe loading over multi wall carbon nano tube catalysts in thermal catalytic cracking of naphtha to produce light olefins have been studied in this paper. The CCD method was utilized and a set of experiments were designed and carried out. The temperature and loading varied from 572 to 628 °C and 0.34 to 11.66 wt.% Fe, respectively. In order to determine the effects of the variation of the operating conditions on the yield distributions, a set of statistical models were utilized and the maximum point of the yield of each product was determined. The maximum yield of ethylene (18.84 wt.% of product) and propylene (12.85 wt.% of product) was obtained at 628 °C and 10.6 wt.% loading of Fe over CNTs. Finally, thermal cracking of naphtha was carried out and was compared with thermal catalytic cracking of naphtha. As a result, at 620 °C, the yield of ethylene and propylene in thermal-catalytic cracking was 6.3% and 4.7%, respectively, more than those in thermal cracking of naphtha.     

Chemical recycling of cycloolefin-copolymers (COC) in a fluidized-bed reactor

The pyrolysis of cycloolefin-copolymers (COC) in a fluidized-bed reactor was studied under various parameters like pyrolysis temperature, fluidizing gas or residence time. It was proven to reduce the undesired tar fraction to a minimum of around 10 wt.% and to obtain up to 44 wt.% valuable gases and 45 wt.% aromatic light oils with a reactor temperature of 700 °C.Furthermore, the mechanism of the pyrolytic degradation has been analyzed to determine if the comonomer 2-norbornene can be obtained by pyrolysis. In all experiments, only traces of around 0.05 wt.% were detected. It was learned that 2-norbornene is not stable enough to resist drastic pyrolysis conditions; rather it undergoes a Retro–Diels–Alder reaction to form ethene and cyclopentadiene.     

Li-NMR study of the stoichiometry, stability and exchange kinetics of Li ion with 12-Crown-4, 15-Crown-5 and cryptands C222, C221 and C211 in 50% ionic liquid-acetonitrile mixtures

⁷Li-NMR spectroscopy was used to study the complexation of Li⁺ ion with 12C4, 15C5, C222, C221, C211 in acetonitrile (AN) and its 50% (wt/wt) mixtures with two new room temperature ionic liquids, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (EMim PF₆) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (EMim BF₄) at 298 K. Excluding the cases of Li⁺-C211 in all solvents and Li⁺-C221 in AN and 50% (wt/wt) AN-EMim PF₆, in other cases, the exchange between free and 1:1 complexed Li⁺ was fast on the NMR time scale and only a single population average ⁷Li signal was observed. Formation constants of the resulting 1:1 complexes were evaluated by computer fitting of the chemical shift-mole ratio data and integration of two ⁷Li signals. All complexes in EMim PF₆ were found to be more stable than those in EMim BF₄. ⁷Li-NMR line-shape analysis was used to determine the kinetic parameters and the mechanism for the chemical exchange of Li⁺ between the free and 1:1 complex with C221 in 50% (wt/wt) AN-EMim PF₆ mixtures solution. By comparing our study with the previous one, it is derived that, increasing the percentage of ion liquid in acetonitrile, changes the mechanism and decrease the exchange rate constant of Li⁺ ion between free and complex sites.     

Evaluation of kinetic parameters for enzymatic interesterification synthesis of L-ascorbyl lactate by response surface methodology

The kinetics of lipase-catalyzed interesterification synthesis of L-ascorbyl lactate was studied. To determine the enzyme kinetic constants of the interesterification, a three-factor and five-level central composite design was used. The factors studied were ethyl lactate concentration, reaction temperature (T), and water content (w). Moreover, a statistical approach called the response surface method (RSM) was used to predict the kinetic constants. Finally, the relationships between the kinetic constants (Vm and Km) and the reaction parameters (T and w) were obtained. To assess the accuracy of the RSM approach for determining Vm and Km, detailed validation experiments were carried out by the conventional approach at four different reaction parameters(35 degrees C, 10 microL; 45 degrees C, 20 microL; 55 degrees C, 15 microL; 65 degrees C, 18 microL). The results indicated that the RSM approach gave reasonable results for the determination of Vm and Km in the range of tested parameters.     

Ammine magnesium borohydride complex as a new material for hydrogen storage: structure and properties of Mg(BH4)2.2NH3

The ammonia complex of magnesium borohydride Mg(BH4)2.2NH3 (I), which contains 16.0 wt % hydrogen, is a potentially promising material for hydrogen storage. This complex was synthesized by thermal decomposition of a hexaaammine complex Mg(BH4)2.6NH3 (II), which crystallizes in the cubic space group Fm3 m with unit cell parameter a=10.82(1) A and is isostructural to Mg(NH3) 6Cl2. We solved the structure of I that crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pcab with unit cell parameters a=17.4872(4) A, b=9.4132(2) A, c=8.7304(2) A, and Z=8. This structure is built from individual pseudotetrahedral molecules Mg(BH4)2.2NH3 containing one bidentate BH4 group and one tridentate BH4 group that pack into a layered crystal structure mediated by N-H...H-B dihydrogen bonds. Complex I decomposes endothermically starting at 150 degrees C, with a maximum hydrogen release rate at 205 degrees C, which makes it competitive with ammonia borane BH 3NH3 as a hydrogen storage material.     

Thermodesorption studies of energetic properties of Ni/MgO-Al2O3 catalysts. Determination of adsorption energy distribution functions

The thermodesorption spectra of hydrogen from coprecipitated catalysts (70-x)NiO-xMgO-30Al(2)O(3) (x = 0-50%(wt)) are reported. The catalysts were calcined at 400 degrees C and reduced with H(2) at 20-800 degrees C and for 3 h at 800 degrees C. NiO reduction degree was between 49.3 and 92.1%. The active surface areas changed from 8.4 to 32.4 m(2)/g whereas mean size of nickel crystallites was between 3.7 and 9.7 nm. The TPD spectra were next analyzed in order to determine the adsorption energy distributions functions. To obtain these functions a theoretical model of adsorption/desorption kinetics based on the statistical rate theory (SRT) was applied. This approach allows for determination of the adsorption energy at nonequilibrium conditions as well as at quasiequilibrium conditions. The resulting distribution functions reveal the presence of two main bands of adsorption energy. Some correlation is found between the determined distributions of adsorption energy and the size of nickel crystallites determined using the XRD method. The presence of MgO favors creation of high energy adsorption sites on Ni crystallites.     

Preparation of I2@SWNTs: synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of I2-loaded SWNTs

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) along with inductively coupled plasma analysis (ICP-AE) and Raman spectroscopy have been used to define the location and to quantify the amount of iodine in HiPco SWNT samples loaded with molecular I(2) via sublimation (I(2)-SWNTs). The exterior-adsorbed I(2) can be removed (as I(-)) by reducing the sample of filled nanotubes with Na(0)/THF or by heating the I(2)-SWNTs to 300 degrees C (without reduction), leaving I(2) contained only within the interior of the SWNTs (I(2)@SWNTs) as proven by XPS. These I(2)@SWNTs contain approximately 25 wt % of I(2) and are stable without the loss of I(2) even after exposure to additional reduction with Na(0)/THF or upon heating to ca. 500 degrees C.