Spatial localization of temporal noise in digital channels

The feasibility of temporal noise spatial localization in a communication channel intended for digital signal transmission is studied. As in the case of temporal noise localization for analog signals, we use the Hadamard integral transformation with specially ordered basis functions. When the noise intensity is estimated through the probability of error in determining the output signal with different lengths of digital words, the localization of noise for digital signals is shown to be identical to that of analog signals.     

大气闪烁对无线光CDMA通信系统性能的影响

将光CDMA技术应用到无线光通信中。提出了基于脉冲位置调制的二维大气无线光CDMA通信系统，并分析了该通信系统的性能。考虑多用户干扰、APD噪声以及热噪声等干扰因素的影响，采用数值分析的方法，详细分析了大气湍流引起的大气闪烁对二维无线光CDMA通信系统误码率的影响。结果表明，大气闪烁是影响二维无线光CDMA系统误码率性能的一个重要因素；当大气闪烁的对数方差较小(如σ2s=0.1)时，该系统可以实现高速率通信；当大气闪烁的对数方差较大(σ2s≥0.2)时，在有限的光功率条件下，该系统难以实现通信，需要采用信道编码技术来提高系统的误码率性能。     

哈达玛变换光谱成像仪光谱响应非均匀性修正

哈达玛变换光学是近些年发展起来的一门新技术,已经被广泛应用于目标设别、微弱信号检测等领域。基于DMD的哈达玛变换光谱成像仪是一种新型的色散型光谱成像仪。介绍了哈达玛变换成像原理,在自行研制的哈达玛变换光谱成像仪基础上,从光谱定标的角度,研究了哈达玛变换光谱成像仪获得的编码图像的光谱响应非均匀性。针对哈达玛变换光谱成像仪获得的光谱图像中叠加非均匀性噪声及光谱混叠影响光谱复原精度的问题,首次在该光谱成像仪上利用辐射度相对光谱修正和绝对光谱修正算法,对光谱响应非均匀性进行修正。仿真计算和实验结果表明,对于哈达玛变换光谱仪采集的七个波段的光谱图像,修正后的光谱曲线与辐射度计获得的谱线精度非常接近,使复原光谱的误差在2.4%～4.2%的范围,满足实验室和工程应用的技术要求。     

Dependence of the Energy Resolution of a Hemispherical Semiconductor Detector on the Bias Voltage

It is shown that the series expansion of the amplitude and variance of the hemispherical semiconductor detector signal in inverse bias voltage allows finding the Fano factor, the product of electron lifetime and mobility, the degree of inhomogeneity of the trap density in the semiconductor material, and the relative variance of the electronic channel gain. An important advantage of the proposed method is that it is independent of the electronic channel gain and noise.     

Influence of phase noise on OFDM data transmission systems

We discuss the influence of the phase noise on OFDM data transmission systems. It is shown that intercarrier interference appearing due to the influence of the phase fluctuations on the OFDM communication system can be represented as two components, one of which has a uniform distribution across all the subcarriers, while the other has a nonuniform frequency-selective distribution determined by the transmission function of the communication channel. Therefore, the total distribution of intercarrier interference is frequency-selective with a higher power concentrated at stronger subcarriers. It is shown that the phase-noise influence on the OFDM communication system in frequency-selective communication channels is relatively weaker than that in frequency-flat channels without time dispersion.     

Remote Preparation of Multipartite Equatorial Entangled States in High Dimensions with Three Parties

A scheme for probabilistic remotely preparing N-particle d-dimensional equatorial entangled states via entangled swapping with three parties is presented. The quantum channel is composed of N - 1 pairs of bipartite d-dimensional non-maximally entangled states and a tripartite d-dimension non-maximally entangled state. It is shown that the sender can help either of the two receivers to remotely prepare the original state, and the N-particle projective measurement and the generalized Hadamard transformation are needed in this scheme. The total success probability and classical communication cost are calculated.     

分数傅里叶变换啁啾滤波

针对常规傅里叶变换所不能解决的啁啾噪声滤除问题,利用Wigner分布函数分析分数傅里叶变换的空域和频域特性,提出在分数傅里叶变换域进行啁啾滤波的方法。并将该方法应用到图像处理中,对分数傅里叶变换滤除一维和二维图像的啁啾噪声进行了计算机仿真,获得了满意的效果,结果表明该方法在图像处理中的有效性。     

Bendlet Transform Based Adaptive Denoising Method for Microsection Images

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in disease diagnosis. The noise that appears in MRI images is commonly governed by a Rician distribution. The bendlets system is a second-order shearlet transform with bent elements. Thus, the bendlets system is a powerful tool with which to represent images with curve contours, such as the brain MRI images, sparsely. By means of the characteristic of bendlets, an adaptive denoising method for microsection images with Rician noise is proposed. In this method, the curve contour and texture can be identified as low-frequency components, which is not the case with other methods, such as the wavelet, shearlet, and so on. It is well known that the Rician noise belongs to a high-frequency channel, so it can be easily removed without blurring the clarity of the contour. Compared with other algorithms, such as the shearlet transform, block matching 3D, bilateral filtering, and Wiener filtering, the values of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) obtained by the proposed method are better than those of other methods.     

Strong Converse for the Classical Capacity of Entanglement-Breaking and Hadamard Channels via a Sandwiched Rényi Relative Entropy

A strong converse theorem for the classical capacity of a quantum channel states that the probability of correctly decoding a classical message converges exponentially fast to zero in the limit of many channel uses if the rate of communication exceeds the classical capacity of the channel. Along with a corresponding achievability statement for rates below the capacity, such a strong converse theorem enhances our understanding of the capacity as a very sharp dividing line between achievable and unachievable rates of communication. Here, we show that such a strong converse theorem holds for the classical capacity of all entanglement-breaking channels and all Hadamard channels (the complementary channels of the former). These results follow by bounding the success probability in terms of a “sandwiched” Rényi relative entropy, by showing that this quantity is subadditive for all entanglement-breaking and Hadamard channels, and by relating this quantity to the Holevo capacity. Prior results regarding strong converse theorems for particular covariant channels emerge as a special case of our results.     

Optimal Filtering Applied to the Inversion of the Laplace Transform

Inversion of the Laplace transform, used in the laser scattering measurement of colloidal particle size distributions, presents severe numerical difficulties. In the presence of noise the variance of the inversion integral is infinite, indicating maximum uncertainty in the inversion. This paper applies the method of minimum variance, or “optimal”, filtering to the eigenfunction spectrum of the Laplace transform, giving an inversion which has finite variance. Spectral decomposition using the eigenfunctions of the Laplace transform gives a representation of the noise and desired signals analogous to the Fourier spectrum used in linear system theory. It is possible to obtain a filtered estimate of the unknown linewidth distribution. The requirement that the variance of this filtered estimate is minimum leads to a Wiener-Hopf integral equation defining the optimal filter. The results of this paper provide a basis of comparison of all methods of inversion of the Laplace transform, including the extensive literature of colloidal particle sizing by laser scattering or photon correlation.     

On the resistance of the quantum key distribution with phase-time encoding for long communication channels

The cryptographic resistance of a quantum key distribution protocol with phase-time encoding has been analyzed for the case of a nonstrictly single-photon source and a communication channel with losses. It has been shown that eavesdropper’s information on the key for a long communication channel is determined only by the von Neumann entropy of the source at the receiver side and the critical length of the communication channel is determined primarily by dark counts of photodetectors.     

Phase retrieval of speckle fringe pattern with carriers using 2D wavelet transform

A novel two-dimensional (2D) Gabor continuous wavelet transform (CWT) for phase retrieval and fringe filtering of speckle fringe patterns with spatial carriers is proposed. Theoretical analysis of 2D Gabor CWT is presented and results are compared with advanced fan 2D CWT using both the computer simulated and experimental speckle fringe patterns. It is shown that noise reduction by 2D Gabor CWT demonstrates better results than that of the advanced fan 2D CWT. Two-dimensional Gabor CWT is also compared with 2D Fourier transform and results show that 2D Gabor CWT algorithm has better noise immunity.     

Noise Immunity of the Compression Procedure for a Narrow-Band Signal

We consider the noise immunity of the compression procedure for a narrow-band signal [1]. The noise immunity is understood as the ratio of the maximum amplitude of the compressed signal to the noise intensity. It is shown that in the case where a narrow-band signal is compressed, this ratio increases if noise is a reverberation interference, remains unchanged if noise is fed to the wide-band input channel of a radar, and decreases if the radar input channel is narrow-band. Results of the calculations and numerical simulations are presented.     

Applications of quantum Fourier transform in photon-added coherent state

Quantum Fourier transform is realized by the Hadamard gate in a quantum computer, which can also be considered as a Hadamard transform. We introduce the Hadamard transformed photon-added coherent state （HTPACS）, which is obtained by letting the photon-added coherent state （PACS） across the quantum Hadamard gate, from this result. It is found that the HTPACS can be considered as a coordinate-momentum mutual exchanging followed by a squeezing transform of the PACS. In addition, the non-classical statistical properties of HTPACS, such as squeezing coefficient, Mandel parameter, etc., are also discussed.     

阿达玛变换光谱仪狭缝衍射的编码修正

根据阿达玛变换光谱仪的原理与狭缝衍射特性,分析了光谱仪入射狭缝衍射对阿达玛变换光谱仪测量结果造成影响,对衍射情况下的阿达玛变换光谱仪的仪器结构矩阵进行了研究,得出了衍射情况下阿达玛变换光谱仪的编/解码方法,通过对入射光谱的还原分析,验证了编码/解码的正确性。该方法对阿达玛变换光谱仪的高精度光谱测量具有重要意义。     

A novel image encryption scheme based on Kepler's third law and random Hadamard transform

In this paper, a novel image encryption scheme based on Kepler's third law and random Hadamard transform is proposed to ensure the security of a digital image. First, a set of Kepler periodic sequences is generated to permutate image data, which is characteristic of the plain-image and the Kepler's third law. Then, a random Hadamard matrix is constructed by combining the standard Hadamard matrix with the hyper-Chen chaotic system, which is used to further scramble the image coefficients when the image is transformed through random Hadamard transform. In the end, the permuted image presents interweaving diffusion based on two special matrices, which are constructed by Kepler periodic sequence and chaos system. The experimental results and performance analysis show that the proposed encrypted scheme is highly sensitive to the plain-image and external keys, and has a high security and speed, which are very suitable for secure real-time communication of image data.     

Two-step quantum secure direct communication scheme with frequency coding

Quantum secure direct communication(QSDC) is an important branch of quantum cryptography. It can transmit secret information directly without establishing a key first, unlike quantum key distribution which requires this precursory event. Here we propose a QSDC scheme by applying the frequency coding technique to the two-step QSDC protocol, which enables the two-step QSDC protocol to work in a noisy environment. We have numerically simulated the performance of the protocol in a noisy channel, and the results show that the scheme is indeed robust against channel noise and loss. We also give an estimate of the channel noise upper bound.     

On one asymptotic property of time-shift quantum cryptography

One of the basic results of classical information theory is that error-free information transmission is possible even through an imperfect binary communication channel with noise up to an error of Q _c = 1/2. There is a fundamental and applied question of whether quantum-mechanical constraints can ensure error-free classical-information transmission with quantum states and, moreover, guarantee the security of distributed keys up to the theoretical limit in the error Q _c. It has been shown that the secure key distribution is possible up to the error Q _c in the asymptotic limit of a large number of bases.     

The multiple-parameter discrete fractional Hadamard transform

Discrete fractional Hadamard transform (DFrHaT) is a generalization of the Hadamard transform, which has been widely used in signal processing. In this paper, we present the multiple-parameter discrete fractional Hadamard transform (MPDFrHaT), which has multiple order parameters instead of only one in DFrHaT. The proposed MPDFrHaT is shown to possess all of the desired properties of DFrHaT. In fact, it will reduce to DFrHaT when all of its order parameters are the same. We also propose a novel encryption technique, double random amplitude (DRA) encoding scheme, by cascading twofold random amplitude filtering. As a primary application, we exploit the multiple-parameter feature of MPDFrHaT and double random amplitude encoding scheme for digital image encryption in the MPDFrHaT domain. Results show that this method can enhance data security.     

Underwater source detection using a spatial stationarity test

The problem of detecting a source in shallow water is addressed. The complexity of such a propagation channel makes precise modeling practically impossible. This lack of accuracy causes a deterioration in the performance of the optimal detector and motivates the search for suboptimal detectors which are insensitive to uncertainties in the propagation model. A novel, robust detector which measures the degree of spatial stationarity of a received field is presented. It exploits the fact that a signal propagating in a bounded channel induces spatial nonstationarity to a higher degree than mere background noise. The performance of the proposed detector is evaluated using both simulated data and experimental data collected in the Mediterranean Sea. This performance is compared to those of three other detectors, employing different extents of prior information. It is shown that when the propagation channel is not completely known, as is the case of the experimental data, the novel detector outperforms the others in terms of threshold signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In the presence of environmental mismatch, the threshold SNR of the novel detector for the experimental data appears 2-5 dB lower than the other detectors. That is, this detector couples good performance with robustness to propagation uncertainties.