并列仿生鱼自主游动的数值模拟研究

采用自适应浸没边界方法,数值模拟了两条并列仿生鱼在不同间距下的同相位和反相位自主游动。通过与相同游动参数下单条仿生鱼自主游动的比较,可以得到结论:(1)并列自主游动的速度小于单条鱼游动的速度,并且随着间距减小而减小。相同间距下,反相位并列游动时的速度大于同相位;(2)并列游动时的阻力均大于单条鱼,且随着间距减小而增大;(3)反相位游动时功率消耗随间距减小而增大,但同相位游动则相反;(4)当间距大于0.5个身长时,推进效率都略有增大。所以,在综合考虑了游动速度和推进效率两方面的因素后认为,鱼群中并列相邻的两条鱼应当以反相位摆动,且侧向间距保持在0.5个身长以上,这与自然界中观察的结果是一致的。     

并列仿生鱼自主游动的数值模拟研究

采用自适应浸没边界方法,数值模拟了两条并列仿生鱼在不同间距下的同相位和反相位自主游动。通过与相同游动参数下单条仿生鱼自主游动的比较,可以得到结论：（1）并列自主游动的速度小于单条鱼游动的速度,并且随着间距减小而减小。相同间距下,反相位并列游动时的速度大于同相位;（2）并列游动时的阻力均大于单条鱼,且随着间距减小而增大;（3）反相位游动时功率消耗随间距减小而增大,但同相位游动则相反;（4）当间距大于0.5个身长时,推进效率都略有增大。所以,在综合考虑了游动速度和推进效率两方面的因素后认为,鱼群中并列相邻的两条鱼应当以反相位摆动,且侧向间距保持在0.5个身长以上,这与自然界中观察的结果是一致的。     

自由度对鱼类自主游动数值模拟结果的影响

采用自适应浸没边界方法,数值模拟了仿生鱼在不同自由度个数情况下的游动,对比分析了自由度个数对仿生鱼受力、能耗、推进效率以及尾涡结构的影响。研究结果表明,推进效率随着自由度个数的增加而略有降低;当仿生鱼在自主游动过程中没有侧向运动速度时,侧向受力幅值会大幅度提高。另外,当采用"六自由度模型"进行模拟时,仿生鱼很难沿直线运动,从而导致定量分析的困难。     

逆流条件下仿生鱼自主游动行为研究

深入开展鱼类自主游动机理研究,对鱼类运动行为以及仿生技术研究都具有重要的意义。以某型仿生鱼为研究对象建立了鱼体的简化模型和鱼体摆动的计算模型,采用动网格技术开发了控制鱼体摆动的UDF程序,利用Fluent软件对仿生鱼的自主游动行为进行了仿真模拟,研究了鱼类自主游动的机理以及在逆流情况下不同来流方向时的受力情况。通过计算发现,逆流时水流方向对仿生鱼的自主游动有很大的影响,当水流方向和鱼游动方向成180°,鱼向前游动的阻力最小,侧向分量的存在会减小鱼向前运动的驱动力。     

基于浸入边界法的鱼体自主游动的数值模拟

对游动或飞行生物自主运动特性的深入研究,可促进仿生学的进一步发展。本文以"C"型游动鱼作为研究对象,建立了自主游动的柔性鱼模型。此模型较为真实地反映了鱼自主游动时鱼体内力(由鱼体肌肉收缩提供)、鱼体运动和外界流体之间的耦合作用。基于传统的反馈力方法和混合有限元浸入边界法对鱼的自主游动进行了数值模拟。分析了鱼自主游动启动阶段和巡游阶段流场特性及鱼体运动特征。模拟结果表明,受到鱼体自身组织结构和外界流场作用,鱼游动时通过呈"C"型和类"S"型的不断转换,以获取能量,实现鱼体自主游动。     

串列双圆柱绕流问题的数值模拟

本文运用有限体积方法,对绕串列放置的双圆柱的二维不可压缩流动进行了数值计算。为研究两圆柱不同间距对圆柱相互作用和尾流特征的影响,选取间距比Ｌ／Ｄ（Ｌ为两圆柱中心间的距离,Ｄ为圆柱直径）在１．５～５．０之间每隔０．５共八个有代表性的间距进行了计算模拟。计算均在Ｒｅ＝２００条件下进行。计算结果表明：对该绕流问题,流动特征在很大程度上取决于间距的大小。且间距存在一临界值,间距比从小于临界值变化到大于临界     

``槽道效应'在鱼群游动中的节能机制研究

为了揭示鱼群游动中的节能机制, 将自适应网格投影法和浸没边界法进行有机结合,研究了3条鱼组成的鱼群基本单位的自主游动. 为了使鱼群在游动过程中沿直线游动,利用仿生鱼的头部摆动进行了方向控制. 通过研究3条鱼组成的鱼群基本单位发现,当中间的鱼落后于前面2条鱼时, 能够以较低的摆频与前面2条鱼保持相同的速度前进, 即从前面2条鱼的尾涡中吸收了能量, 达到了节能的效果. 当中间的鱼落后大约0.4个身长时游动最省力, 其摆频仅为前面2条鱼的54%, ``槽道效应'的节能效果最明显.      

鱼类波状游动的推进机制

1引言鱼类是最早的真骨类脊椎动物,已经进化了几亿年,为了攫取食饵、逃避敌害、生殖繁衍和集群徊游等生存需要,经历了漫长的环境适应的自然选择过程,因此发展了各具特色的在水中运动的非凡能力,既可以在持久游速下保持低能耗、高效率,也可以在拉力游速或爆发潜速下实现高机动性．水生动物的运动方式一般可分为三大类．第一类是多种原生动物和腔肠动物所采用的纤毛推进,即依靠其体表的大量纤毛来完成运动．第二类是射流反冲推进,即依靠其体内射出的喷流来实现运动,采用这种运动方式的有胶肠动物中的类水母体纳和软体动物中的头足纲…     

自主推进俯仰震荡翼型的数值模拟研究

运用自适应多重网格法和内置边条法研究了俯仰震荡翼型的运动.通过研究翼型的原地摆动与自由游动,提出了一种确定自主推进俯仰震荡翼型推力的方法,得到了推力系数、功率系数和推进效率与Strouhal数的关系.与以往研究不同的是,我们还得到了Strouhal数随雷诺数的变化规律.此外,从自由游动翼型诱导出的涡量场中可以清楚的观察到旋涡的合并,这与实验研究非常吻合.     

自然界鱼类游动的力学现象与丰富多彩的仿生鱼设计

汉代辛氏《三秦记》中记述:``龙门山,在河东界. 每岁季春,有黄鲤鱼自海及诸川,争来 赴之. 一岁中,登龙门者不过七十二. 初登龙门,则有云雨随之,云火自后烧其尾,乃化为 龙矣. '民间``鲤鱼(Carp)跃龙门'美好的传说一直流传至今. 为什么在传说中选择鲤鱼 去跳龙门呢？不但因为鲤鱼长着``鱼须'酷像``龙须',更重要的是鲤鱼能够较迅速地跃出 水面. 那么鲤鱼是靠什么跃出水面的呢？尾巴！这一定是大家的回答. 答案是肯定的. 从力 学原理的角度上讲,鲤鱼能否跳过龙门取决于它跃出水面的速度和角度.     

虚拟边界法研究正交双圆柱及串列双圆球绕流

把Goldstein等人提出的虚拟边界法推广到三维情况,研究了 Re=150时不同间距下正交双圆柱绕流,和Re=250时不同间距下串列双 圆球绕流流场. 对于正交双圆柱绕流,当间距比大于3,下游圆柱对上游圆柱尾流的影响只 限定在下游圆柱的尾流所扫过的范围之内;当间距比小于等于3,下游圆柱对上游圆柱尾流 的影响扩大,下游圆柱尾流扫过区上下出现两排三维流向二次涡结构. 对于串列圆球绕流, 研究发现,在小间距比(L/D≈ 1.5)的情况下,由于上下游圆球尾流区的相互抑 制消除了压力不稳定性,整个流场呈现稳 态轴对称特征;间距比为2.0时,周向压力梯度诱发出流体的周向输运,流场呈现稳态非对 称性,但流场中存在特定的对称面;间距比增大到2.5后,绕流场开始周期振荡,原有的对 称面依旧存在;在间距比3.5时下游圆球下表面的涡结构强度有所减弱,导致占优频率发生 交替;间距比增至7.0时,整个流场恢复稳态特征,两圆球尾部同时出现双线涡,这时流场 对称面的位置发生了变动.     

Numerical investigation on flow around circular cylinders in tandem arrangement at a subcritical Reynolds number

Three-dimensional fluid computations have been performed to investigate the flows around two circular cylinders in tandem arrangements at a subcritical Reynolds number, Re=2.2×10⁴. The center-to-center space between the cylinders was varied from twice the cylinder diameter to five times that, and the flows and fluid-dynamic forces obtained from the simulations are compared with the experimental results reported in the literature. Special attention is paid to the characteristics of the vortices shed from the upstream cylinder such as the convection, the impingement onto the downstream cylinder and the interaction with the vortices from the downstream cylinder. The effects of the vortices from the upstream cylinder on the fluid-dynamic forces acting on the downstream cylinder are discussed.     

鱼类自主游动水动力学特性的数值模拟

通过对推力和阻力进行重新定义, 从根本上解决了鱼游研究中推力和阻力无法区分的难题.在此基础上, 利用自适应网格下的ghost-cell浸没边界方法, 模拟了鱼类以鲹科模式在黏性流体(309 \le Re \le 14\,581)和无黏流体 (相当于雷诺数无穷大情形)中的二维自主游动.结果表明: (1) Strouhal数随雷诺数增大而减小,当雷诺数趋向于无穷时, Strouhal数趋向于0.25; (2)在所有雷诺数情况下, 推力主要来源于压力分量; 当Re<3000时, 阻力的压力分量小于黏性力分量, 而当Re>3000, 二者的关系就会反过来; (3)推进效率随着雷诺数的增大而增大,当雷诺数趋向于无穷大时, 推进效率最高可以达到70%, 说明鲹科模式适用于较高雷诺数下的游动.      

Interference effect of two equal‐sized square cylinders in tandem arrangement: With planar shear flow

Numerical simulations have been performed for flow past two equal‐sized square cylinders in tandem arrangement subjected to incoming planar shear flow. Effect of L/d ratio and the shear parameter has been studied. The range of L/d ratio (ratio of center‐to‐center distance (L) to cylinder width (d)) is varied from 2 to 7 and the non‐dimensional shear parameter (K) is varied from 0.0 to 0.4 in steps of 0.1. For all the cases the Reynolds number (Re) based on centerline velocity and cylinder width is fixed at 100. The results are compared with that of isolated square cylinder with uniform flow. Strouhal number decreases with increasing shear parameter. There are more than one shedding frequency at high shear parameters and L/d ratios. The mean drag coefficient is decreased with shear parameter and lesser than that of the single cylinder. The root mean square (RMS) value of both lift and drag coefficients is higher for the downstream cylinder for all values of shear parameter. With increasing L/d ratio, for both lift and drag, the RMS value increases and then decreases for upstream cylinder, whereas it continuously increases for the downstream cylinder. The stagnation point is moved towards the top leading edge with increasing shear. The critical L/d ratio, which is defined as the distance between two cylinders, beyond which the vortex shedding from the upstream cylinder occurs, decreases with increasing shear parameter. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Flow-induced oscillation of two circular cylinders in tandem arrangement at low Re

Results are presented for flow-induced vibrations of a pair of equal-sized circular cylinders of low nondimensional mass (m^*=10) in a tandem arrangement. The cylinders are free to oscillate both in streamwise and transverse directions. The Reynolds number, based on the free-stream speed and the diameter of the cylinders, D is 100 and the centre-to-centre distance between the cylinders is 5.5D. The computations are carried out for reduced velocities in the range 2≤U^*≤15. The structural damping is set to zero for enabling maximum amplitudes of oscillation. A stabilized finite element method is utilized to carry out the computations in two dimensions. Even though the response of the upstream cylinder is found to be qualitatively similar to that of an isolated cylinder, the presence of a downstream cylinder is found to have significant effect on the behaviour of the upstream cylinder. The downstream cylinder undergoes very large amplitude of oscillations in both transverse and streamwise directions. The maximum amplitude of transverse response of the downstream cylinder is quite similar to that of a single cylinder at higher Re beyond the laminar regime. Lock-in and hysteresis are observed for both upstream and downstream cylinders. The downstream cylinder undergoes large amplitude oscillations even beyond the lock-in state. The phase between transverse oscillations and lift force suffers a 180 jump for both the cylinders almost in the middle of the synchronization regime. The phase between the transverse response of the two cylinders is also studied. Complex flow patterns are observed in the wake of the freely vibrating cylinders. Based on the phase difference and the flow patterns, the entire flow range is divided into five sub-regions.