山西大学成功实现费米气体量子简并

山西大学量子光学与光量子器件国家重点实验室长期以来开展冷原子方面的实验研究,已建立了腔QED、冷原子的EIT、冷原子光缔合产生冷分子、玻色费米混合气体冷却等实验平台。该实验室张靖教授带领的研究小组继7月7日成功实现了铷原子的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)之后,8月30日又成功     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚实现10周年

自1995年首次实现玻色一爱因斯坦凝聚（BEC）以来，相关研究发展迅速．截止到2005年6月，已实现凝聚的碱金属原子气有六种：7^Li，23^Na，41^K,85^Rb，和133^Cs．自旋极化1^H最早被遴选为BEC的对象，但因技术上的难度问题，它的凝聚迟至1998年6月，是由“BEC教父”Daniel Kleppneer领导的小组实现的．     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚特性及其应用

本文介绍了北京大学建立的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚实验平台，实现了玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚（图1），获得了原子数为五十万个，温度为50纳开尔文的玻色凝聚体。在此基础上我们精密测量了玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的相变温度，还利用玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚实验平台通过马越让那跃迁获得了可控的多量子态玻色爱因斯坦凝聚体。并利用四种方法获得了原子激光（图2），其中有三种方法是国际上第一次使用。另外，我们提出了将玻色一爱因斯坦凝聚转入Magic光晶格阱，实现精度优于10^-17的新型原子钟的设想。     

费米原子对的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(续)

费米原子组成的分子BEC之发现被认为是冷量子气体研究的一个里程碑．除本身的意义外，它还被作为向对凝聚超流体研究进军的桥头堡。     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚在中国科学院上海光机所实现

文章报道了在稀薄87Rb原子气体中观测到的玻色 -爱因斯坦凝聚 (BEC)现象 .在四极矩和Ioffe组合磁阱 (QUIC)中装载了 1× 10 8个原子 ,经过 19s蒸发冷却达到了相变条件 .在高原子密度的情况下 ,文章作者观察到了BEC对探测光的衍射光环 .这时降低磁阱势垒和绝热的放开冷原子样品 ,我们拍摄到冷原子和BEC的吸收像 .根据数据拟合满足双高斯分布 ,表明发生了BEC相变 .相变温度约 2 15nK ,凝聚的原子数约为 5× 10 4 .     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的瞬态过程

众所周知 ,玻色 -爱因斯坦凝聚 (BEC)是指成千上万的原子以稀薄气体的形式在瞬间凝聚到具有相干性的基态上 ,这种状态可以显示许多极有意义的量子效应 .当然要出现BEC状态 ,首要的条件是必须让系统处于临界点 .但长期以来科学家们却很少关注凝聚时的崩塌现象 .最近荷兰原子与分子物理研究所的J .Walraven教授及其研究组对此进行了研究 ,他们细致地观察了这个崩塌现象 ,并发现了在凝聚时出现的奇异的类似于雪茄烟状的凝聚云团 .研究组采用“激波冷却 (shockcooling)”方法来冷却原子 (即利用无线频率波使原子在 1ms内迅速冷却 ,而不是采…     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚在中国科学院上海光机所实现

文章报道了在稀薄87Rb原子气体中观测到的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)现象.在四极矩和Ioffe组合磁阱(QUIC)中装载了1×10\\+8个原子,经过19s蒸发冷却达到了相变条件.在高原子密度的情况下,文章作者观察到了BEC对探测光的衍射光环.这时降低磁阱势垒和绝热的放开冷原子样品,我们拍摄到冷原子和BEC的吸收像.根据数据拟合满足双高斯分布,表明发生了BEC相变.相变温度约215nK,凝聚的原子数约为5×10\\+4.     

费米原子对的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚

通过磁场可以用原子散射的Feshbach共振来调节原子间的相互作用，使之成为排斥或吸引，以及改变作用的强度，运用这个方法可以使费米原子形成分子，也可以在多体作用下形成费米原子配对，在温度够低的条件下可以得到分子的BEC以及原子配对的凝聚体，这些现象在实验室中的实现是2004年物理学的重要成就之一，本文对此给予简短的评述。     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的相变特征

研究玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的相变特征，证明了粒子间存在弱排斥相互作用的玻色系统的玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚是二级相变。     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚物理本质探索

针对玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚这一课题,综述了玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚理论的诞生和发展、概念,着重阐述了其形成条件、物理机制、性质及其应用,接着将介绍一些玻色—爱因斯坦凝聚的实验和国内外的研究动态,最后展望了其发展前景。     

Experimental observation of Beliaev coupling in a Bose-Einstein condensate

We report the first experimental observation of Beliaev coupling between collective excitations of a Bose-Einstein condensed gas. Beliaev coupling is not predicted by the Gross-Pitaevskii equation and so this experiment tests condensate theory beyond the mean field approximation. Measurements of the amplitude of a high frequency scissors mode show that the Beliaev process transfers energy to a lower-lying mode and then back and forth between these modes, unlike Landau processes which lead to a monotonic decrease in amplitude. To enhance the Beliaev process we adjusted the geometry of the magnetic trapping potential to give a frequency ratio of 2 to 1 between the two scissors modes.     

Experimental observation of a superfluid gyroscope in a dilute Bose-Einstein condensate

We have observed a three-dimensional gyroscopic effect associated with a vortex in a dilute Bose-Einstein condensed gas. A condensate with a vortex possesses a single quantum of circulation, and this causes the plane of oscillation of the scissors mode to precess around the vortex line. We have measured the precession rate of the scissors oscillation. From this we deduced the angular momentum associated with the vortex line and found a value close to Planck's over 2pi per particle, as predicted for a superfluid.     

The quantum acousto-optic effect in Bose-Einstein condensate

We investigate the interaction between a single mode light field and an elongated cigar shaped Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), subject to a temporal modulation of the trap frequency in the tight confinement direction. Under appropriate conditions, the longitudinal sound like waves (Faraday waves) in the direction of weak confinement acts as a dynamic diffraction grating for the incident light field analogous to the acousto-optic effect in classical optics. The change in the refractive index due to the periodic modulation of the BEC density is responsible for the acousto-optic effect. The dynamics is characterised by Bragg scattering of light from the matter wave Faraday grating and simultaneous Bragg scattering of the condensate atoms from the optical grating formed due to the interference between the incident light and the diffracted light fields. Varying the intensity of the incident laser beam we observe the transition from the acousto-optic effect regime to the atomic Bragg scattering regime, where Rabi oscillations between two momentum levels of the atoms are observed. We show that the acousto-optic effect is reduced as the atomic interaction is increased.     

Chaos in a Bose-Einstein condensate

It is demonstrated that Smale-horseshoe chaos exists in the time evolution of the one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate driven by time-periodic harmonic or inverted-harmonic potential.A formally exact solution of the time-dependent Gross-Pitaevskii equation is constructed,which describes the matter shock waves with chaotic or periodic amplitudes and phases.     

The one-dimensional soliton state of Bose-Einstein condensate

Under certain conditions, the Bose-Einstein condensate confined in a two-dimensional harmonic trap is associated with a one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation and a soliton solution. The influence of the initial condition on the solution is discussed. The critical initial number of condensed atoms to maintain a soliton is evaluated. In the Li case, this number is of the order of thousand. The energy per particle of the solitons is also calculated.     

Direct observation of the phonon energy in a Bose-Einstein condensate by tomographic imaging

The momentum and energy of phonons in a Bose-Einstein condensate are measured directly from a time-of-flight image by computerized tomography. We find that the same atoms that carry the momentum of the excitation also carry the excitation energy. The measured energy is in agreement with the Bogoliubov spectrum. Hydrodynamic simulations are performed which confirm our observation.     

玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚中的混沌反控制

提出一种实现玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚中的混沌反控制方法——周期信号驱动法.数值模拟结果表明,用小的周期信号控制系统,采用恰当的调制相位和强度,只要满足系统的最大Lyapunov指数大于零即可实现不同的混沌轨道重构.调制相位在混沌轨道重构中起了很重要的作用. 关键词： 玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚 混沌反控制 小周期信号 Lyapunov指数     

Bose-Einstein condensate in a random potential

An optical speckle potential is used to investigate the static and dynamic properties of a Bose-Einstein condensate in the presence of disorder. With small levels of disorder, stripes are observed in the expanded density profile and strong damping of dipole and quadrupole oscillations is seen. Uncorrelated frequency shifts of the two modes are measured and are explained using a sum-rules approach and by the numerical solution of the Gross-Pitaevskii equation.     

Monopoles in an antiferromagnetic Bose-Einstein condensate

We show that even in three dimensions an antiferromagnetic spin-1 Bose-Einstein condensate, which can, for instance, be created with (23)Na atoms in an optical trap, has not only singular linelike vortex excitations, but also allows for singular pointlike topological excitations, i.e., monopoles similar to the 't Hooft-Polyakov monopoles. We discuss the static and dynamic properties of these monopoles.     

Direct observation of irrotational flow and evidence of superfluidity in a rotating Bose-Einstein condensate

We have observed the expansion of vortex-free, rotating Bose condensates after their sudden release from a slowly rotating anisotropic trap. Conservation of angular momentum, combined with the constraint of irrotational flow, cause the rotating condensate to expand in a distinctively different way to one released from a static (nonrotating) trap. This difference provides clear experimental evidence of the purely irrotational velocity field associated with a superfluid. We observed this behavior in absorption images taken along the rotation axis.