高导无氧铜杆高应变率拉伸下的颈缩与断裂

采用Hopkinson拉伸实验装置和一种高速拉伸断裂实验新装置,对高导无氧铜(OFHC)杆件进行了一系列高应变率拉伸断裂试验.实验结果表明,局部化的断裂应变随拉伸速度增大并不明显增大,其断裂位置有随机性.存在一种临界拉伸速度,当冲击拉伸速度大于此值时,断裂即发生在冲击拉伸端附近,杆的其它部分几乎无应变.采用典型的Johnson-Cook本构关系,使用LS-DYNA程序进行一系列数值模拟,提出颈缩处直径收缩率达极值的颈缩失效判据,由此计算所得的局部化颈缩应变及断裂位置与试验回收结果有一定差别.     

单纤维细丝微力学性能实验研究

使用数字标记点识别方法分别对T300碳纤维和Kevlar29芳纶纤维单丝进行了拉伸实验测试,给出了单纤维细丝的拉伸性能参数。其中T300碳纤维单丝的直径在 7μm左右,比Kev lar29芳纶纤维的直径 (约 12μm左右 )要小;T300碳纤维的拉伸模量为 230GPa左右,远大于Kevlar29芳纶纤维的拉伸模量(约 80GPa);它们的拉伸强度相当,都在 2. 5GPa左右;而T300碳纤维的断裂伸长率在 1. 0%左右,小于Kevlar29芳纶纤维的 3. 0%。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对纤维单丝断裂前后的结构进行了观察,这些不同的微观结构决定了纤维单丝拉伸性能的差异。     

乳化液润滑冷轧铝板表面缺陷分析

针对乳化液润滑冷轧铝板表面出现的黑色条纹状缺陷及腐蚀斑缺陷进行了研究,分别使用表面形貌仪、扫描电子显微镜对铝板的表面形貌和表面微观结构进行了观测。使用能量色散光谱和X射线光电子能谱对铝板表面的化学成分进行了分析,并探讨了表面缺陷产生的机理。结果表明：表面发黑缺陷是由于润滑失效导致表面出现微裂纹造成的,而腐蚀缺陷是由于局部残留水的作用在铝板表面发生电化学反应从而形成较厚的氧化层。     

缝纫复合材料单向板面内力学性能的试验研究

对缝纫复合材料单向板在单向拉伸载荷作用下的面内力学性能进行试验研究,给出了缝纫密度、缝纫线直径对复合材料单向板面内拉伸强度的影响规律.研究发现复合材料的破坏模式与缝纫密度有关,对于中低密度缝纫的单向板其破坏模式为纤维断裂,而对于高密度缝纫的单向板其破坏模式为复合材料撕裂破坏.并从复合材料细观结构层次上揭示了破坏模式和拉伸强度与缝纫密度之间的内在关系.     

铝合金 2A12韧性断裂机制的实验研究

用轴对称圆棒静拉伸实验研究了铝合金2A12韧性断裂的特点,并探讨了临界空穴扩张比参数-VGC在实验材料上的适用性。实验测试了实验材料的拉伸特性参数及VGC参数。实验证实实验材料在不同应力状态下会发生断裂形式的转变,光滑试样表现为剪切破坏,而缺口试样为拉伸破坏,VGC参数对材料的断裂形式较为敏感。用SEM观测了试样断口显示缺口试样为空穴聚合型断裂机制。VGC参数只适用于以拉伸型断裂为主的缺口试样,对以剪切断裂为主的光滑拉伸试样不适用。     

基于多通道时间反转Lamb波的铝板小缺陷检测

超声Lamb波具有传播距离远、衰减小等特点,广泛应用于板结构的无损检测。将Lamb波检测技术与时间反转理论相结合,能提高铝板中小缺陷的检测能力。采用多通道时间反转板中Lamb波聚焦方法对1mm厚的铝板中直径0.8mm通孔缺陷进行检测,检测结果显示多通道时间反转检测信号中形成了两处明显的聚焦,即直达波和缺陷回波聚焦,证明此方法有效提高了检测分辨铝板小缺陷的能力。最后通过直达波、缺陷回波两处聚焦的时间差和Lamb波S_0模态群速度,准确实现了铝板中小缺陷的定位。多通道时间反转Lamb波聚焦方法不仅得到了缺陷检测回波,而且准确实现了缺陷的定位,达到了提高铝板中小缺陷检测能力的目的。     

电磁加载下7075铝环的膨胀断裂模式转变研究

利用电磁膨胀环实验技术,研究了7075铝环在2700～8700 s?1拉伸加载应变率下的断裂模式转变现象。实验结果表明:在低应变率下,铝环的断裂受最大正应力控制,发生拉伸断裂;在高应变率下,铝环的断裂受最大剪应力控制,发生剪切断裂;在中应变率下,铝环的断裂同时受最大正应力和最大剪应力控制,为拉伸和剪切同时存在的拉剪混合断裂模式;随着应变率的增加,铝环的破片数量呈先增加、再减小、最后增加的趋势,破片数量变化拐点与断裂模式转变点基本吻合。     

高导无氧铜杆的冲击拉伸断裂系列实验以及基于样本体积单元的分析

采用Hopkinson装置和一种基于一级气体炮的高速冲击拉伸断裂装置,研究了无刻槽高导无氧铜 (OFHC)杆在一系列冲击拉伸速度下的断裂。当冲击拉伸速度大于40m/s时,断裂位置总在冲击拉伸端附 近,此速度被确定为OFHC的实验临界冲击拉伸速度。一种受单轴冲击拉伸荷载的、中心含椭球空穴的样本 体积单元被用于数值模拟所含空穴的增长与失稳的过程。OFHC的J-C与Z-A 本构关系用于描述基体材料 的动态响应。讨论了空穴失稳条件并提出以空穴形状演化为判据,比较了空穴失稳时的样本体积单元平均径 向应变与无刻槽杆的冲击断裂应变。也用这种样本体积单元模型分析了OFHC的实验临界冲击拉伸速度。     

绳股结构对螺旋接触钢丝间微动摩擦磨损特性影响

钢丝间微动磨损会加剧提升钢丝绳的疲劳损伤,降低钢丝绳的使用寿命,严重威胁矿井提升安全.为了研究绳股结构对螺旋接触钢丝间微动摩擦磨损特性的影响,在自制试验台上开展了拉伸-扭转耦合力作用下钢丝微动磨损试验.结果显示：随着接触力增加,相同直径接触对下钢丝间摩擦系数从0.748减小到0.646,而不同直径接触对下钢丝间摩擦系数从0.941减小到0.911;相比于凹接触对,凸接触对下钢丝表面磨损更加严重,并且不同直径钢丝间磨损深度和磨损系数明显大于相同直径钢丝间磨损深度和磨损系数;钢丝间主要磨损机理为磨粒磨损、黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,并且不同直径接触对下钢丝表面疲劳磨损特征更加严重;钢丝疲劳断口的瞬断区存在大量二次裂纹和韧窝形貌,钢丝疲劳断裂失效机理主要为韧性断裂.     

低温数字图像相关方法中的制斑技术及其相关应用

数字图像相关技术(Digital Image Correlation, DIC)是一种基于散斑载体的全场变形测量技术。散斑载体的制备是实现变形测量的关键,目前已有喷涂、刻蚀、转印等一系列制斑方法。低温实验测试表明,常温制斑工艺在低温下会出现脆化效应,导致载体承受大变形时易开裂和脱落,使得变形测量产生较大误差,此外测量结果也受到结霜和气流扰动等问题影响,因此迫切需要开发低温散斑制备工艺。结合相关需求,本文发展了刻蚀喷涂法和基于聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)衬底的喷涂法2种低温制斑工艺,由此制得的散斑在低温条件下具有良好的稳定性,低温验证实验中,试件直至断裂前均未发生衬底开裂和散斑脱落;使用13X分子筛干燥方法解决了低温测量中的结霜问题,减少了结霜引起的图像噪声。将开发的低温制斑工艺成功应用于焊接件的低温力学性能测试和断裂力学参数反演,常温和-180℃的拉伸实验测试结果表明,低温下材料的弹性模量呈递增趋势,应力强度因子(Stress-intensification Factor, SIF)呈递减趋势。     

激光与材料相互作用研究中的气体物理学

强激光辐照材料时,烧蚀蒸气吸收部分或全部激光辐射,成为部分离化等离子体.它的传播称为激光支持的吸收波(LSAW).LSAW屏蔽入射激光,同时发射易被材料表面吸收的短波长辐射.研究这些过程,可用辐射流体力学描述蒸气的运动。为了求解辐射流体力学方程,必须利用气体物理力学方法,算出蒸气的状态方程和不透明度.本文对涉及的一些气体物理力学问题,进行了概略介绍.      

激光与材料相互作用研究中的气体物理学

强激光辐照材料时,烧蚀蒸气吸收部分或全部激光辐射,成为部分离化等离子体.它的传播称为激光支持的吸收波(LSAW).LSAW屏蔽入射激光,同时发射易被材料表面吸收的短波长辐射.研究这些过程,可用辐射流体力学描述蒸气的运动。为了求解辐射流体力学方程,必须利用气体物理力学方法,算出蒸气的状态方程和不透明度.本文对涉及的一些气体物理力学问题,进行了概略介绍.     

Model of explosive pulsed vaporization of dielectric liquids by intense laser irradiation of their surfaces

The mechanism of explosive vaporization interaction of laser radiation with matter is studied theoretically. It is shown that, in dielectric liquids with a free surface, periodic explosive boiling is possible if the laser radiation intensity exceeds the rate of heat transfer from the region of laser radiation absorption. Analytical expressions are obtained to estimate the pulsating boiling period and the thickness of the surface liquid layer dispersed by fluctuation vapor bubbles during each boiling. The degree of absorption of laser radiation by the aerosol formed above the liquid surface is estimated. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 17–24, November–December, 2008.     

Effect of the recoil pressure induced by evaporation on motion of powder particles in the light field during laser cladding

A model is proposed, which takes into account acceleration of powder particles by a force induced by recoil of material vapors from the irradiated region of the particle surface. Results of a numerical analysis of heat and mass transfer in the case of motion of individual stainless steel powder particles in a gas flow and in a light field of laser radiation under conditions of laser cladding are presented. Acceleration of particles is found to depend on their diameter, carrier gas velocity, powder material properties, laser radiation power, and degree of attenuation of the power density in the laser beam in the direction of its action on the substrate. The calculated results are compared with experimental data on light-propulsion acceleration of individual particles (of aluminum, aluminum oxide, and graphite) under the action of pulsed laser radiation.     

Modeling of the Free-Surface Shape in Laser Cutting of Metals. 1. Effect of Polarization of the Gaussian Beam on the Shape of the Surface Formed

A three-dimensional problem of describing the shape of a surface formed owing to interaction of laser radiation with a substance in processes of laser cutting of metals is considered. The effect of radiation polarization (linear, elliptic, and circular) on the absorption factor is analyzed. For calculating the latter, a generalized formula is proposed, which takes into account the spatial orientation of the plane of incidence of radiation. The influence of laser-radiation parameters on the surface shape and cut depth is studied numerically. In the case of generation of a beam with the TEM₀₀ mode, it is shown that the use of elliptic polarization of radiation with a certain ratio of semi-axes, aligned with the beam direction, is preferable.     

抛物面型激光推力器的热力冲击响应

通过实验、机理分析和数值模拟系统地分析了大气模式激光推进中抛物面型推力器的热力冲击问题。在分析激光推进中存在的4种热载荷（入射、辐射、透射和运流）的基础上,建立了相应的热力耦合动态计算方法。多脉冲推进的计算温升与实验结果吻合。计算表明,入射吸收和高温辐射是造成抛物面型激光推力器温升的主要原因,并预测推力器在熔化前首先发生拉伸破坏,揭示了激光推进中热力冲击破坏的机理和严重性。     

Modeling of the free-surface shape in laser cutting of metals. 2. M odel of multiple reflection and absorption of radiation

A physical model of multiple reflection of focused laser radiation propagating in narrow channels and slots is proposed to be applied in laser treatment of metals. Based on the laws of geometric optics, an algorithm for calculating the shape of the surface formed by interaction of laser radiation and metal with the use of the trajectory technique is proposed. The method used allows one to describe energy transfer inward the channel in simulation of laser-treatment processes (drilling, cutting, and welding). It is shown that the efficiency of multiple reflection is most significant in cutting thick materials with a large ratio of the plate thickness to the Gaussian beam width.Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 46, No. 1, pp. 16–20, January–February, 2005     

Subsonic Radiation Gas Dynamics in a Laser Plasma Generator Channel

The radiation gasdynamic processes in the channel of an air laser plasma generator operating at atmospheric pressure are analyzed. In the multigroup approximation a numerical radiation gasdynamic model is formulated on the basis of the equations of motion of a viscous heat-conducting gas and the selective thermal radiation transport equation. Laminar and turbulent subsonic generator operation regimes are considered.For the purpose of approximately describing the turbulent gas and plasma mixing the Navier-Stokes equations averaged after Reynolds and the k-ε turbulence model are used. The problem is solved in the time-dependent two-dimensional axisymmetric formulation.Strong radiation-gasdynamic interaction regimes are investigated. In these regimes the energy losses due to radiation from the high-temperature region of the laser plasma and the absorption of its thermal self-radiation by the surrounding plasma and gas layers (radiation reabsorption) appreciably affect the gasdynamic flow structure. Two methods of integrating the selective thermal radiation transport equation in the generator channel are discussed. In one of these the thermal radiation transport is calculated inside the heated volume and in the other the radiation heat fluxes are calculated on the surfaces bounding the volume. The results of calculating the spectral and integral radiation heat fluxes on the inner surface of the generator are given.__________Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, 2005, pp. 126–143.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Surzhikov.     

光斑尺寸对K9玻璃近红外激光损伤阈值的影响

基于热弹性模型 ,用有限元法对不同光斑近红外激光辐照下K9玻璃样品中的温度和压力分布进行了计算。对厚 2mm、半径 10mm的圆片样品的计算结果表明 ,K9玻璃的损伤受表面环向拉伸应力的控制 ,光斑大小对损伤阈值有较大的影响 ,对光束总入射功率为 2 8kW的激光辐照 ,当光斑半径从 0 .4mm增加到 3mm时 ,损伤所需时间从 14ms增加到 1s。在一定光斑尺寸范围内 ,样品损伤 (表面拉伸断裂 )所需的激光功率密度在同一量级内变化 ,在更小光斑时 ,损伤时的最高温升趋于 5 6 5K。     

飞秒激光辐射纳米薄膜脱附的能量输运机理研究

从微观能量传输角度,对飞秒脉冲激光的辐射传热及其产生的金属薄膜吸附层分子脱附过程的能量输运机理进行了研究。以非平衡态传热和随机过程理论为基础,建立了描述吸附分子脱附过程的数学模型;并分别对单脉冲与双脉冲飞秒激光辐射下,金属Ru基体表面层的电子和声子的温度分布、吸附层分子CO的脱附概率分布进行了数值模拟。其结果与实验规律相符,为飞秒脉冲激光应用于微机电系统中杂质脱附提供了重要信息。