主链链端功能化聚烯烃的设计、合成及其应用

设计与合成主链链端功能化聚烯烃已成为目前聚烯烃功能化研究的热点之一.本文首先对聚烯烃功能化研究进行了简要介绍,然后重点评述了自2000年以来用于设计合成主链链端功能化聚烯烃的4种方法:烯烃聚合中向链转移剂进行链转移的方法、烯烃配位活性聚合方法、烯烃阴离子活性聚合方法以及叶立德活性聚合方法.接着,对主链链端功能化聚烯烃的应用研究新进展进行了举例介绍,最后对其设计、合成及应用前景进行了展望.     

基于聚亚甲基的新型共聚物的可控合成

对聚烯烃分子链结构和组成的精确控制可赋予聚烯烃新的性质和用途。近年来,聚亚甲基(聚乙烯类似物)及其共聚物的研究成为聚烯烃功能化领域的研究热点之一。本文首先简单介绍了分子量分布窄且分子量可调控的聚亚甲基合成方法——叶立德同源聚合;接着对用于同源聚合的硼烷引发剂和叶立德单体进行了详细介绍;然后重点评述利用叶立德同源聚合与开环聚合、原子转移自由基聚合、可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合、氮氧自由基调控聚合、离子聚合、开环易位聚合和各种偶联反应等相结合的组合策略;最后,对基于聚亚甲基的新型共聚物的可控合成方法及其实际应用进行了展望。     

端基功能化聚烯烃的合成与应用

端基功能化聚烯烃（Cef-PO）在聚烯烃改性和构筑复杂结构聚合物方面有着重要应用。可通过控制烯烃配位聚合过程中的自发链转移反应,得到端基不饱和聚烯烃;或通过引入硼烷、磷烷、苯乙烯及其衍生物/氢气等链转移剂得到不同反应性基团封端的聚烯烃;再经进一步基团转化反应,得到多种不同性能的Cef-PO。另外,活性配位聚合过程中,通过对活性增长聚烯烃链选择性封端处理,或使用功能化的催化剂,也可以用来制备Cef-PO。通过配位链转移聚合,即聚烯烃链在催化剂金属中心和烷基金属链转移剂之间快速可逆链转移的聚合过程,可以直接得到具有高度反应活性的碳-金属键封端的聚烯烃,经化学转化得到Cef-PO。此外,叶立德活性聚合、共轭二烯烃的阴离子活性聚合和环烯烃的开环易位聚合也可以用来制备Cef-PO。向其他聚合方式（活性自由基聚合、活性阴离子聚合等）的转换及与点击化学的结合是Cef-PO应用的明显特点。Cef-PO的应用包括作为聚合物的改性剂以及用于合成具有复杂结构的聚合物。     

聚烯烃/聚酯(聚醚)共聚物的合成及应用

本文首先详细评述了聚烯烃/聚酯(聚醚)共聚物的合成方法:聚合机理转换法和聚合物偶联法.其中,聚合机理转换法又分为:(1)链转移剂控制烯烃聚合/阴离子开环聚合;(2)链转移剂控制烯烃聚合/配位-插入开环聚合;(3)烯烃阴离子活性聚合/阴离子开环聚合;(4)烯烃阴离子活性聚合/配位-插入开环聚合;(5)叶立德活性聚合/配位...     

自由基技术在α-烯烃均聚以及与功能性单体共聚中的应用进展

综述了自由基聚合在α-烯烃均聚及与功能性单体共聚制备功能化聚烯烃方面的研究进展。自由基聚合方法具有易操作、成本低等优点,特别是随着活性自由基聚合的发展,使对通过自由基聚合所得聚合物的结构进行精确调控成为可能。目前在α-烯烃均聚方面,通过选择适当的溶剂以及添加有机锂盐,使在相对温和条件下自由基引发α-烯烃合成高分子量聚合物成为可能。在共聚体系中,路易斯酸或布伦特斯酸的引入可以大幅提高共聚物中α-烯烃的含量。     

叶立德同源聚合与热/光诱导退化碘转移聚合相结合制备含氟功能化聚烯烃嵌段共聚物

首先利用叶立德同源聚合及后功能化反应合成得到新型α-碘,ω-双烯丙基遥爪型聚烯烃大分子引发剂(BA-PM-I),然后在十羰基二锰[Mn_2(CO)_(10)]存在下,通过热/光诱导退化碘转移聚合制备得到结构可控的含氟功能化聚烯烃嵌段共聚物—聚亚甲基-b-聚五氟苯乙烯(BA-PM_1-b-P(PFSt))(M_(n, NMR)=10500和14600g/mol,氟含量为13.5%和20.8%,wt)和聚亚甲基-b-聚(苯乙烯-co-五氟苯乙烯)[BA-PM_2-b-P(St-co-PFSt)](M_(n, GPC)=5200～7130g/mol,氟含量为1.8%～5.4%,wt),利用核磁共振氢谱和氟谱、凝胶渗透色谱和元素分析等表征并确证了聚合物的分子结构。另外,对静态呼吸图法制备聚亚甲基-b-聚(苯乙烯-co-五氟苯乙烯)多孔薄膜进行了初步研究。结果表明:在25℃,95%相对湿度以及不同聚合物浓度(1、5和10mg/mL)条件下,获得平均孔径在5.0～1.5mm的多孔薄膜。     

功能化聚烯烃合成研究进展

综述了近年来在功能化聚烯烃合成领域的研究进展,包括烯烃配位共聚催化剂的研究和烯烃配位聚合与其它聚合方式联用制备功能化聚烯烃的研究进展.     

功能化聚烯烃合成:从催化剂到极性单体设计

由于极性基团的存在,烯烃与极性单体配位共聚反应受限于低聚合活性与低聚合物分子量.因此,解决极性单体中极性基团问题是功能化聚烯烃高性能合成的关键.本文旨在重点评述近年来后过渡金属催化烯烃与极性单体共聚制备功能化聚烯烃方面的研究进展.首先简要概括了功能化聚烯烃合成用催化剂的里程碑式发展,然后详细论述了近年来我们在功能化聚烯烃合成用极性单体设计上的系列研究发现,重点突出了设计极性二乙烯基单体克服极性单体问题(快的链转移反应与极性基团对中心金属的螯合)的概念与设计含次级配位作用的乙烯基呋喃单体合成新型功能化聚烯烃的策略;最后展望了烯烃与极性单体共聚制备功能化聚烯烃的未来重点发展方向与挑战.     

烯烃配位聚合二十年

聚烯烃树脂是消费量最大的合成树脂种类,性能优异,用途广泛。二十多年来,烯烃配位聚合技术取得了突飞猛进的发展,在催化剂、聚合方法、聚合工艺方面都有重大突破。本文综述了二十多年来烯烃配位聚合的研究发展情况,包括Ziegler-Natta催化剂,茂金属催化剂,非茂金属催化剂,配位聚合机理,功能化聚烯烃的制备,原位共聚制备LLDPE,原位聚合制备纳米复合材料,活性配位聚合以及Spherizone工艺等方面的成就。     

结构可控的聚亚甲基/聚乳酸嵌段共聚物的合成及其性能研究

报道了一种叶立德活性聚合与开环聚合(ROP)相结合的新型合成方法, 成功地合成了结构可控的聚亚甲基/聚乳酸嵌段共聚物(PM-b-PLA). 首先通过叶立德活性聚合方法合成了含有端羟基的聚亚甲基(PM-OH, M_n＝1800 g•mol^－1, PDI＝1.18), 再以PM-OH为大分子引发剂, 以辛酸亚锡[Sn(Oct)₂]为催化剂, 引发D,L-丙交酯(LA)的开环聚合, 通过核磁共振氢谱(¹H NMR), 凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)证明了PM-b-PLA嵌段共聚物的形成|利用示差扫描量热仪(DSC)测试嵌段共聚物的结晶行为, 结果显示, 聚乳酸(PLA)嵌段的引入显著影响了聚亚甲基(PM)的结晶行为|扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察结果表明: 在低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)/PLA二元共混体系中, PM-b-PLA嵌段共聚物可作为共混相容剂改善LDPE和PLA的界面相容性|PM-b-PLA嵌段共聚物还可通过呼吸图法制备成有序多孔薄膜.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。