Pd/ZnO催化剂的还原及其催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

考察了共沉淀法制备的15.9%Pd/ZnO催化剂的还原对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应的影响.结果显示,当催化剂的还原温度为523~573K时,523K下反应的甲醇转化率达到了41.6%,CO2选择性为94.6%,出口CO浓度为1.26%.X射线衍射结果显示,当催化剂的还原温度为523K时PdZn合金开始形成.还原温度为523~573K范围内催化剂活性的提高归因于5~14nmPdZn合金粒子的存在.用程序升温还原及X射线衍射表征手段探究了还原过程中Pd与ZnO之间的相互作用.结果表明,Pd/ZnO可能经历了PdO/ZnO→Pd/ZnO→PdZnO1-x/ZnO→PdZn合金/ZnO的还原过程,而部分PdZn合金在反应过程中可重新被氧化成PdZnO1-x.对反应的活性物种进行了初步探讨.     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Pd/ZnO催化剂还原过程中Pd与ZnO的相互作用

 采用程序升温还原、程序升温脱附、程序升温电导及X射线衍射研究了并流共沉淀法制备的15.9%Pd/ZnO催化剂还原过程中结构和物种的变化及电荷的传递,考察了还原温度对该催化剂催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的影响. 结果表明,还原过程中Pd与ZnO间存在明显的相互作用,导致氢溢流,溢流氢促进了ZnO还原并使ZnO与Pd形成活性中心PdZn合金. 催化剂的还原历程为 PdO/ZnO → Pd/ZnO → PdZnO1-x/ZnO → 无定形PdZn合金/ZnO → 晶型PdZn合金/ZnO. 并流共沉淀法制备的Pd/ZnO催化剂Pd分散度高, PdZn合金形成温度低. 在523～573 K还原后,催化剂的PdZn合金粒径为5～14 nm, 此时催化剂对甲醇的转化率及二氧化碳选择性均达到最大值.     

水热合成介孔ZnO及Pd／m－ZnO催化剂甲醇水蒸气重整制氢性能研究

以三嵌段高聚物F-127为模板剂采用水热法合成了介孔ZnO（m—ZnO）,以甲醇水蒸气重整制氢为探针反应,在连续流动反应条件下考察了Pd／m．ZnO催化剂的性能,并利用XRD、FT—IR、H2-TPR、TEM和BET等手段对载体及催化剂进行了表征．结果表明,该法所制m-ZnO具有较大的比表面积（124．7m^2／g）,其比表面积不但高于非介孔ZnO,而且大于文献值（103．6m^2／g）．与Pd／ZnO催化剂相比,Pd／m—ZnO催化剂中活性组份Pd的分散度较高以及与m—ZnO间的相互作用较强,因此该催化剂对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应具有较高的催化活性、氢气产率、CO2选择性和稳定性．250℃时,Pd／m—ZnO催化剂的催化活性、氢气产率和C02选择性分别比Pd／ZnO催化剂提高了38．4％、44．4％和30．0％,170oC连续反应100h后,Pd／m-ZnO催化剂的活性仍为95％,仅下降了4．9％．     

氧化锌纳米线外延生长PdZn纳米粒子的制备及在甲醇水蒸气重整反应中的催化性能

以采用改进的气相沉积法制备的具有规整{1010}晶面的氧化锌纳米线为载体,合成了氧化锌纳米线负载钯催化剂,考察了还原温度和负载量对催化剂表面形成Pd Zn合金过程的影响,并通过适当的后处理过程制备了氧化锌纳米线外延生长Pd Zn纳米粒子催化体系.结果表明,当金属钯负载量较低(质量分数约为2%)时,经400℃还原后的催化剂表面会形成PdxZny(xy)合金,从而影响催化剂的CO选择性;提高钯负载量或还原温度有利于将PdxZny(xy)合金转化为Pd Zn合金,降低CO选择性.负载Pd Zn合金纳米粒子与氧化锌纳米线载体之间外延生长的界面关系使其在甲醇水蒸气重整反应中显示出优异的反应稳定性.     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢CuO/CeO2-ZrO2/SiC整体催化剂的研究

采用浸渍法和溶胶凝胶法制备了CuO/CeO2-ZrO2/SiC整体催化剂,并将其用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应中。结果表明,与CuO/CeO2-ZrO2颗粒催化剂相比,CuO/CeO2-ZrO2/SiC整体催化剂催化活性较好,产氢速率较快且重整气中CO体积分数较低。进一步探究了涂层涂覆量和CuO负载量对催化性能的影响,结果表明,当CeO2-ZrO2复合氧化物涂层涂覆量在15%±1%,CuO负载量为5%±1%时,催化性能较好;当反应温度为340℃,水醇物质的量比为1. 2,甲醇水蒸气气体空速为4840 h-1时,甲醇转化率为86. 0%,产氢速率为1490. 0 L/(m3·s),重整气中CO体积分数为1. 55%。最后通过单因素实验法探究了甲醇水蒸气气体空速、水醇物质的量比和反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明,随着气体空速变大,甲醇转化率下降,产氢速率上升,重整气中CO体积分数下降。随着水醇物质的量比增加,甲醇转化率先上升后下降,产氢速率先上升后下降,重整气中CO体积分数下降。随着反应温度的升高,甲醇转化率、产氢速率和重整气中CO体积分数均上升。     

Mo对Ni/ZnO催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢性能的影响

考察了Mo及温度对Ni/ZnO催化乙醇水蒸气重整制氢的活性、选择性和抗积炭性能的影响。结果表明,773K适量添加Mo能提高Ni/ZnO催化剂的活性和氢气选择性;Ni/ZnO及Ni-Mo/ZnO催化剂的活性随着温度的升高而提高,823K乙醇完全转化;873K时,Mo质量分数为0.83%的Ni-Mo/ZnO催化剂对氢气的选择性最高;添加Mo可以提高Ni/ZnO催化剂的抗积炭能力,从而提高该催化剂的稳定性。程序升温还原（TPR）和X射线衍射（XRD）结果表明,添加Mo有利于Ni氧化物在载体上的分散;减弱氧化态镍物种与载体之间的作用,从而提高了催化剂的活性、选择性和稳定性。     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢CuO/CeO2-ZrO2/SiC整体催化剂的研究

采用浸渍法和溶胶凝胶法制备了CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂，并将其用于甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应中。结果表明，与CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂颗粒催化剂相比，CuO/CeO₂-ZrO₂/SiC整体催化剂催化活性较好，产氢速率较快且重整气中CO体积分数较低。进一步探究了涂层涂覆量和CuO负载量对催化性能的影响，结果表明，当CeO₂-ZrO₂复合氧化物涂层涂覆量在15%±1%，CuO负载量为5%±1%时，催化性能较好；当反应温度为340℃，水醇物质的量比为1.2，甲醇水蒸气气体空速为4840 h^-1时，甲醇转化率为86.0%，产氢速率为1490.0 L/（m³·s），重整气中CO体积分数为1.55%。最后通过单因素实验法探究了甲醇水蒸气气体空速、水醇物质的量比和反应温度对反应的影响。结果表明，随着气体空速变大，甲醇转化率下降，产氢速率上升，重整气中CO体积分数下降。随着水醇物质的量比增加，甲醇转化率先上升后下降，产氢速率先上升后下降，重整气中CO体积分数下降。随着反应温度的升高，甲醇转化率、产氢速率和重整气中CO体积分数均上升。     

Pd/ZnO催化甲醇水蒸气重整理论研究

随着化石能源的日渐枯竭和人们对环境保护的日益重视,发展清洁高效的新能源成为世界各国高度关注的战略课题。甲醇水蒸气重整是生产氢能的有效方法之一,Pd/ZnO催化剂热稳定性好、选择性高,是可能替代Cu/ZnO的催化剂。本文综述了近十年来采用理论方法对Pd/ZnO催化甲醇水蒸气重整制氢机理的研究工作。文章首先论述了催化剂的研究进展,然后对水在单体和聚集状态下在单层及多层平整的和阶梯状的合金表面的吸附和解离进行了总结;接着对甲醇、甲氧基和甲醛在合金表面的吸附和化学反应的热力学和动力学作了介绍;随后基于计算结果,对甲醇反应机理给予了详细的描述。最后对全文进行了总结并对未来的研究作了展望。     

金属壁载PdZn/Al2O3/FeCrAl催化剂上甲醇水蒸气重整制氢

研究了金属壁载PdZn/Al2O3/FeCrAl催化剂在不锈钢平板式微型制氢反应器中对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢的催化性能.结果表明,在反应温度为350℃,甲醇GHSV=1·6L/(g·h),水/醇摩尔比为1·2时,甲醇转化率可达100%,H2选择性达99%以上,出口CO含量低于0·5%,同时催化剂具有很好的稳定性.     

利用ZnO@ZIF-8核壳结构构建高选择性、高稳定性的Pd/ZnO催化剂用于CO_2加氢制甲醇（英文）

近年来由于环境问题CO_2加氢制甲醇催化反应重新回归为研究热点。对于Pd/ZnO催化剂,研究表明PdZn合金相是制甲醇反应的活性中心,而单独Pd利于CO生成。为了实现Pd和ZnO的充分接触,本工作以一种ZnO@ZIF-8核壳型结构为载体负载Pd纳米颗粒后经由高温煅烧制得PZZ8-T催化剂(T为不同煅烧温度),同时制备了ZnO纳米棒负载Pd的PZ催化剂作为对比。在随后的CO_2加氢反应中,相比于PZ,PZZ8-T展现出极高的甲醇选择性。之后我们通过一系列表征探究了催化剂的构效关系,发现催化剂的甲醇选择性与表面Pd的化学态有关,更多的Pd以PdZn合金的形式存在将会带来更高的甲醇选择性。XPS O 1s谱图和EPR分析表明CO_2的活化与催化剂表面的氧空穴和ZnO极性面含量直接相关。而化学吸附手段进一步对Pd-ZnO界面进行了表征,揭示了其与CO_2转化速率的关联。本工作的意义在于,一是展现了利用新材料制备更优的传统催化剂的方法,二是通过表面分析手段加深了对催化剂构效关系的理解。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。