抗日战争时期的中央研究院化学研究所

考查了抗战时期中央研究院化学所的内迁经过以及在大后方恢复重建、开展科学研究的艰难历程,并对化学所战时科研的特点及学术贡献等相关问题进行详细探讨。     

One hundred years of the Fritz Haber Institute

We outline the institutional history and highlight aspects of the scientific history of the Fritz Haber Institute (FHI) of the Max Planck Society, successor to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, from its founding in 1911 until about the turn of the 21st century. Established as one of the first two Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, the Institute began as a much-awaited remedy for what prominent German chemists warned was the waning of Germany's scientific and technological superiority relative to the United States and to other European nations. The history of the Institute has largely paralleled that of 20th century Germany. It spearheaded the research and development of chemical weapons during World War I, then experienced a "golden era" during the 1920s and early 1930s, in spite of financial hardships. Under the National Socialists it suffered a purge of its scientific staff and a diversion of its research into the service of the new regime, accompanied by a breakdown in its international relations. In the immediate aftermath of World War II it suffered crippling material losses, from which it recovered slowly in the postwar era. In 1952, the Institute took the name of its founding director and the following year joined the fledgling Max Planck Society, successor to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Institute supported diverse research into the structure of matter and electron microscopy in its geographically isolated and politically precarious location in West Berlin. In subsequent decades, as Berlin benefited from the policies of détente and later glasnost and the Max Planck Society continued to reassess its preferred model of a research institute, the FHI reorganized around a board of coequal scientific directors and renewed its focus on the investigation of elementary processes on surfaces and interfaces, topics of research that had been central to the work of Fritz Haber and the first "golden era" of the Institute. Throughout its one-hundred-year history, the Institute's pace-setting research has been shaped by dozens of distinguished scientists, among them seven Nobel laureates. Here we highlight the contributions made at the Institute to the fields of gas-phase kinetics and dynamics, early quantum physics, colloid chemistry, electron microscopy, and surface chemistry, and we give an account of the key role the Institute played in implementing the Berlin Electron Synchrotron (BESSY I and II). Current research at the Institute in surface science and catalysis as well as molecular physics and spectroscopy is exemplified in this issue [Angew. Chem. 2011, 123, 10242; Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2011, 50, 10064].     

科研实验室管理体系实施项目化管理的探索——以中国科学院南京土壤研究所所级公共技术服务中心为例

针对科研实验室管理面临的效率偏低的现状和问题,以中国科学院南京土壤研究所公共技术服务中心为主体,在现有的认可准则管理框架下,探讨了项目管理的方法在科研实验室管理中的应用.通过项目化分解管理体系任务而提高管理效率,从而为高效开展科研实验室管理提供了新思路.     

From electrochromic phenomena to energy harvesting and storage—an overview of solid state ionics research at the Institute of Solid State Physics,University of Latvia

Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry - Solid state ionics is one of the key research topics of the Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia since its establishment. The research...     

Science education activity of the A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds,Russian Academy of Sciences

The statistical information on the science education activity of the INEOS RAS in the period of 2015–2019 is analyzed and summarized. Some examples of the latest research and development results of the Institute are presented.

     

Research and development on activation analysis at the Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology

Research and development in activation analysis at the Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology has been carried out over 40 years. The main activation source is from the TRIGA type research reactor TRR1/M1. Average in-core flux is around 10¹³ n·cm⁻²·s⁻¹. Experience on the analysis of various kind of samples range from environmental field especially air particulate, ores, rocks and soil for natural resources exploration as well as industrial applications. Elemental composition in silk thread, silk cocoon and silk products from the royal silk project are one of the research work done incorporation with the Queen Sirikit Institute of Sericulture. Food items are also another topic of interest to our research team.     

Private initiatives, public support, and war practices: development of fertilisers in Russia

The scarcity of experiments with fertilisers, the poor domestic industry, and high prices for imported products made Russia lag far behind the leading agrarian countries in the research and use of fertilisers. The first experiments on fertilisers were connected mostly with the private estates of Russian nobility. Things began to change slowly by the turn of the twentieth century, when the Ministry of Agriculture launched a policy of agricultural science promotion, including the development of agricultural chemistry. It was the outbreak of World War I that created a powerful stimulus for fertiliser research in Russia. A specific Russian "symbiosis" emerged between military industry and agricultural chemistry. The numerous factories of explosives set up ad hoc produced vast amounts of waste products; modified, they could serve as fertilisers. In 1915, the Public Committee for Support of Fertilisers was organised. Eventually, this committee gave birth to the Institute of Fertilisers, the first institute founded by the Bolshevik government. Thus, the project of "chemicalisation of agriculture," usually described as a revolutionary endeavour, was firmly rooted in World War I.     

The 80th anniversary of the Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences

This article is devoted to the 80th anniversary of the Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, and presents a brief history of its development from the foundation day to the present day and a review of the Institute’s main research areas. The contribution is characterized that was made by the Institute’s staff to chemical science and technology.     

A centralized,hierarchically structured computer system for chemical research and analytical instrumentation

An hierarchically structured, centralized compute system, replacing an obsolete central DECsystem-10, can be used for all the computational tasks in chemical research, as well as for real-time data acquisition and evaluation for numerous analytical instruments, required in a large Institute. In this hierarchical system, the real-time tasks are done by local minicomputer satellites that are tailored to special requirements in the laboratories. All higher level data processing and data storage demands are covered by the central system, consisting of two VAX11/780 computers, to which all satellites as well as all user terminals are connected. The design criteria are described as well as some of the software packages developed for this system.     

Fascinated by a chain molecule review of 35 years' research on cellulose

For over 35 years the author has been involved in cellulose research and his retirement next year is the reason why he has undertaken to present a review on some aspects of his investigations on the fascinating substance cellulose. One topic of his research activities is electron microscopy. At the very start, at the Institute for Cellulose Chemistry (T.H. Darmstadt), observations were made on bordered pits and structural details on the walls of wood and pulp fibres. He was able to continue his teacher's, Georg Jayme's, traditional basic research on cellulose at the Institute for Wood Research (University of Munich) where “dreams” of the fifties and sixties such as the visualization of individual molecules and the growing of macrocrystals of cellulose could be realized. Here, the electron microscope became a vital instrument for the study of cellulose chemistry.     

导电聚苯胺的合成、结构、性能和应用

概述了中国科学院长春应用化学研究所对导电聚苯胺合成、结构、性能和应用的研究.从合成可溶性的聚苯胺入手,阐明了聚苯胺的若干基本化学和结构问题,提出并证明了掺杂态聚苯胺的结构模型和掺杂机理;除了质子酸掺杂外,发现了聚苯胺的碘氧化掺杂、光助氧化掺杂和K+注入还原掺杂;开发了分别以环氧树脂和聚氨酯为载体的聚苯胺防腐涂料;运用掺杂剂诱导的溶解性,通过合成带聚乙二醇链的膦酸掺杂剂,实现了导电态聚苯胺的水体系加工.其中的聚苯胺树脂及防腐涂料的生产技术,已经完成中试,正在走向产业化.     

Honda’s thermobalance

Kotaro Honda (2/23/1870–2/12/1954) graduated from the Department of Physics, Tokyo Imperial University in 1897. Between 1907 and 1911, he stayed in Europe, and spent the majority of his time at Göttingen University to study physical metallurgy under Professor Gustav Tammann. In 1911, he returned to Japan and was nominated professor of physics at Tohoku Imperial University, Sendai. An university-affiliated institute for research on iron and steel was established on a permanent basis in 1919, and the institute developed to the Research Institute for Iron, Steel, and Other Metals (RIISOM, KINKEN in Japanese) in 1922. Professor Honda served as the Director of the Institute until 1933. The RIISOM was reorganized as a national collaborative research institute named Institute for Materials Research in 2001. Professor Honda and his colleagues achieved distinguished research works of physical metallurgy, in which thermoanalytical techniques such as differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermodilatometry and thermomagnetometry were utilized effectively. Professor Honda also played an important role in the field of thermogravimetry (TG) by means of the first development of the thermobalance. In the present paper, Honda’s original thermobalance, various modifications carried out by his school, the commercialized Honda’s thermobalance and other related matters are briefly summarized.     

高性能镁-稀土结构材料的研制、开发与应用

由于镁合金具有低的密度-质轻、高比刚度、卓越的机械性能、高的硬度及良好的铸造性能, 近几十年来镁合金的应用一直是自动化工业的目标之一. 然而, 高温特殊用途, 例如在发动机上的应用, 通常的镁合金就受到了限制, 因为在高温下它们的强度和抗蠕变性能都比较差. 由于镁-稀土合金增加了材料的抗拉强度、延展性及抗蠕变性能, 稀土加入后形成镁-稀土合金就可以满足高温应用的要求. 本文就我国丰富的镁和稀土资源评述了国内外镁-稀土合金的研制、开发与应用状况及发展趋势, 同时结合我国相关单位的研究进展, 对我国镁-稀土合金的发展提出了建议.     

吴学周的个体选择与时代际遇

吴学周院士(1902～1983)是我国著名的物理化学家、分子光谱研究的开拓者。吴学周1928年11月赴加州理工学院学习电化学,随后转向分子光谱学,并于1931年获得博士学位。回国后,他加入中研院化学研究所,继续从事分子光谱研究。全面抗战爆发后,吴学周受命将化学所由上海迁至昆明,保存了我国初具规模的化学研究事业。在这一过程中,吴学周的科学生涯也发生了转变。基于“老科学家学术成长资料采集工程”所存日记及相关档案,通过对吴学周早期求学及工作经历的梳理,讨论在当时复杂的社会环境下,吴学周在不同阶段面临的机遇及其作出的个人选择,并藉此窥视科学家个体命运与时代之间的张力。     

Determination of vanadium,cobalt, copper,zinc, and cadmium in biological materials by a combined anion-exchange-spectrophotometric method

Summary A preconcentration technique involving anion-exchange in thiocyanate media has been developed for the determination of traces of bio-significant and biofunctional elements. The procedure is applied to the analyses of NBS standard reference materials as well as environmental reference materials of NIES (The National Institute of Environmental Studies, Japan Environmental Agency). The results are quoted for vanadium, cobalt, copper, zinc, and cadmium.     

Carbohydrates,carbohydrate ethers,and alcohols of Salsola collina

Institute of Organic Chemistry; Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Siberian Branches, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Irkutsk. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 420–421, May–June, 1991.     

Superacid isomerization of phylloclandene,isophylloclandene, and phylloclandanol

It has been established that, on interaction with a superacid, phyllocladene (XI), isophyllocladene (XV), and phyllocladan-16-ol (XIX) give identical mixtures of substances which include phyllocladene (XI), isophyllocladene (XV), neoisoatisene (XX), tetracyclic hydrocarbons with a new carbon skeleton (XXI) and (XXII), and a mixture of methyl ethers of alcohols formed as the result of the addition of methanol to the carbocations arising on the protonation of the above-mentioned hydrocarbons.Institute of Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Moldavian SSR, Kishinev. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Novosibirsk. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 349–358, May–June, 1991.     

Mass-spectrometer investigation of 3, 6-dialkyl-2, 5-diketopiperazines

Analysis of mass-spectra of various 2, 5-diketopiperazines gives the basic fragmentation rules for their molecular ions, and the effects of nature and positions of substituents on the process.Mass-spectrometry Laboratory of the Institute of the Chemistry of Natural Compounds.Antibiotics Chemistry Laboratory of the Institute of the Chemistry of Natural Compounds.     

The synthesis and structure of 4,6-dioxopyrimido-2, 1, 3-thiadiazoles

Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Moldavian SSR and Leningrad Pharmaceutical Chemistry Institute. Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 146–153, March–April, 1990.     

柳大纲的广博与执著

柳大纲(1904-1991)是20世纪中国著名的化学家、卓越的科研组织者和领导者,是中国硅酸盐化学、盐湖化学和光谱学等方向的先驱,是中国近现代科技史上推动前科学向科学质变的代表人物。他的早期科研经历和成长过程显示,他不仅推动了传统手工业陶瓷、制盐等向现代工业的革新,还使用完善的科学范式与方法来研究陶瓷、玻璃和制盐过程。以上这些积累,使他于1958年以“赛马式”研发模式推动了盐湖钾肥和硼砂生产由手工业跃进到现代工业。他参与筹建并领导中科院化学所,规划和发展其研究领域,进而以中科院化学所为孵育基地,抽调该所力量,建设了中科院青海盐湖所等多个研究机构。他重视人才培养,重视发展中国化学会和期刊建设工作。