Mode I Fracture at Spot Welds in Dual-Phase Steel: An Application of Reverse Digital Image Correlation

Strain fields in 600 grade dual-phase steel V-notch tensile specimens, both with and without a spot weld, were measured after mode I fracture initiation. Starting with the final image of a fully developed crack, a novel reverse digital image correlation (DIC) analysis was used to determine the path that the crack followed at the onset of fracture as well as the crack tip deformation field. This gave the pixel coordinates of grid points on both sides (i.e. fracture surfaces) of the crack path in the undeformed image. Strain fields that develop in the base material regions surrounding the two fracture surfaces were subsequently measured with forward DIC analysis. Steady state values of the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and crack tip opening angle (CTOA), which are important fracture parameters, were measured for the base DP600 metal. Notch tip opening displacement (NTOD) and notch tip opening angle were also measured. It was found that steady state values of the CTOD and CTOA are reached within 2 mm or so of crack growth following completion of the flat-to-slant transition of the fracture surface and stabilization of the crack tunneling effect.     

Fatigue and fracture of bovine dentin

In this paper, the fatigue and fracture properties of bovine dentin are evaluated usingin vitro experimental analyses. Double cantilever beam (DCB) specimens were prepared from bovine maxillary molars and subjected to zeroto-tension cyclic loads. The fatigue crack growth rate was evaluated as a function of the dentin tubule orientation using the Paris law. Wedge-loaded DCB specimens were also prepared and subjected to monotonic opening loads. Moiré interferometry was used to acquire the in-plane displacement field during stable crack growth, and the instantaneous wedge load and crack length were acquired to evaluate the crack growth resistance and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) with crack extension. The rate of fatigue crack growth was generally larger for crack propagation occurring perpendicular to the dentin tubules. The Moiré fringe fields documented during monotonic crack growth exhibited non-linear deformation occurring within a confined region adjacent to the crack tip. Both the wedge load and CTOD response provided evidence that a fracture process zone contributes to energy dissipation during crack extension and that dentin exhibits a risingR-curve behavior. Results from this preliminary investigation are being used as a guide for an evaluation of the fatigue and fracture properties of human dentin.     

Fracture toughness for CNT specimens from numerically obtained critical CTOD values

Many approaches for estimating mode I fracture toughness (K_IC) using circumferentially notched tensile (CNT) specimen have been demonstrated in the literature. In this paper, an effective approach for estimating fracture toughness from the numerical solution of critical crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) is proposed. An elasto-plastic finite element analysis is used to estimate critical CTOD values for CNT specimens. A number of materials are analysed, and the relationship between K_IC and critical CTOD for CNT specimens is obtained. The proposed relationship is validated by comparing the fracture toughness values obtained from the relationship with those obtained experimentally using CNT specimens. The fracture toughness (K_IC) calculated according to this relationship from numerically obtained critical CTOD is found to be in close agreement with the experimentally obtained fracture toughness for the respective materials.     

A Zener–Stroh crack interacting with a coated inclusion with generalized Irwin plastic zone correction

The elastic–plastic fracture behavior of a Zener–Stroh crack interacting with a coated inclusion in composite materials has been investigated with crack tip plastic zone corrections. With the distributed dislocation method, the crack problem is formulated into a set of singular integral equations which are solved numerically. The plastic zone sizes at the both crack tips are determined by a generalized Irwin model where Von Mises stress yielding criterion is used. The stress intensity factor (SIF), the plastic zone size (PZS), the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) and the effective stress intensity factor have been evaluated. In the numerical examples, the influence of the inclusion shear modulus, the coating-layer thickness and shear modulus, as well as the distance between the crack and inclusion, on the SIF, the PZS and the CTOD are discussed in detail. Numerical examples show that increasing the shear modulus or the thickness of the coating phase, the influence of the inclusion on the normalized SIF and the normalized PZS will be shielded.     

复合型韧性断裂实验和控制参数

通过对不同韧性材料在各种平面复合载荷形式下裂纹启裂阶段裂端变形、启裂位置和扩展方向的系统的宏微观实验验证及计算分析,考察了韧性断裂参数空穴扩张比的分布特征和裂纹启裂及扩展方向的关系．得到：对于不同韧性的材料,在裂端的钝化变形区域,空穴扩张比的极大值区对应干裂纹的启裂位置,裂纹启裂时钝化裂端前缘空穴扩张比的临界值不敏感于复合比的变化．而对于裂纹启裂后的扩展方向,则需根据具体材料在相应的特定区域中比较空穴扩张比参数极大值的分布特征,需经进一步的分析,从而确定裂纹的扩展方向．实验及计算结果表明,尽管复合型断裂时裂纹启裂及扩展的机理极其复杂,用于韧性材料复合型断裂的空穴扩张比参数仍能很好地预测裂端的启裂及扩展方向,可作为复合型韧性断裂过程的控制参数．     

低约束试件断裂韧性测试方法研究进展 1)

低约束试件断裂韧性测试对油气管道安全运营具有重要意义。本文回顾了低约束试件断裂韧性测试方法及发展过程,介绍了裂纹尖端张开位 移(crack tip opening displacement, CTOD)和J积分等常用断裂韧性表征参数,并对断裂韧性测试中应力强度因子、J积分塑性因子、J积分与CTOD转换因子、裂纹尺寸测量方法、数 字图像相关方法等关键问题进行对比分析,总结需要深入研究的问题,为低约束试件断裂韧性测试发展提供一定依据。     

RESEARCH PROGRESS OF FRACTURE TOUGHNESS TEST METHOD FOR LOW CONSTRAINT SPECIMENS 1)

低约束试件断裂韧性测试对油气管道安全运营具有重要意义。本文回顾了低约束试件断裂韧性测试方法及发展过程,介绍了裂纹尖端张开位 移(crack tip opening displacement, CTOD)和J积分等常用断裂韧性表征参数,并对断裂韧性测试中应力强度因子、J积分塑性因子、J积分与CTOD转换因子、裂纹尺寸测量方法、数 字图像相关方法等关键问题进行对比分析,总结需要深入研究的问题,为低约束试件断裂韧性测试发展提供一定依据。     

基于CTOD/CTOA管道钢断裂韧性测试方法研究进展

高级别管线钢的一大特点是韧度高,导致管材裂纹尖端周围经常处于大范围屈服状态,现有基于高约束试件的断裂韧性测试方法,很难满足新型管材的断裂韧性测试要求. 本文回顾了基于CTOD 和CTOA的断裂韧度参数,详细介绍了管道钢断裂韧性测试方法的研究现状和发展趋势,分析了影响管道钢断裂韧性测试准确性的各种因素,为管道钢断裂韧性的测试提供帮助.     

非定常热传导对弹-粘/塑性变形和断裂的红外图像分析

本文使用CCD像机、热电偶和红外摄像机对有裂纹平板试样,在单轴拉伸实验中对裂纹尖端附近弹-粘/塑性变形,裂纹的发生、进展,裂纹开口位移和试样表面温度进行了测量.并且用非定常热传导理论对弹-粘/塑性变形和断裂过程中的温度效应进行了解析(FEM).结果显示对于铁合金在不同的应变速率下,用非定常热传导理论解析得到的裂纹尖端附近温度分布与红外图像非常接近.     

Influence of stress triaxiality on damage and crack tip opening displacement parameters for steels

The dependence of the void growth parameter on the local stress triaxiality and local effective plastic strain near the crack tip of ductile materials provides the motivation to seek for parameters that could rank the ductility of steels. Experimental data for AS 1405-180, AS 1204-350, HY-80 and C---Mn steels show that the crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) at initiation δ_c decreases with increasing crack tip stress triaxiality. This trend is confirmed by analysis. As the critical local effective plastic strain ε_ec also decreases with increasing local stress triaxiality, the ratio δ_c/ε_ec is found to remain nearly constant or independent of the local constraint, i.e., the stress triaxiality. These parameters are given for a class of steels in this paper. Their association with the resistance to ductile fracture remains to be investigated.     

Analysis to the stress and strain structures of mode I 3-D crack in elastic-plastic state

In this paper, the stress and strain structures of Mode I 3-D crack in power hardening material are studied by analyzing the fundamental equations of elastic-plastic mechanics. It is shown that three regions, Z1,Z2 and Z3 can be divided in the thickness direction according to the stress characteristic. In region Z1, the stress components in the plane Perpendicular to z axis (thickness direction) can be solved first using the fundamental equations of plane strain state; in region Z3, they can be solved first by the equations of plane stress state. The region Z2 is defined as a transition layer. It is shown that the transition layer is the characteristic of Mode I 3-D crack in elastic-plastic state, and it is significant to the research on 3-D fracture. The crack tip opening displacement CTOD is chosen to describe the amplitude coefficient of the local stress field, and the distribution of CTOD in 3-D state is investigated.The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

Crack profiles in mortar measured by holographic interferometry

In order to test the accuracy of theoretical fracture models for mortar and concrete, it is necessary to have accurate measurements of the crack profiles. In this study, sandwich holographic interferometry has been used to find the crack profiles in a center-notched plate specimen loaded at the center of the notch. The results have shown that at low load levels with corresponding short crack lengths, there is little difference between the measured crack profiles and elastic crack profiles computed by finite-element analysis. At high loads with long crack lengths there is a large difference between measured and computed elastic crack profiles. The data suggest the presence of a closing pressure at the crack tip and that there may be a limit to crack-tip-opening displacement (CTOD) before the crack propagates.     

THE ANALYSES OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS STRUCTURE NEAR THE CRACK TIP OF MODE I CT SPECIMENS IN ELASTICPLASTIC STATE(Ⅰ)—THE ANALYSES OF CONSTRAINT PARAMETERS AND FRACTURE PARAMETERS

In the present paper,three dimensional analyses of some general constraintparameters and fracture parameters near the crack tip of Mode I CT specimens in twodifferent thicknesses are carried out by employing ADINA program.The results revealthat the constraints along the thickness direction are obviously separated into twoparts:the keeping similar high constraint field(Z_1)and rapid reducing constraintsone(Z_2).The two fields are experimentally confiremed to correspond to the smoothregion and the shear lip on the fracture face respectively.So the three dimensionalstress structure of Mode I specimens can be derived through discussing the two fieldsrespectively.The distribution of the Crack Tip Opening Displacement(CTOD)alongthe thickness direction and the three dimensional distribution of the void growth ratio(V_9 )near the crack tip are also obtained.The two fracture parameters are in similartrends along the thickness direction,and both of them can reflect the effect ofthickness and that of the loading l     

弯载下位于刚性固定端周向壁穿裂纹的圆柱壳弹塑性解

金属圆柱壳结构常见于大型复杂结构系统中。这类构件在其端部与其它构件相连接是工程上常见的结构形式。由于连接处焊接热影响或实际复杂内力的作用,在连接处产生疲劳裂纹的几率相对增大;另一方面,由于高韧性材料的应用,使得弹塑性裂纹更为常见。然而到目前为止尚无这类问题的弹塑性理论解析。本文针对受弯曲载荷作用下的周向壁穿裂纹位于固定端的圆柱壳,基于半膜力壳理论及Dugdale模型,推导了裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)和裂纹尖端张开角度(CTOA)等一套相对完整的弹塑性解析解。该解除少数数值求根外,均为显式表达,可用于裂纹起裂、撕裂计算,追踪此类由弹塑性裂纹的存在所引起的圆柱壳结构的柔度以及裂纹撕裂条件下的极限承载能力等变化过程,弥补了这类工程问题解析解空缺的不足。     

THE ANALYSES OF THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS STRUCTURE NEAR THE CRACK TIP OF MODE I CT SPECIMENS IN ELASTICPLASTIC STATE(Ⅰ)—THE ANALYSES OF CONSTRAINT PARAMETERS AND FRACTURE PARAMETERS

In the present paper, three dimensional analyses of some general constraint parameters and fracture parameters near the crack tip. of Mode I CT specimens in two different thicknesses are carried out by employing ADINA program. The results reveal that the constraints along the thickness direction are obviously separated into two parts: the keeping similar high constraint field (Z₁) and rapid reducing constraints one (Z₂). The two fields are experimentally confiremed to correspond to the smooth region and the shear lip on the fracture face respectively. So the three dimensional stress structure of Mode I specimens can be derived through discussing the two fields respectively. The distribution of the Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) along the thickness direction and the three dimensional distribution of the void growth ratio (V_g) near the crack tip are also obtained. The two fracture parameters are in similar trends along the thickness direction, and both of them can reflect the effect of thickness and that of the loading level to a certain degree.     

Equivalence of the notch stress intensity factor,tip opening displacement and energy release rate for a sharp V-notch

For an infinite elastic plane with a sharp V-notch under the action of symmetrically loading at infinity, the length of crack initiation ahead of the V-notch’s tip is estimated according to a modified Griffith approach. Applying a new conservation integral to the perfectly plastic strip (Dugdale model) ahead of the V-notch’s tip, the relationship between notch stress intensity factor (NSIF) and notch tip opening displacement (NTOD) is presented. Also, the relationship between NSIF and perfectly plastic strip size (PPSS) is found. Since there are three fracture parameters (NSIF, NTOD, and PPSS) with changeable notch opening angle in two basic relationships, it is necessary to select one critical parameter with changeable notch opening angle or two independent critical parameters, respectively. With the help of a characteristic length, it is found by this new conservation integral that the NSIF, NTOD and energy release rate are equivalent in the case of small-scale yielding. Especially, the characteristic length possesses clear physical meaning and, for example, depends on both the critical NSIF and SIF or both the NTOD and CTOD, respectively, in which SIF and CTOD are from the tip of a crack degenerated from the sharp V-notch. The dependence of NSIF on NTOD and PPSS is presented according to the equivalence, and the critical NSIF depending on the critical NTOD with a notch opening angle is also predicted.     

晶体取向对单晶体断裂特征影响的模拟分析

结合Ni基单晶合金制三种不同晶体取向的紧凑拉伸试样试验,本文利用考虑有限变形和品格转动效应的晶体滑移有限元程序对单晶体三维断裂特征进行了模拟计算分析,详细考察了裂纹尖端三维应力场特征和断裂特征,结果表明:晶体取向对裂纹尖端应力场有较大影响,但应力沿试样厚度方向明显分成两个部分,在试样心部,应力沿厚度方向变化不大,在试样外表面则明显变化。裂纹尖端张开位移(CTDD)沿厚度方向类似分成两个部分。垂直于滑移面的应力分量致单晶体的准解理断裂,即裂纹的起裂和扩展途径均与该应力分量有关。     

Micro-crack tip fracture of commercial grade aluminum under mixed mode loading

In situ tensile tests were made in a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the deformation and micro-fracture in the immediate vicinity of a micro-crack tip in commercial pure aluminum with large-size crystal. Examined are the slip line field, stress intensity factor, strain energy density factor and crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) for mixed mode loading. Blunting and sharpening effects are observed. The latter is controlled by localized slip while the former by uniformed slip of the operating slip system with the highest crack tip Schmid factor. The operating slip system depends on the crystallographic orientation of crystal containing micro-cracks.The damage and fracture take place in the blunted region and depend on the coarsening and spacing of uniformed slip lines. The mixed mode micro-crack propagates along the direction where the voids grow and coalesce into the micro-crack. The direction also depends on the orientation of the applied loading. This suggests that the formation of macro-fracture mechanics could be applied. In particular, the minimum strain energy density criterion is suitable for determining the direction of micro-crack instability in the mixed mode. The in situ data were used to yield a nearly constant critical, minimum strain energy density factor for onset of micro-cracking.     

内聚力模型裂纹问题分析的解析奇异单元

内聚力模型已经被广泛应用于需要考虑断裂过程区的裂纹问题当中,然而常用的数值方法应用于分析内聚力模型裂纹问题时还存在着一些不足,比如不能准确地给出断裂过程区的长度、需要网格加密等.为了克服这些缺点,论文构造了一个新型的解析奇异单元,并将之应用于基于内聚力模型的裂纹分析当中.首先将虚拟裂纹表面处的内聚力用拉格拉日插值的方法近似表示为多项式形式,而多项式表示的内聚力所对应的特解可以被解析地给出.然后利用一个简单地迭代分析,基于内聚力模型的裂纹问题就可以被模拟出来了.最后,给出二个数值算例来证明论文方法的有效性.     

单向拉伸界面裂纹的条形损伤－塑性区域模型

本文提出单向拉伸情况下两相介质界面裂纹的条形损伤－塑性区域模型。假设在塑性区端点的应力有界，且使弱相介质达到屈服，损伤区的尺寸和δ＝成正比的条件；可确定损伤区与塑性区的长度及其上的法向和切向接合力，ＣＴＯＤ值等。由此导出的裂尖应力场无ｒ￣（－１／２＋ｊｅ）的强奇异振荡，位移场无ｒ￣（１／２＋ｉｅ）的振荡项。