Stoichiometric Mg:LiNbO(3) as an effective material for nonlinear optics

Photorefractive damage, optical absorption, photoconductivities, and photogalvanic currents of stoichiometric LiNbO(3) single crystals with different Mg doping levels have been investigated. Nominally pure stoichiometric LiNbO(3) shows lower photorefractive damage resistance than congruent crystal; however, stoichiometric crystals doped with MgO of more than 1.8 mol. % exhibit no measurable photorefractive damage at 532 nm to intensities of as much as 8 MW/cm(2) . This remarkable damage resistance can be attributed not only to increased photoconductivity but also to decreased photogalvanic current. Stoichiometric Mg:LiNbO(3) also demonstrates the shortest absorption edge, 302 nm, and a single-domain nature with low scattering losses.     

Domain-inversion characteristics of congruent and stoichiometric LiNbO_3 crystals

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Domain-inversion characteristics of congruent and stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals

The characteristics of the ferroelectxic domain inversion structures fabricated by applying voltage at room temperatture in Z-cut congruent LiNbO3 and stoichiometric LiNbO3 crystals were examined. The voltage required for domain reversal in congrueat crystals is about 2.8 times larger than the voltage for stoichiometric crystals. The periodicity of the sstoichiometric crystals are more uniforn than that of the congruent crystals.     

OH~- absorption and nonvolatile holographic storage properties in Mg:Ru:Fe:LiNbO_3 crystal as a function of Mg concentration

Mg:Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystals with various concentrations of MgO (in mole) and fixed content of RuO2 and Fe2O3 (in mass) are grown with the Czochralski method from the congruent melt. Their infrared transmission spectra are measured and discussed to investigate the defect structure. With the increase of Mg2+ concentration the blue nonvolatile holographic storage capability is enhanced. The nonvolatile holographic storage properties of dual-wavelength recording of Mg(7 mol%):Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 nonvolatile diffraction efficiency, response time, and nonvolatile sensitivity reach 59.8%, 70 s, and 1.04 cm/J, respectively. Comparing Mg(7 mol%):Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 with Ru:Fe:LiNbO3 crystal, the response time is shortened apparently. The nonvolatile diffraction efficiency and sensitivity are raised largely. The mechanism in blue photorefractive nonvolatile holographic storage is discussed.     

The Structure of LiNbO3:Tb Crystals with Various Chemical Compositions

Technical Physics - A series of LiNbO3:Tb crystals ([Tb] = 0.1–2.89 wt %) and nominally pure lithium niobate crystals of congruent (LiNbO3cong) and almost stoichiometric compositions...     

铟掺杂对Fe∶LiNbO3晶体近红外光折变性能的影响

采用在Fe∶LiNbO3中掺入了铟离子生长的双掺杂In∶Fe∶LiNbO3晶体,以波长为1064nm的近红外会聚光束作为记录光源,通过数字观测装置,对比研究了铟离子掺入前后Fe∶LiNbO3晶体和In∶Fe∶LiNbO3晶体的光折变性能。实验研究结果表明,铟离子掺入后晶体的光折变响应速度和抗光折变能力明显提高,饱和折射率变化量降低。初步分析认为,In∶Fe∶LiNbO3晶体光折变性能的增强是由于掺入的铟离子取代了部分光折变敏感中心,降低了光敏中心的数量,导致晶体光电导增大,响应时间随之缩短。     

铟掺杂对Fe:LiNbO3晶体近红外光折变性能的影响

采用在Fe:LiNbO3中掺入了铟离子生长的双掺杂InFe:LiNbO3晶体,以波长为1064 nm的近红外会聚光束作为记录光源,通过数字观测装置,对比研究了铟离子掺入前后Fe:LiNbO3晶体和InFe:LiNbO3晶体的光折变性能。实验研究结果表明,铟离子掺入后晶体的光折变响应速度和抗光折变能力明显提高,饱和折射率变化量降低。初步分析认为,InFe:LiNbO3晶体光折变性能的增强是由于掺入的铟离子取代了部分光折变敏感中心,降低了光敏中心的数量,导致晶体光电导增大,响应时间随之缩短。     

掺Ce,Fe系列LiNbO3晶体光折变效应光存储特性

研究了系列Ce：Fe掺杂以及不同后处理态(生长态、还原态和氧化态)铌酸锂晶体的透过率光谱和光折变全息存储特性。实验结果表明单掺Ce铌酸锂晶体具有较好的图像存储质量和较宽的透过率光谱范围,二波耦合增益相对较低;高掺杂铌酸锂样品的透过率光谱范围较窄,光折变二波耦合增益较低。晶体的后处理对铌酸锂样品的光折变特性影响明显,双掺Ce:Fe还原态铌酸锂晶体具有较高的二波耦合增益;氧化态样品具有较大的透过率光谱范围;还原态样品具有较大的光折变二波耦合增益特性。实验结果还表明在同种样品中难于同时获得大的二波耦合增益和图像存储质量。     

Optical homogeneity,defects, and photorefractive properties of stoichiometric,congruent, and zinc-doped lithium niobate crystals

Using the laser-conoscopy method, the photorefractive light-scattering method, and the Raman light-scattering method, we have studied the structural and optical homogeneities and photorefractive properties of (i) stoichiometric lithium niobate crystals (LiNbO₃(stoich)), which were grown from a melt with 58.6 mol % of Li₂O; (ii) congruent crystals (LiNbO₃(congr)); and (iii) congruent crystals that were doped with Zn²⁺ cations (LiNbO₃:Zn; [Zn] = 0.03–1.59 mol %). We have shown that the speckle-structure of the photorefractive light scattering in all the crystals is three-layer. The shapes of the second and third layers repeat in general the shape of the first layer. We have shown that the differences that are observed between the Raman spectra, the photorefractive light scattering, and the conoscopic patterns of the examined crystals are caused by the fact that defects are distributed inhomogeneously over the volume of these crystals and that Zn²⁺ cations are incorporated inhomogeneously into the lattice. This leads to the appearance of local changes in the elastic characteristics of the crystal and to the appearance of mechanical stresses, which locally change the optical indicatrix and, correspondingly, the conoscopic pattern and the Raman spectrum.     

Fast photorefractive response in strongly reduced near-stoichiometric LiNbO(3) crystals

The photorefractive response time of LiNbO(3) crystal is of the order of minutes, and such a long response time limits the crystal's practical applications. We report the photorefractive properties of nominally pure near-stoichiometric LiNbO(3) crystal that is strongly reduced in vacuum. A short photorefractive response time of the order of 100 ms is measured at a wavelength of 514.5 nm, with incident light intensity of 1.6 W/cm (2) , and possible corresponding mechanisms are discussed. To our knowledge this is the first experimental evidence of a subsecond photorefractive response in pure LiNbO(3) crystals. The diffraction efficiency of a holographic grating written in this reduced crystal is low but can be enhanced by an externally applied electric field.     

同成分掺镁铌酸锂晶体紫外光致吸收阈值效应的研究

研究了同成分掺镁铌酸锂晶体中的紫外光致吸收效应。通过对不同掺Mg浓度铌酸锂晶体的紫外光致吸收系数和双色存储灵敏度的测量,发现同成分掺镁铌酸锂晶体的紫外光致吸收效应具有Mg离子浓度阈值效应。只有当掺Mg摩尔分数大于3．0％时,从近紫外一直延伸到近红外波段的紫外光致吸收效应才显示出来。这一Mg离子浓度阈值效应进一步为双色存储灵敏度的测量结果所证实。该浓度阈值小于掺镁铌酸锂晶体抗光损伤效应的摩尔分数阈值4．6％。这种紫外光致吸收现象可能和掺镁铌酸锂晶体中反位铌NbLi浓度的急剧减少基本消失有关。     

掺镁铌酸锂晶体抗光损伤机理的研究

通过测试Mg(5mol%):LiNbO₃、Mg(4m0l%):LiNbO₃和LiNbO₃等晶体的光损伤阈值、红外透射光谱、倍频性能等,研究了Mg²⁺在Mg:LiNbO₃晶体中所处的状态以及高掺镁抗光损伤能力增强的机理。     

近化学计量比Ce∶Mn∶LiNbO3晶体光折变性能研究

在LiNbO3中掺进0.015mass%MnCO3和 0.1mass%CeO2,以Czchralski法生长Li/Nb比为1.38的近化学计量比Ce∶Mn∶LiNbO3(Ce∶Mn∶SLN)晶体和Li/Nb比为0.946的同成分Ce∶Mn∶LiNbO3(Ce∶Mn∶CLN)晶体.测试了晶体的红外光谱和紫外可见吸收光谱,讨论了Ce∶Mn∶SLN晶体OH－吸收峰和吸收边移动机理.利用二波耦合光路测试了晶体的指数增益系数,Ce∶Mn∶SLN晶体指数增益系数Γ达到27 cm2－.同时,研究了Ce∶Mn∶SLN指数增益系数提高的机理.     

周期极化掺镁不同组分LiNbO3晶体的研究

利用气相平衡扩散法研制出掺镁不同组分的LiNbO3晶体 ,并对其极化特性进行了研究 .研究表明晶体的开关电场和自发极化不仅与晶体组分 [Li] [Nb]比有关而且与掺镁量有关 ,[Li] [Nb]比为 0 973掺入 2mol%MgO的近化学比LiNbO3晶体的开关电场仅为 1 8kV mm ,是同成分晶体的 1 12 ,且其极化结构的质量要远好于同成分LiNbO3晶体和近化学比LiNbO3晶体 .     

Investigation of optical homogeneity and photorefractive properties of lithium-niobate single crystals by the Raman-spectroscopy and laser-conoscopy methods

Photorefractive properties and structural and optical homogeneity of (1) LiNbO₃:Cu crystals ([Cu] = 0.015 mas %) grown from a congruent melt, (2) nominally pure stoichiometric crystals grown from a melt with 58.6 mol % of Li₂O (LiNbO_3stoich), and (3) nominally pure congruent crystals (LiNbO_3congr) have been studied using the Raman-spectroscopy method with excitation in the UV, visible, and near-IR ranges; the laser-conoscopy method; and the electron paramagnetic resonance-spectroscopy method. In optically uniaxial LiNbO₃ crystals, a weak optical biaxiality has been revealed, which is attributed to an insignificant deformation of the optical indicatrix. This deformation can be caused both by the initial structural inhomogeneity of crystals and by the photorefractive effect. It has been shown that, under the action of light, charge exchange of copper cations Cu²⁺ → Cu⁺ takes place in the crystal LiNbO₃:Cu ([Cu] = 0.015 mas %). The LiNbO₃:Cu crystal exhibits photorefractive properties not only because of the occurrence of intrinsic defects with electrons localized at them, as is the case with the LiNbO_3stoich and LiNbO_3congr crystals, but also due to the charge exchange of copper cations under the action of the laser radiation.     

掺镁铌酸锂晶体的缺陷结构及其结晶化学分析

根据铌酸锂晶体本征缺陷的Ｌｉ空位模型，提出了掺镁铌酸锂晶体的缺陷结构模型；计算出了掺镁铌酸锂晶体中Ｌｉ_２Ｏ，Ｎｂ_２Ｏ₅的含量、［Ｌｉ］／［Ｎｂ］比以及晶体的密度随掺镁浓度的变化关系．计算结果与文献中报道的实验结果相符合 关键词：     

Site spectroscopy of Hf doping in Hf-doped LiNbO3 crystals

By means of Raman scattering spectroscopy we determine the site location occupied by Hf ions in photorefractive damage resistant Hf-doped LiNbO₃. At room temperature the two lowest frequency phonons are related to sites B (Nb) and A (Li), and are used to directly probe the dopant ion. For the low concentration range, the Hf ions go into the sites A whereas, for high concentration, Hf ions occupy both sites A and B. Results are compared with data obtained for pure congruent and stoichiometric crystals, and the proposed mechanism of incorporation of Hf ions in the LiNbO₃ lattice explains the threshold in the behaviour of photorefractive properties.     

Zn∶Fe∶LiNbO_3晶体四波混频效应的研究

报道了一种新掺杂铌酸锂晶体Ｚｎ∶Ｆｅ∶ＬｉＮｂＯ３，它具有优良的光折变四波混频性能，位相共轭反射率可达１００％。且与Ｆｅ∶ＬｉＮｂＯ３相比，抗光散射能力强，响应速度快。本文通过对高掺ＺｎＯ后晶体的抗光损伤能力和光电导值的测试分析，讨论了Ｚｎ∶Ｆｅ∶ＬｉＮｂＯ３晶体抗光散射和响应速度提高的机理。     

Improved ultraviolet photorefractive properties of vanadium-doped lithium niobate crystals

A series of vanadium-doped lithium niobate (LN:V) crystals has been grown and their photorefractive properties were investigated. For 0.1 mol. % V-doped LiNbO(3), a fast photorefractive response of 160 ms was obtained with a 351 nm laser and a total light intensity of 583 mW/cm(2). The measurements of the x-ray photoelectron spectrum and electron paramagnetic resonance show that V(3+), V(4+), and V(5+) ions exist in these LN:V crystals. V(3+) and V(4+) ions correspond to the 420 and 475 nm absorption peaks, respectively. The fast photorefractive response and high sensitivity indicate that LN:V is a suitable candidate for UV photorefractive applications.     

Enhancement of blue holographic properties in Zr4+-doped near stoichiometric Fe:LiNbO3 crystals

The near stoichiometric LiNbO₃ crystals co-doped with ZrO₂ and Fe₂O₃ have been grown from a Li-rich melt (Li/Nb=1.38, atomic ratio) by the Czochralski method in air atmosphere at the first time. The OH^? absorption and UV–vis absorption spectra were characterized to investigate the defect structure of the crystals. The appearances of the 3479 cm^?1 absorption peak and 358 nm absorption edge manifest that the composition of the grown crystal is close to the stoichiometric ratio. The blue holographic properties were also measured by the two-wave coupling experiments. As a result, in the near stoichiometric Zr:Fe:LiNbO₃ crystals, photorefractive response speed, recording sensitivity, and two-wave coupling gain coefficient are significantly enhanced. Meanwhile, the high saturation diffraction efficiency is still maintained. These findings prove that the material of near stoichiometric Zr:Fe:LiNbO₃ crystals are a promising candidate for blue photorefractive holographic recording.