Design of the Optimum Holographic Optical Element Lens Using the Hologram Computer-Aided Design Tool

A hologram CAD (computer-aided design) tool capable of designing holographic optical element (HOE) is described. We have been developing this tool which is specialized for holograms. An optimum HOE lens with high diffraction efficiency and diffraction limited imaging characteristics is designed with the tool by applying a computer generated hologram (CGH) which generates an aspherical wave. The imaging characteristics of the HOE lens are experimentally verified and desirable results are obtained.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Optical Pick-up for Blue Optical Recording at NA = 0.85

Sony and Philips have recently developed the basic technology for a 22.5 GB optical recording system, based on a blue laser (#x03BB; = 405 nm) and high numerical aperture (NA = 0.85) objective lens. This system is referred to by the acronym DVR (for Digital Video Recording). In this paper we describe the relization of a compact optical pickup unit capable of writing and reading data on disc according to the DVR format.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center Tokyo Waseda University, Japan.     

Design Criterion for Micro-Machine Scanner Optical Switch Based on Beam Steering Angle Error Analysis

The micro-machine scanner optical switch is gaining attention for its ability to switch over 100 ports. A beam steering error for devices using tilted mirrors or a moving lens is analyzed and schemes to overcome the limit are reported. The channel number is limited by the achievable beam steering error. A device with several hundred ports is possible with the beam steering error under 1#x0025;. Optimized focal length or fiber mode divergence angle is beneficial for increasing the channel number. To minimize the thermal expansion effect, large focal length is required indicating need for a compensation scheme to attain larger channel number. A new type of scanning optics is proposed to overcome the limit set by the beam steering error, and a new switch network described can further expand the channel number.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Review of Recent Zoom Lens Developments for 35 mm Cinematography at Panavision

A series of high performance zoom lens objectives developed by Panavision over fifteen years, which are very popular in the motion picture (cine) industry, are described. Various aspects of four cine zoom lenses, including; definitions, development, specification, construction, aberrations and tolerances, are discussed.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Elements of Cost-Based Tolerancing

One goal for optical design is to assign tolerances so that the as-built systems satisfy all required specifications and have the lowest fabrication and assembly expense. Tolerances affect not only the image quality, but also the production cost. Thus tolerance assignment is a critical step in the optical design process. In this paper we discuss the essential elements of a cost-based tolerancing method. The paper concludes with an example comparing results from a cost-based tolerancing procedure with results from a conventional approach.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Batch Assembly Micro-Ball Lens Array for Si-Based Optical Coupling Platform in Free Space

The paper presents novel concepts of batch fabrication of micro-ball lens array technology integrated on the silicon-based wafer which can improve the appropriate distance for optical fiber coupling. The silicon-based optical coupling platform consists of a self-parking framework (including flat-topped mesa and intersection of two v-grooves) and micro-ball lens array for optical fiber coupling purposes. The structure of optical coupling platform is able to improve the distance between fiber and micro-ball lens and to increase coupling efficiency. Optical measurement reveals an insertion loss below 2.5 dB with wavelength 635 nm in singlemode fiber. The micro-ball lens array is batch fabricated by polymeric material and thick photoresist, and then bonded onto a flat-topped mesa that adjoins to the v-groove. The corner compensation offers a method to fabricate the flat-topped mesa in the intersection of two v-grooves. This fabrication process not only provides accurate coupling distance between fibers and micro-ball lens, but also reduces micro-assembly cost.This paper was originally presented at the 2001 International Conference (2^nd Joint OSJ-SPIE Conference) on Optical Engineering for Sensing and Nanotechnology, ICOSN 2001 which was held June 6-8, 2001 at the Pacifico-Yokohama Conference Center, Yokohama, Japan.     

A Novel Fabrication Technique of Long Period Fiber Gratings Using a Holographic Optical Element

We develop a new flexible and precise ultraviolet exposure technique to fabricate a long period fiber grating using a computer-generated holographic optical element (HOE). The HOE can generate a striped beam pattern with about a 300 #x03BC;m period from a KrF excimer laser. This method offers (1) ease in varying the grating period and (2) grating period precision. We achieve a grating period within an accuracy of #x00B1;0.04 #x03BC;m. This means that the peak wavelength can be controlled within an accuracy of #x00B1;0.2nm with an operating wavelength of 1.55 #x03BC;m.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

A Practical See-Through Head Mounted Display Using a Holographic Optical Element

This paper describes a practical method for design and fabrication of holographic optical elements (HOEs) as off-axis imaging optics. The authors have designed and fabricated a compact glass-like and see-through display using HOE and a total internal reflection prism. Observers can see through the display because wavelength selectivity of the HOE provides high transparency. Wave front of the HOE is designed by commercial software, though the actual fabrication method is not provided. The authors propose a practical method to fabricate HOEs, which can be applied to a wide range of imaging optics.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15–17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Measurement of Wave-Front Aberrations in Lithography Lenses with an Overlay Inspection Tool

Measurement methods using overlay inspection tools have been established for wave-front aberrations in optical lithography lenses used for integrated circuit manufacturing. Three-beam interferometry and asymmetric two-beam interferometry can transform the wave-front aberrations at selected points on the lens pupil to lateral image shifts for fine grating objects. A technique of overlapped exposures makes the image shifts of inner lines of the grating images optically measurable, even if the images are too fine to be resolved optically. These methods are available in the fields of integrated circuit manufacturing and lithography tool assembling. This paper sums up measurement methods for wave-front aberrations. It is experimentally estimated that the methods are equally matched with the phase measuring interferometry widely used in the tool assemblies respecting accuracy and precision.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15–17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Detection of Label Area by Comb-Shaped Illumination

We have developed a non-contacting technique to detect small steps on a surface such as label edges on a letter by using a spatially modulated illumination. Steps can be detected correctly with this new technique even if there are printed patterns on the same surface. Thus the technique is effective for determining label areas that are often seen on pieces of direct mail.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15–17, at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Wavelength-Multiplexing Diffractive Phase Element with Quantized Phase Structure

We have reported on the design algorithm of the wavelength-multiplexing diffractive phase element (WMDPE) capable of generating independent spot patterns for more than two wavelengths. [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 18 (2001) 1082] In this paper, the stepwise quantization method proposed by F. Wyrowski [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 7 (1990) 961] is built into the algorithm to design the WMDPE with quantized phase structure. Validity of the method is verified by the WMDPE for 7 wavelengths with 9 phase levels. The optical experiment demonstrates that the fabricated WMDPE generates correct patterns for different wavelengths. Performance dependence of the WMDPE on the number of quantized phase levels is discussed based on the simulation results.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Multiple Beam Scanning Optics for Laser Printer: Application of Optical Fiber Array Method

We have developed laser printer optics using various kinds of multiple beam generation devices, such as a polarization prism, grating, diode laser array, and optical fiber array. Recently we successfully demonstrated laser-print experiments using five beams from an optical fiber array. In the array, fibers are arranged with a spacing of 0.15 mm and emit circular Gaussian beams that have a diameter of 5 μm and a wavelength of 635 nm. The wavelength of diode lasers is determined from sensitivity of the photoconductor drum of As₂Se₃ material. The arrangement error vertical to the array is mostly suppressed below 0.4 μm. In the optics, curve of scan lines and print position errors in the scan direction are suppressed to a negligible size due to minimization of the magnification variation in the sub-scan direction along the print width and achromatized design, respectively.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Halo Reduction Technique in Phase Contrast Microscopy

A new phase contrast microscopy technique has been developed which achieves halo reduction by applying an apodization to the Zernike phase contrast method. In this technique, a new apodized phase plate is placed at the back focal plane of the objective. This plate consists of a quarter wave phase shift ring conjugated of the illuminating aperture, which has a 25#x0025; transmittance, and a pair of adjacent rings having 50#x0025; transmittance. The developed technique yields the highest resolution images without a bluish hue effect ever achieved in phase contrast microscopy.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Introduction of the Impulse Response Function in Common-Path Interferometers with Fourier Plane Filters

In the present paper it will be shown how the introduction of a Fourier plane filter can create various types of common-path interferometers for measuring changes in surface tilt or curvature of an object surface. This is obtained by placing a holographic optical element in the Fourier plane of a 4-f optical system. The interferometers are analysed by using the paraxial approximation of the Huygens-Fresnel integral formalism, and the interferometer functions are given by a novel formalism using impulse response functions. Based on this technique, an interferometer for measuring dedicated changes in surface deflection is presented. This interferometer is insensitive to rigid surface rotations and displacements. The interferometer can be embedded in systems based on single point measurement of a time dependent deflection, i.e. vibrometers, as well as in full-field measurements such as electronic speckle interferometers.This paper was originally presented at the 2001 International Conference (2nd Joint OSJ-SPIE Conference) on Optical Engineering for Sensing and Nanotechnology, ICOSN 2001 which was held June 6-8, 2001 at the Pacifico-Yokohama Conference Center, Yokohama, Japan.     

The Double Monochromator Geometric Theory and Compensation of Aberrations

The light path function for the double monochromator is constructed, and the formulas of account of the members of its expanding in ascending power series adequate for the defocusing and the first order astigmatism aberrations are found. On the basis of results of the minimisation of obtained expressions the opportunity of construction of a double monochromator so that the second monochromator fractionally compensates aberrations of the first one is analysed. It is also noticed, that in the scheme of the double monochromator under certain conditions compensation of an astigmatism of the second order is automatically carried out. It allows to use a deviation angle of the scheme for more complete compensation of other aberrations and to develop double monochromators with the improved performances.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Analysis of Near-Field Intensity Distributions of High-Compression Talbot Array Illuminators Using Rigorous Diffraction Theory

The technology nowadays employed in the field of binary optics allows a relatively easy fabrication of grating structures down to the wavelength region. The analysis of light propagation through such grating structures requires the use of rigorous diffraction theories such as the rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA), in order to take proper account of polarization effects in the electric and magnetic field and the thickness of the grating. In this paper, we examine the near-field intensity distributions and associated illumination efficiencies of Talbot array illuminators (TAIL#x0027;s) with compression ratios of 8 and 16 using RCWA. The high illumination efficiency observed close to the grating surface is expected to bring about new applications of TAIL#x0027;s in the field of super-resolution and near-field optics.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Effect of crystalline lens surfaces and refractive index on image quality by model simulation analysis

The surfaces and refractive index of crystalline lens play an important role in the optical performance of human eye.On the basis of two eye models,which are widely applied at present,the effect of lens surfaces and its refractive index distribution on optical imaging is analyzed with the optical design software ZEMAX (Zemax Development Co.,San Diego,USA).The result shows that good image quality can be provided by the aspheric lens surfaces or (and) the gradient-index (GRIN) distribution.It has great potential in the design of intraocular lens (IOL).The eye models with an intraocular implantation are presented.     

Measurement of Root Mean Square Granularity of X-ray Films Using a Commercial Film Scanner

Root mean square granularity of films are generally measured using a microdensito-meter, although it is costly and not easily available. To solve the cost problem, we tried to use an inexpensive commercial film scanner. Films with different densities were prepared and the relationship between densities by a diffuse densitometer and pixel values by a film scanner was obtained. We found that a linear relationship exists between rms granularity and a corrected standard deviation of pixel value that is available as an index granularity.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Coference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

Parameter Dependence of the Iterative Stepwise Quantization Method in Hologram Binarization for Real and Complex Amplitude Signals

In this paper we present the results of parameter dependence analysis of the iterative stepwise quantization method in amplitude hologram binarization. Although the original method considers only a real amplitude signal, we also analyze the parameter dependence for the complex amplitude signal. The results of the analysis help in selecting the parameters in a way that binary holograms with improved quality of reconstructions can be obtained.This paper was originally presented at the 2nd International Conference on Optical Design and Fabrication, ODF2000 which was held on November 15-17, 2000 at the International Conference Center, Tokyo, Waseda University, Japan.     

用粒子群算法进行单个非球面透镜的球差校正

为设计出符合球差要求的单个非球面透镜,把粒子群算法应用到单个非球面透镜的球差校正中,构造相应的数学模型,并编程实现算法.设计关于非球面高次多项式的顶点曲率半径,高次多项式各项系数,透镜面之间的距离和玻璃折射率等光学系统结构参数的适应度函数,用这个函数作为评价函数,实现对球差的自动校正.给出用粒子群算法进行单个非球面透镜设计的实例,结果证明:粒子群算法用于非球面透镜的球差校正简单有效,能同时校正不同入射高处的球差,且容易发现一系列好的设计结果.从实际光学设计角度呈现使用这种方法进行单个非球面透镜的自动设计分析.