Polaron relaxation dynamics in InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots

Polaron decay in n-type InAs quantum dots has been investigated using energy dependent, mid-infrared pump–probe spectroscopy. By studying samples with differing ground state to first excited state energy separations the relaxation time has been measured between 40 and 60 meV. The low-temperature decay time increases with increasing detuning between the pump energy and the optical phonon energy and is maximum (55 ps) at 56 meV. From the experimentally determined decay times we are able to extract a low-temperature optical phonon lifetime of 13 ps for InAs QDs. We find that the polaron decay time decreases by a factor of 2 at room temperature due to the reduction of the optical phonon lifetime.     

声子和温度对球型量子点中极化子性质的影响

采用求解能量本征方程、幺正变换及变分相结合的方法,研究声子和温度对球型量子点中极化子性质的影响。数值计算表明,声子效应导致极化子的基态能量低于电子能量,且极化子基态能量随电子—声子耦合强度的增大而降低。数值计算还表明,温度较低时,声子不会被激发,极化子的基态能量不随温度而变;温度较高时,声子会被激发,导致极化子能量随温度升高而增大。     

声子和温度对球型量子点中极化子性质的影响

采用求解能量本征方程、幺正变换及变分相结合的方法,研究声子和温度对球型量子点中极化子性质的影响.数值计算表明,声子效应导致极化子的基态能量低于电子能量,且极化子基态能量随电子-声子耦合强度的增大而降低.数值计算还表明,当温度较低,使得电子热运动能量小于声子能量时,声子不会被激发,极化子的基态能量不随温度的变化而变化;在温度较高,使得电子热运动能量大于声子能量时,电子和晶格热运动加剧,更多的声子被激发.极化子的基态能量随温度的升高而增大.     

Dynamics and transport of a large acoustic polaron in one dimension

We have studied the dynamics and transport relaxation of a large polaron in a one-dimensional (1-D) system with an acoustic- (Debye) type phonon spectrum and a deformation potential electron-phonon interaction. The dynamics is treated in a collective coordinate formalism which shows that such a polaron moves as a heavy quasi-particle that carries energy and (crystal) momentum. For thermal energies less than the polaron binding energy, its transport relaxation is dominated by collision processes wherein a thermal phonon is reflected off the polaron with a momentum transfer that is small compared to the thermal polaron momentum. The phonon reflectivity is estimated and found to exhibit a maximum (resonance) for phonon wavelengths that match the polaron size. Furthermore, the reflectivity is largely independent of the polaron momentum. We incorporate these results into a semi-classical (Boltzmann) kinetic theory and obtain a polaron mobility that is independent of the polaron effective mass and decreases monotonically with increasing temperature. These results are compared to and found to be substantially different from those obtained recently for the large polaron in the 1-D molecular cystal model wherein the underlying phonon spectrum has optical (Einstein) character.To study the effects of three-dimensional (3-D) coupling on the 1-D polaron, we propose a simple 3-D extension of the 1-D acoustic model which includes both electronic and elastic interchain interactions. We briefly discuss the question of polaron stability in the presence of 3-D coupling and the criteria of validity for the purely 1-D treatment.     

束缚极化子有效质量的温度特性

采用改进的线性组合算符和幺正变换方法研究强、弱耦合束缚极化子的有效质量的温度特性,对RbCl晶体进行数值计算。结果表明,强耦合束缚极化子的振动频率和有效质量随温度的升高而增加,随库仑势的增加而增大。     

量子阱中极化子的声子平均数

采用有效质量近似下的变分法,考虑到电子同时与表面光学声子和体纵光学声子相互作用,研究了无限深量子阱中极化子的表面光学声子平均数,体纵光学声子平均数和光学声子平均数。讨论了电子与体纵光学声子耦合强度α,阱宽L和势垒材料Al_xGa_1-xAs中Al的含量x对上述光学声子平均数的影响。以GaAs/Al_xGa_1-xAs量子阱为例进行了数值计算。结果表明:量子阱中表面光学声子平均数随耦合强度α,阱宽L和Al含量x增大而增大。量子阱中体纵光学声子平均数随耦合强度α,阱宽L的增大而增大。光学声子平均数随耦合强度α,阱宽L和Al含量x的增大而增大。     

Pump–probe analysis of polaron decay in InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots

We report on polaron decay in InAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots. The polarons are probed by pump–probe spectroscopy through their optical intersublevel absorption around 62 meV (20 μm wavelength). A T₁ polaron lifetime of the order of tens of picosecond is deduced from the low-temperature pump–probe measurements. We show that a long-lived component can be additionally observed on the pump–probe measurements. The spectral dependence of this long-lived component is, however, not correlated to the polaron absorption. It is thus not a signature of polaron relaxation quenching. The origin of this long-lived component is attributed to the two-phonon absorption of the bulk GaAs substrate.     

Polaron self-energy and effective mass in a freestanding cylindrical quantum wire

The polaron self-energy and correction to the electron effective mass in a freestanding quantum wire is investigated by the perturbation approach.The polaron effect of the electron-confined longitudinal optical (LO) phonon and surface optical (SO) phonon interactions are separately worked out. Numerical calculation on a GaAs quantum wire shows that the confined LO phonon contribution to the polaron self-energy is relatively small for a narrow wire and gradually approach that of the bulk material when the radius of the wire increases. While the contribution of the SO phonon modes is big for small wire radius and then decreases as the radius increases.     

n型掺杂GaAs中重空穴的飞秒动力学

本文采用fs脉冲饱和吸收光谱技术研究了室温下Si掺杂GaAs在电子激发态处于费密面附近时重空穴的超快弛豫特性。测量到重空穴的热化时间约为300fs,与理论计算结果一致,表明重空穴-光学声子散射是主要的热化途径,并得到光学形变势常数d₀为31eV.     

Polaron Energy and Effective Mass in Parabolic Quantum Wells

The energy and effective mass of a polaron in a parabolic quantum well are studied theoretically by using LLP-like transformations and a variational approach. Numerical results are presented for the polaron energy and effective mass in the GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As parabolic quantum well. The results show that the energy and the effective mass of the polaron both have their maxima in the finite parabolic quantum well but decrease monotonously in the infinite parabolic quantum well with the increasing well width. It is verified that the bulk longitudinal optical phonon mode approximation is an adequate formulation for the electron-phonon coupling in parabolic quantum well structures.     

Subthreshold carrier-LO phonon dynamics in semiconductors with intermediate polaron coupling: a purely quantum kinetic relaxation channel

Femtosecond transmission spectra of highly polar CdTe are compared to more covalent GaAs contrasting semiclassical kinetics with two-time quantum kinetics based on the Dyson equation. Nonequilibrium heavy holes in CdTe show ultrafast energy redistribution via the Fr?hlich mechanism even if photoexcited below the LO phonon energy. This subthreshold relaxation is a genuine quantum kinetic effect. It gains importance if the polaron self-energy is comparable to the phonon energy. Conservation of the free-particle energies is not required under these conditions.     

极化子效应对ZnS/CdSe核壳量子点光吸收系数的影响

在有效质量近似下,利用量子力学密度矩阵理论,从理论上研究了考虑极化子效应后核壳量子点中线性、三阶非线性以及总的光吸收系数在不同条件下随入射光能量变化的关系。通过数值计算,分析了电子-LO声子和电子-IO声子相互作用对ZnS/CdSe柱型核壳结构量子点光吸收系数的影响。结果表明,极化子效应对光吸收系数有很大影响,不同声子模式对光吸收系数影响大小不同。考虑电子-LO声子后,光吸收系数被大大提高。另外,入射光强和弛豫时间对系统的吸收系数也有很大影响。     

Magneto infrared absorption in high electron density GaAs quantum wells

Magneto infrared absorption measurements have been performed in a highly doped GaAs quantum well which has been lifted off and bonded to a silicon substrate, in order to study the resonant polaron interaction. It is found that the pinning of the cyclotron energy occurs at an energy close to that of the transverse optical phonon of GaAs. This unexpected result is explained by a model taking into account the full dielectric constant of the quantum well.     

极化子效应对量子盘中线性和非线性光吸收系数的影响

利用密度矩阵的方法,得出了考虑极化子效应的量子盘的线性和非线性光吸收系数的解析表达式,并以GaAs为例讨论了光吸收系数与不同的入射光子能量和量子盘的厚度之间的关系.结果表明,极化子效应对吸收系数有相当的影响 关键词： 量子盘 光学吸收系数 极化子效应     

Influence of spin–orbit interactions on the polaron properties in wurtzite semiconductor quantum well

We have study the simultaneous effect of Rashba and Dresselhaus spin–orbit interactions on the polaron properties in wurtzite semiconductor quantum wells. The linear and cubic contributions of the bulk Dresselhaus spin–orbit coupling and the effects of phonon confinement on electron–optical-phonon interaction Hamiltonians are taken into account. We have found analytical solutions for the polaron energies as well as polaron effective mass within the range of validity of perturbation theory. It is shown that the polaron energy and effective mass correction are both significantly enhanced by the spin–orbit coupling. Wave number dependent phonon contribution on the electron energy has minima and varies differently of the spin-up and spin-down states. Polaron self-energy due to interface optical phonon modes has larger values than of the confined optical phonon modes ones. The polaron effective mass exhibits anisotropy and the contribution of the Dresselhaus spin–orbit coupling term on the polaron effective mass is dominated by Rashba one.     

Time resolved studies of intersubband relaxation in GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells below the optical phonon energy using a free electron laser

The problem of intersubband relaxation in GaAs/GaAs quantum wells, where the energy separation of the two lowest subbands is smaller than the optical phonon energy, is considered. Time resolved pump-and-probe measurements are performed with a far-infrared free-electron laser on two multiquantum well samples with similar thicknesses (≈300 Å), but different doping and mobilities. The measured lifetimes are shorter than could be explained by acoustic phonon emission alone. Monte-Carlo calculations show the importance of electron–electron scattering for thermalization of the hot electron distribution function and subsequent optical phonon emission from the long thermal tail.     

Polaronic effects due to surface optical vibration modes in a freestanding cylindrical wurtzite nanowire

The ground-state polaron self-trapped energy and effective mass due to the surface optical (SO) phonon modes in a freestanding wurtzite GaN nanowire (NW) were studied by means of the Lee–Low–Pines variational approach. Based on the dielectric continuum and Loudon’s uniaxial crystal models, the polar optical phonon modes in the one-dimensional (1D) systems are analyzed, and the vibrating spectra of SO modes and electron–SO phonon coupling functions are discussed and analyzed. The calculations on the ground-state polaron self-trapped energy and correction of effective mass due to the SO phonon modes in the 1D GaN NWs reveal that the polaron self-trapped energy and correction of effective mass are far larger than those in 1D GaAs NW systems. The reasons resulting in this obvious difference in the two 1D structures are mainly due to the different electron–phonon coupling constants and electron effective masses of bulk materials constituting the two types of 1D confined system. Finally, the polaronic properties of the wurtzite 1D GaN NWs have been compared with those of the wurtzite GaN-based two-dimensional quantum wells. The physical origination of these characteristics and their distinction in the different-dimensionality systems has been analyzed in depth.     

Interface Polaron Within Parallel Electric and Magnetic Fields

A combinative method of variational wavefunction and harmonic oscillator operator algebra is used to treat the interface polaron in a semi-infinite polar crystal within parallel electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to the interface. Both the bulk longitudinal optical phonon and the interface optical phonon together with the anisotropic mass of the electron are included. The energy level correction up to the second-order perturbation, cyclotron-resonance frequency and cyclotron mass are expressed as functions of the electric and magnetic fields and a parameter characterizing the mean distance of the polaron from the interface. This theory is used to calculate numerically the single heterostructure AlAs/GaAs, when the electron is at the X high-symmetry point of the conduction band of AlAs. The results show that the magnetic field greatly enhances the polaronic correction of the electron energy levels while the electric field only increases the correction of their surface optical phonon part but obviously decreases that of their bulk optical mode part and thus the total energy correction decreases as the electric field increases. The change of red shift due to the electron-phonon interaction with electric and magnetic fields is also obf ained.     

Temperature relaxation and energy loss of hot carriers in graphene

The temperature relaxation and energy loss of hot Dirac fermions are investigated theoretically in graphene with carrier–optical phonon scattering. The time evolutions of temperature and energy loss for hot Dirac fermions in graphene are calculated self-consistently. It shows that the carrier–optical phonon coupling results in the energy relaxation of hot carriers excited by an electric field, and the relaxation time for temperature is about 0.5–1 ps and the corresponding energy loss is about 10–25 nW per carrier for typically doped graphene samples with a carrier density range of 1–5×10¹² cm^?2. Moreover, we analyze the dependence of temperature and energy relaxation on initial hot carrier temperature, lattice temperature and carrier density in detail.     

极化子在正弦色散声子场中的性质

本文计及纵光学声子的色散,在正弦近似下,用微扰法了多原子晶体中极化子的基态能量,有效质量和自能。