Monitoring of phenol photodegradation by ultraviolet spectroscopy

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been developed as an emerging technology for hazardous organic treatment in industrial wastewater. In this paper, the contribution of ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy to follow phenol photodegradation was studied in a laboratory photochemical reactor equipped with a low pressure mercury lamp. It has been observed that a multicomponent approach is efficient for the evolution estimation of the initial product or intermediate compounds formed during the photodegradation.     

一种酚类抑制剂对亚硫酸镁氧化反应动力学的影响及作用机理

亚硫酸镁的氧化是湿式镁法烟气脱硫过程中的重要步骤. 通过实验筛选出一种新型酚类抑制剂(T), 可显著延缓亚硫酸镁的氧化反应速率. 在接近实际工况条件下, 研究了抑制剂浓度、亚硫酸镁浓度、氧分压、pH、温度等条件对亚硫酸镁氧化速率的影响. 结果表明, 抑制剂T、溶解氧及亚硫酸镁的分级数分别为－0.25, 0.5和0, 反应的表观活化能为48.2 kJ•mol^－1. 结合建立的三相反应模型, 对T抑制条件下的总反应过程进行了推断, 认为亚硫酸镁氧化的本征化学反应在贫氧区进行, 而总反应速率受氧的传质扩散过程控制. 与非抑制条件下的结果相比, T的存在降低了本征反应速率, 进而使氧的传质速率减小. 研究结果为利用抑制氧化手段实现脱硫副产物回收提供了有益参考.     

Use of electrolysis under pressure for destructive oxidation of phenol and azo dyes

Trends in the development of electrochemical methods for solving environmental problems were considered. Modern tendencies in research on the electrochemical destruction of toxic organic substances resistant to oxidation were analyzed. The use of three-dimensional (3D) electrodes and combined methods (electro-Fenton process combined with ultrasound, UV irradiation, etc.) increases the efficiency of destruction. Special attention was paid to studies at increased pressures. Increased pressure initially created with an inert gas did not substantially affect the kinetics of the anodic process. Increased pressure initially created with an electrochemically active gas (oxygen) accelerated the anodic oxidation of organic compounds (phenol and azo dyes (direct black 2S and stable disperse yellow 4K). The organic substances under study inhibit the cathodic reduction of oxygen, and the positive role of increased pressure is proven.     

分子氧催化氧化苯直接合成苯酚

苯酚是重要的有机合成中间体,当前主要通过异丙苯法合成苯酚的技术路线存在制备流程长、消耗丙烯、副产丙酮等不足。以分子氧为氧化剂由苯氧化直接合成苯酚则具有潜在重大的经济效益、社会效益和环境效益,已成为催化与有机合成等研究领域中极具挑战性的热点课题之一。本文较为系统地总结了分子氧氧化苯通过一步法合成苯酚的研究工作,着重综述了用于该反应的催化剂如Pd、Cu、V等金属或其化合物,也归纳了影响此反应的主要因素,并介绍相应的反应机理。最后,对分子氧催化氧化苯合成苯酚反应的研究提供了一些建议和展望。     

苯酚抑制条件下亚硫酸盐氧化的本征反应动力学

亚硫酸盐的氧化是湿法烟气脱硫工艺中的重要过程. 利用间歇式反应装置, 研究了苯酚抑制条件下亚硫酸盐氧化的本征反应动力学. 结果表明, 该复杂的反应过程分两个阶段进行, 即富氧区的快速反应和贫氧区的慢速反应. 在富氧区, 苯酚、亚硫酸盐和溶解氧的分级数分别为－0.5, 1.0和2.0, 反应的表观活化能为99.2 kJ•mol－1; 在贫氧区, 苯酚、亚硫酸盐和溶解氧的分级数分别为－0.5, 1.5和0, 反应的表观活化能为 129.7 kJ•mol－1. 结合实验结果, 对苯酚抑制条件下亚硫酸盐氧化的宏观反应动力学过程进行了推断.     

Autoxidation of polystyrene catalyzed by cobalt salt and sodium bromide in chlorobenzene–acetic acid

In the oxidation of atactic polystyrene initiated by azobisisobutyronitrile, the kinetic chain length was obtained as 1.5. In the presence of cobalt salt and bromide ion, the rate of oxidation is first order with respect to the concentration of polymer and second order with respect to the concentration of cobalt. In addition, this rate is dependent on the molar ratio of NaBr to cobalt, independent of the partial pressure of oxygen and the molecular weight of polystyrene. The overall energy of activation is 22.5 kcal/mole. The molecular weight decreased from 152000 to 10 800 under the present conditions of oxidation. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are the only significant volatile products. The primary product of oxidation is hydroperoxide. Benzaldehyde, acetophenone, and phenol were found as final products. The acetophenone-type structure and methyl endgroups were observed. The formation of phenol presented a large selfinhibiting effect in the oxidation of polystyrene. The oxidation of isotactic polystyrene gave a maximum rate of oxidation twofold higher than that of atactic polystyrene and a value of 17.0 kcal/mole for the overall energy of activation.     

EFFECTS OF HIGH PRESSURE ON PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION CENTERS FROM RHODOPSEUDOMONAS SPHEROIDES*

Abstract— Photochemical reaction centers from Rhodopseudomonas spheroides were subjected to pressures ranging from 1 to 6000 atm. Optical absorption, fluorescence and photochemical activities were studied under these conditions. Absorption spectra showed bathychromic shifts of the long-wave bands attributed to bacteriopheophytin and bacteriochlorophyll (the latter as P800 and P870). The quantum efficiency of photochemical oxidation of P870 was diminished at high pressure. The quantum yield of P870 fluorescence showed a parallel decline, as if high pressure introduced a quenching process that competed with both photochemistry and fluorescence. The original efficiencies were largely restored when the pressure was returned to 1 atm. The efficiency of oxidation of mammalian cytochrome c, coupled to the photochemical oxidation of P870 in reaction centers, was lowered by high pressure. This effect was more pronounced than the effect on P870 oxidation, and was irreversible. The kinetics of recovery of P870 following its photochemical oxidation showed effects of high pressure. The main effect was the appearance, at high pressure, of slow recovery suggesting the trapping of electrons. This effect was partly irreversible.     

Joint action of antioxidants of phenol type and superoxide anion in the oxidation reactions

Initiated oxidation of cumene with oxygen in the presence of various phenol antioxidants and a supramolecular system containing the oxygen radical anion of was studied. It is shown that superoxide anion and ionol, hydroquinone, and ethyl gallate are the antagonists in the process of inhibition of the radical chain oxidation. Simultaneous introduction of the ascorbic acid and the radical anion of oxygen caused the synergistic effect.     

Synthesis and Temperature-dependent Electrochemical Properties of Boron-doped Diamond Electrodes on Titanium

On the sand-blasting-treated titanium(Ti) substrate, the boron-doped diamond(BDD) electrodes with a wide potential window were prepared by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition(MPCVD). The electrochemical oxidation ratios of phenol at BDD/Ti electrodes at elevated temperatures(from 20 ℃ to 80 ℃) were examined by the chemical oxygen demand(COD) of phenol electrolyte during electrolysis. The results show that the COD removal was increased at high temperatures and the optimized temperature for enhancing the electrochemical oxidation ratio of phenol is 60 ℃. The mechanism for the temperature-dependent electrochemical oxidation ratios of phenol at the electrodes was investigated. The study would be favorable for further improving the performance of BDD/Ti electrodes, especially working at high temperatures.     

催化湿式共氧化法同时去除硝基苯和苯酚

在150–210 oC,1.0 MPa氧分压条件下,对催化湿式共氧化法同时去除硝基苯和苯酚进行了研究.与无催化剂共氧化降解苯酚和硝基苯相比,均相催化剂的加入极大提高了苯酚和硝基苯的去除.在所研究的过渡金属催化剂中, Cu2+, Co2+和Ni2+是有效的催化剂,其中Cu2+的催化活性最好.引发剂苯酚的连续加入模式对硝基苯的去除有很大的促进作用,分批加入苯酚的促进作用更明显.在200 oC,以Cu2+为催化剂,苯酚分两次加入,反应1 h,硝基苯去除率达到95%.这种催化共氧化体系以及分批进样引发剂的反应模式对有效去除环境中其它有机污染物提供了一种方法.     

The palladium-catalyzed synthesis of diphenyl carbonate from phenol,carbon monoxide,and oxygen

Diphenyl carbonate was obtained from the reaction of carbon monoxide, phenol, and oxygen using catalytic quantities of palladium, a tertiary amine, and an oxidation cocatalyst at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. A variety of copper, vanadium, cobalt, and manganese salts were effective cocatalysts, although in many cases side products were produced. Using catalytic quantities of manganese salts, up to 100 mol of diphenylcarbonate per mol of palladium was realized.     

Selective oxidation of benzene to phenol with molecular oxygen on rhenium/zeolite catalysts

Zeolite-supported rhenium catalysts are active for selective oxidation of benzene with molecular oxygen, where coexisting ammonia is prerequisite to the direct phenol synthesis.     

Electrochemical oxidation of phenol at boron-doped diamond electrode. Application to electro-organic synthesis and wastewater treatment

The electrochemical behaviour of a synthetic boron-doped diamond thin film electrode (BDD) has been studied in acid media containing phenol using cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis. The results have shown that in the potential region of water stability direct electron transfers can occur on BDD surface resulting in electrode fouling due to the formation of a polymeric film on its surface. During electrolysis in the potential region of oxygen evolution, complex oxidation reactions can take place due to electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals. Electrode fouling is inhibited under these conditions. Depending on the experimental conditions, the electrogenerated hydroxyl radicals can lead to the combustion of phenol or to the selective oxidation of phenol to benzoquinone. The experimental results have also been compared to a theoretical model that permits the prediction of the evolution with time of phenol concentration, during its combustion, or during its selective oxidation to benzoquinone.     

Photochemical degradation of blends of polystyrene and poly(2,6 -dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)

Blends of polystyrene and poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) that cover the entire compositional range have been subjected to the action of singlet oxygen from microwave discharge, dye-sensitized reaction, and photochemical oxidation. With the applied analytical technique, which consisted of infrared (IR) analysis, including ATR technique and a spectroscopic method combined with chemical analysis for hydroperoxide groups, it was not possible to detect any effect of the singlet oxygen treatment. For that reason singlet oxygen does not appear to be important to the initiation of the photooxidation of these blends. In connection with photochemical oxidation the interaction observed between the two components probably involves energy transfer from PS to PPO. This interaction results in the enhancement of reactions in PPO that lead to greater carbonyl group formation and crosslinking. Simultaneously, the probability of chain scission in the PS is lowered with increased PPO content, found by determining the changes in the molecular weights.     

Direct selective oxidation of benzene to phenol using molecular oxygen in the presence of palladium and heteropolyacids

The use of heteropolyacids as a reoxidant for palladium in the direct oxidation of benzene to phenol with molecular oxygen was studied as a function of the variables involved. It was shown that the oxidation system is very effective even if a molar ratio of HOAc:H₂O of 1:2 is used. After 4 h at 130°C the benzene conversion is 15% and the selectivity for phenol is above 70%. The quantity of palladium acetate can be drastically reduced allowing turnover numbers as high as 800.     

二硝基芘异构体在模拟大气条件下的光化学反应

本文研究了二硝基芘异构体在模拟大气条件下的光化学反应,结果表明反应速率呈二级动力学关系。除光源变化的影响外,二硝基芘异构体在不同气氛中,反应速率不同,存在着氧的猝灭和氧化作用。而不同的异构体之间,相应的反应速度也不同。光解产物中存在硝基羟基类化合物、醌类和二聚体。毒理实验表明,光解产物致突变性下降。     

Electrochemical oxidation of phenol on boron-doped diamond electrode

The process of phenol oxidation on a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDD) is studied in acidic electrolytes under different conditions of generation of active oxygen forms (AOFs). The scheme of phenol oxidation known from the literature for other electrode materials is confirmed. Phenol is oxidized through a number of intermediates (benzoquinone, carboxylic acids) to carbon dioxide and water. Comparative analysis of phenol oxidation rate constants is performed as dependent on the electrolysis conditions: direct anodic oxidation, with oxygen bubbling, and addition of H₂O₂. A scheme is confirmed according to which active radicals (OH^·, HO₂^·, HO₂⁻) are formed on a BDD anode that can oxidize the substrate which leads to formation of organic radicals interacting with each other and forming condensation products. Processes with participation of free radicals (chain-radical mechanism) play an important role in electrochemical oxidation on BDD. Intermediates and polymeric substances (polyphenols, quinone structures, and resins) are formed. An excess of the oxidant (H₂O₂) promotes a more effective oxidation of organic radicals and accordingly inhibition of the condensation process.     

苯酚在热氧化法制备的SnO2/Ti 电极上的电氧化研究

A SnO₂/Ti electrode prepared by thermal oxidation was used as the anode for galvanostatic electrolysis in acidic solution containing phenol, the time-dependances of phenol concentration,chemical oxygen demand in solution(COD)and instantaneous current efficiency were determined during electrolysis.The results show that with the SnO₂/Ti anode instead of Pt,the COD significantly decreases at the same charge passage, and average current efficiency of oxidation increases by three times The mechanism for phenol oxidation at two electrodes was discussed.     

An Anthracene-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Selective Photo-Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid Coupled with Water Oxidation

A Zr-based metal-organic framework has been synthesized and employed as a catalyst for photochemical carbon dioxide reduction coupled with water oxidation. The catalyst shows significant carbon dioxide reduction property with concomitant water oxidation. The catalyst has broad visible light as well as UV light absorption property, which is further confirmed from electronic absorption spectroscopy. Formic acid was the only reduced product from carbon dioxide with a turn-over frequency (TOF) of 0.69 h⁻¹ in addition to oxygen, which was produced with a TOF of 0.54 h⁻¹. No external photosensitizer is used and the ligand itself acts as the light harvester. The efficient and selective photochemical carbon dioxide reduction to formic acid with concomitant water oxidation using Zr-based MOF as catalyst is thus demonstrated here.     

Cu 对 MnCeOx 催化苯酚水相氧化的促进作用

 制备了 Cu 修饰的 MnCeOx 催化剂, 并用于苯酚水溶液氧化降解反应. 结果表明, Cu 的加入可以显著提高 MnCeOx 催化剂上苯酚氧化深度和溶液化学耗氧量去除率. 通过 X 射线衍射和程序升温还原等手段对催化剂中 Cu 的作用进行了考察, 发现 Cu 加入后形成了 CuMn2O4 物相, 从而有利于提高催化剂的氧化活性.