Bread-template synthesis of hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite with hydrothermally stable mesoporosity

A hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 zeolite has been synthesized by using starch-derived bread as a meso-template. The obtained mesoporous ZSM-5 was characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), nitrogen sorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric (TG)/differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. Hydrothermal treatments revealed that the mesoporosity in hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 exhibited excellent hydrothermal stability. Catalytic tests showed that hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 was more active than conventional zeolite of ZSM-5 in catalytic cracking of 1,3,5-tri-isopropylbenzene. Hydrogen adsorption measurements showed hierarchical mesoporous ZSM-5 had a higher storage capacity than the conventional ZSM-5.     

Preparation and characterization of a novel zeolite using hydrothermal synthesis in a stirred reactor

This paper describes the preparation of novel zeolite particles by the hydrothermal method in a stirred reactor. The variations between certain properties of the resulting zeolites, such as morphology by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pore properties (i.e., surface areas, pore volume, and porosity) by the surface area & porosity analyzer, crystallinity by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Si/Al ratio by the inductively coupled plasma-atomic absorption spectrometer (ICP-AES), and the process parameters, such as aging time, agitation speed, temperature and pressure, were studied at a specific gel composition. The optimal value of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area was found to be over 400 m²/g in the resulting microporous zeolite, indicating that the size was centered on about 0.5 nm. The XRD image was indicative of the probable formation of zeolite-P2 in the hydrothermal synthesis.     

Sustainable Synthesis of Core-Shell Structured ZSM-5@Silicalite-1 Zeolite

Core-shell structured ZSM-5@Silicalite-1 zeolite could effectively hinder the deactivation of catalyst surface. Currently, organic structure directing agents(OSDAs) are necessary in the conventional route for the synthesis of this core-shell zeolite under hydrothermal conditions, which is costly and environmental-unfriendly. In this research, a synthesis of the core-shell structured ZSM-5@Silicalite-1 zeolite with a strategy of alcohol filling and zeolite seeding without any organic template or solvent is exhibited. The obtained products are well characterized by X-ray powder diffractometer(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), N₂ sorption isotherms, solid magic angle spinning(MAS) NMR, temperature-programmed-desorption of ammonia(NH₃-TPD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) techniques, in order to confirm the core-shell structure. More importantly, the core-shell structured ZSM-5@Silicalite-1 zeolite exhibits a long lifetime and a high p-xylene selectivity in the alkylation of toluene with methanol, compared with the conventional ZSM-5 catalyst.     

以十六烷基三甲基溴化铵为模板剂合成MCM-41/ZSM-5复合分子筛的研究

采用阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)为模板剂、以ZSM-5为晶种,在水热晶化条件下合成了同时具有微孔和介孔的MCM-41/ZSM-5复合分子筛;并考察了陈化温度、陈化时间、晶化时间及模板剂用量等条件对合成复合分子筛的影响.通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜、高分辨率透射电镜、红外光谱及N2静态吸附法等手段对合成样...     

不同形貌ZSM-5分子筛的合成及苯-乙醇烷基化反应性能

采用水热法制备了环状、薄片、类球状聚集体和小晶粒4种不同形貌和尺寸的纳米ZSM-5分子筛,用XRD、SEM、BET和NH3-TPD对所合成分子筛进行了表征,并考察分子筛形貌对苯和乙醇烷基化性能的影响。实验结果表明：在相同的硅铝比下,不同形貌的分子筛具有相似的弱酸峰强度,短b轴和中空结构的存在会降低分子筛的强酸峰强度,分子筛的强酸峰强度直接影响烷基化性能;分子筛颗粒形貌对催化烷基化性能有较大影响,四种形貌分子筛催化苯和乙醇烷基化性能优劣顺序为：薄片ZSM-5>环状ZSM-5>类球状团聚体ZSM-5>小晶粒ZSM-5。其中,具有薄片结构的H-ZSM-5分子筛在烷基化反应过程中表现出最佳的催化性能。综合对比结果表明：较低的强酸强度、较大的比表面积和孔容、较多的直形孔道占比下,分子筛的烷基化性能最佳,产物乙苯的选择性越高。     

Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption properties of nanocrystalline ZSM-5

Nanocrystalline ZSM-5 with a Si/Al ratio of 20 was synthesized using clear solutions and a hydrothermal synthesis procedure. The resulting ZSM-5 materials were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption isotherms, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and toluene adsorption. A commercial ZSM-5 sample was similarly characterized for comparison with the synthesized materials. The particle sizes of the synthesized ZSM-5 samples were calculated using the measured external surface areas and were determined to be 15 and 60 nm. SEM images indicated that the ZSM-5 samples consist of agglomerated and possibly intergrown particles. Toluene adsorption measurements showed that the ZSM-5 sample with a particle size of 15 nm adsorbed approximately 50% more toluene than the other ZSM-5 samples, most likely due to the adsorption of toluene on the external surface. For the toluene adsorbed on the internal zeolite surface, approximately one toluene molecule was adsorbed per channel intersection for each of the ZSM-5 samples.     

The preparation and analysis of zeolite ZSM-5 membranes on porous alumina supports

Zeolite ZSM-5 particles formed in the synthesis solution assume a negative charge due to electrical double layer effects. Therefore, we investigated the use of electrophoretic techniques in addition to the hydrothermal synthesis method to attract the zeolite particles to the substrate surface before they precipitate out of the solution. This electrophoretic driving force produces a thin, continuous zeolite ZSM-5 membrane on the porous substrate. This research was conducted in order to produce zeolite membranes on a tubular support that could effect continuous gas phase separations. The thickness of membranes can be controlled by varying the precursor concentration, applied potential, and synthesis time. The selectivity of n-butane over iso-butane is observed on every membrane. The membranes were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX).     

高硅分子筛ZSM-23催化裂解C4烷烃制乙烯丙烯的研究

采用廉价的硅溶胶作为硅源,吡咯烷为模板剂,静态水热晶化法合成出不同硅铝比的ZSM-23分子筛.采用XRD,SEM,吡啶吸附红外光谱等技术,对合成的ZSM-23分子筛的结构、形貌、表面酸性质进行了表征.并进行了所制样品对C4烷烃催化裂解制乙烯丙烯反应催化性能的研究.本文详细考察了硅铝比、反应温度、反应空速以及催化剂稳定性等各种因素对催化性能的影响.结果表明,ZSM-23分子筛的乙烯丙烯收率达到56.0%,丁烷转化率达到88.9%.     

Enthalpy-entropy compensation of ionic liquid-type Gemini imidazolium surfactants in aqueous solutions: a free energy perturbation study

Hierarchical nanocrystalline ZSM-5 zeolite (NZ5) was synthesized at 100 °C under atmospheric pressure using methylamine as a mineralizing agent. The crystallization process of NZ5 was characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of contrastive experiments showed that evaporation of the solvent promoted the aggregation of primary particles, and the addition of methylamine accelerated the crystallization process. The NZ5 aggregate consisted of 20 nm individual particles, as shown in scanning electron microscope (SEM). The lattice fringes in the transmission electron microscope (TEM) images and the XRD results indicated that individual particles of NZ5 were highly crystalline. N(2) adsorption-desorption isotherms showed that NZ5 had high BET surface areas with mesopores having a mean diameter of about 9 nm. NZ5 exhibited a long lifetime, a stable and high yield of liquid hydrocarbons, and a high anti-coking performance in methanol-to-hydrocarbons reaction. Catalytic testing and TGA results showed that the lifetime of NZ5 was about ten times longer than that of micro-sized ZSM-5 zeolite (MZ5), and the average coking rate with NZ5 was one fifth over that of MZ5.     

含铁微孔EU-1/ZSM-5复合分子筛的合成和表征

采用预置晶种法合成了含铁的微孔EU-1/ZSM-5复合分子筛,并采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、热重-微分热重(TG-DTG)、N₂吸附-脱附、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-vis DRS)、X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)等手段进行了表征。结果表明,复合分子筛具有EU-1和ZSM-5的特征衍射峰,是两种晶相相互作用的分子分散晶相材料,微孔孔径较Fe-EU-1分子筛有所增大。随原始溶胶中铁的质量分数增加,复合分子筛具有的23.09°和23.94°处的特征衍射峰逐渐向低角度方向偏移;紫外-可见漫反射谱图中在220~245 nm出现了宽的吸收谱带;XAFS表征表明,1s→3d电子跃迁的弱吸收峰逐渐增强,同时在吸收边顶部出现的1s→4p吸收峰逐渐由宽变窄。合成工艺的最佳条件为,原始溶胶中铁的质量分数为0.075%~0.15%,晶种添加比例为15.0%~21.0%,晶种SiO₂/Al₂O₃物质的量比为50~60。     

Synthesis and characterization of CdS nanoparticles prepared by precipitation in the presence of span 20 as surfactant

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles with average size of ≈16 nm have been synthesized using chemical precipitation reaction of CdCl₂ and Na₂S in the presence of nonionic surfactant stabilized reverse emulsions. Sorbian monolaurate (Span 20) is used for the stabilization of emulsions. The influence of Span 20 on controlling the size and properties of CdS nanoparticles were studied. The obtained CdS nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optical properties of CdS nanoparticles are investigated systematically by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy. The blue shift in the absorption region and increase in the bandgap to the larger value (2.77 eV) are attributed to the nanosize of the obtained particles.     

Zinc oxide prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis with thioacetamide, its destruction of warfare agents, and photocatalytic activity

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles were prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis of zinc sulfate and thioacetamide (TAA) at 80 degrees C. After annealing at a temperature above 400 degrees C in oxygen atmosphere, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were obtained. The ZnS and ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)/Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods were used for surface area and porosity determination. The photocatalytic activity of as-prepared zinc oxide samples was determined by decomposition of Orange II dye in aqueous solution under UV irradiation of 365 nm wavelength. Synthesized ZnO were evaluated for their non-photochemical degradation ability of chemical warfare agents to nontoxic products.     

超声波合成磁性4A沸石分子筛

为了解决微细粉末状沸石产品应用中与所处理溶液难以分离的问题, 在传统水热合成法合成4A沸石的晶化原料液中, 加入磁性Fe3O4微粒, 经过70 ℃, 功率为100 W的超声波晶化6 h, 合成了一系列Fe3O4含量不同的磁性4A沸石,并对其进行了XRD、SEM、IR、TG/DTA、EDX、磁化率及吸附性能等表征测试. 结果表明, 磁性4A沸石具有良好的磁稳定性, 其磁化率随Fe3O4含量的增加而增大; 磁性4A沸石对水中氟离子和六价铬的吸附与纯4A沸石性能相同, 其吸附速率可以用拟二级动力学方程来描述.     

Preparation and characterization of NiO nanoparticles from thermal decomposition of the [Ni(en)3](NO3)2 complex: A facile and low-temperature route

NiO nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm were easily prepared via the thermal decomposition of the tris(ethylenediamine)Ni(II) nitrate complex [Ni(en)₃](NO₃)₂ as a new precursor at low temperature, and the nanoparticles were characterized by thermal analysis (TGA/DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, BET specific surface area measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and magnetic measurements. The magnetic measurements confirm that the product shows a ferromagnetic behavior at room temperature, which may be ascribed to a size confinement effect. The NiO nanoparticles prepared by this method could be an appropriate photocatalytic material due to a strong absorption band at 325 nm. This method is simple, fast, safe, low-cost and also suitable for industrial production of high purity NiO nanoparticles for applied purposes.     

Fabrication of hollow silica microspheres utilizing a hydrothermal approach

Hollow silica microspheres(HSMSs) have been successfully fabricated via a facile hydrothermal route using D-glucose as the sacrificial template and sodium silicate powder as the silica precursor.The resulting silica hollow particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),and infrared spectroscopy(IR).The surface area was determined using the BET method.SEM and TEM images exhibited micro-sized silica hollow particles with a size of ~1.5μm.     

Sustainable Route for Synthesizing Aluminosilicate EU-1 Zeolite

Developing sustainable routes for the synthesis of zeolites is still a vital and challenging task in zeolite scientific community. One of the typical examples is sustainable synthesis of aluminosilicate EU-1 zeolite, which is not very efficient and environmental-unfriendly under hydrothermal condition due to the use of a large amount of water as solvent. Herein, we report a sustainable synthesis route for aluminosilicate EU-1 zeolite without the use of solvent for the first time. The physicochemical properties of the obtained EU-1 zeolite are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), N₂ sorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis, and solid nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which show the product has high crystallinity, uniform morphology, large BET surface area, and four-coordinated aluminum species. Moreover, the impact of synthesis conditions is investigated in detail. The sustainable synthesis of aluminosilicate EU-1 zeolite under solvent-free     

ZnS纳米球的水热法制备及其光催化性能研究

在表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)的辅助下,以乙酸锌为锌源,硫脲(NH2)2CS为硫源,使用水热法通过改变反应时间,成功制备了不同粒径的ZnS球状颗粒。利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线能谱,高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM))、紫外可见分光光谱和光致发光谱(PL)等测试手段对样品的晶体结构、形貌、光学性质进行了分析。通过对不同粒径的ZnS纳米颗粒对亚甲基蓝的光催化降解的催化活性进行了评估。实验结果表明:在表面活性剂CTAB的作用下,随着反应时间的增加,生成的ZnS晶核生长成纳米颗粒,然后ZnS纳米颗粒将进一步发生团聚从而形成平均粒径超过500nm的ZnS纳米球,但制备的ZnS产物的晶体结构均为立方纤锌矿结构。随着ZnS粒径的增加,样品的紫外吸收峰从418nm逐渐蓝移到362nm,而PL发射峰位的峰强随着粒径的增大而增强。光催化结果显示,反应12h制备的ZnS纳米球的光催化性能最佳。     

核壳MFI/CHA分子筛的合成及催化性能

采用二次生长法(外延法)在ZSM-5(MFI型)晶体颗粒表面外延生长SAPO-34(CHA型)磷酸硅铝分子筛壳层,合成了MFI/CHA型核壳分子筛材料。并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散射线光谱(EDS)和傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱对其进行了表征。结果表明,核相ZSM-5的预处理步骤对于成功合成此核壳型分子筛材料十分关键。通过研究晶化温度和晶化时间对MFI/CHA核壳型沸石分子筛合成的影响推测出MFI/CHA壳层生长的晶化机理,并考察在甲醇芳构化中的择形催化作用。     

无溶剂法合成ZSM-5/SiC整体式催化剂制备生物燃料

传统合成整块载体负载分子筛催化剂的方法是水热法,这样往往伴随水资源浪费和釜内空间利用率低的问题.本文报道了应用无溶剂法在蜂窝结构的碳化硅(SiC)表面原位生长ZSM-5分子筛.进一步采用该法将Pd纳米粒子限域在ZSM-5分子筛内,合成Pd@ZSM-5/SiC双功能催化剂,并在油酸甲酯加氢反应中表现出较高的活性和高碳烷烃选择性.结果发现,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC表现出高选择性和耐久性,这归因于SiC优异的传质和导热特性.X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和氮气吸附等结果表明,通过无溶剂法合成的分子筛具有很高的结晶度和纯度;高分辨透射电镜结果表明,在Pd@ZSM-5和Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂中,Pd纳米粒子均被良好封装,并且粒径无明显差别,因此排除金属活性中心粒径的干扰.油酸甲酯的直接加氢脱氧/脱羧可以制备具有高附加值的长链碳氢化合物,而碳氢化合物的裂解通常会伴随着低碳化合物等副产物的生成.我们比较了两种催化剂在350-500℃的转化率和高碳烷烃的选择性差异.在相同反应条件下,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂上油酸甲酯转化率始终高于Pd@ZSM-5.例如在450℃,Pd@ZSM-5和Pd@ZSM-5/SiC的转化率分别为97.6%和78.2%,当温度提升至500℃,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC将油酸甲酯完全转化,而Pd@ZSM-5的转化率仅为88%.在350℃时,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC以脱羧反应为主,其中C17和C18的选择性分别为67.3%和20.1%,C6-12和C13-16选择性分别为2.4%和5.0%.相比之下,Pd@ZSM-5催化剂C17的选择性为39.4%,C18的选择性为13.2%,C6-12和C13-16选择性分别为20.2%和20.6%.由此可见,Pd@ZSM-5对于高附加值的长链碳氢化合物的选择性远低于Pd@ZSM-5/SiC;这可能与在Pd@ZSM-5催化剂上更容易发生烷烃裂解副反应有关.值得注意的是,虽然升高温度会促进碳氢化合物的裂解,但是在Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂上高碳化合物依然较多.例如,在500℃时,裂解是Pd@ZSM-5催化剂上的主要反应,C1-5的选择性高达50.1%,C6-12的选择性高达37.0%;而在Pd@ZSM-5/SiC的产物中,C13-16的选择性为40.0%,C17-18的选择性更是高达16.7%.此外,在450℃的油酸甲酯加氢连续实验中,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC比Pd@ZSM-5表现出更好的耐久性,且催化剂失活后可以通过焙烧手段再生.上述结果表明,Pd@ZSM-5/SiC催化剂有利于加氢脱氧/脱羧反应制备有价值的高碳烃产品,更能抑制裂解副反应的进行.相比之下,传统的粉末催化剂对裂解产物仍具有较高的选择性,尤其是在较高的反应温度下.SiC载体的引入有利于高碳产物的传质,从而抑制了裂解反应.此外,碳化硅良好的导热性可以有效地防止催化剂在反应中的过热,同样有利于抑制碳氢化合物的裂解.     

ZSM-5的水热改性及其在合成气经二甲醚制汽油中的应用

对合成气经二甲醚制汽油两段等压反应系统中的ZSM-5分子筛催化剂进行原位水热处理,研究了不同温度下水蒸气处理ZSM-5分子筛的结构、表面酸性及催化反应性能。XRD、XRF、BET、NH₃-TPD 和 TPO等表征手段表明,水热处理温度为400℃时会使ZSM-5分子筛大部分非骨架铝脱除,酸中心数量减少,比表面积增加,提高了催化剂的活性及产物选择性。