纳米金刚石薄膜的掺杂、表/界面调控及性能研究

本文综述了近年来国内外研究者在纳米金刚石薄膜的掺杂、导电性能、场发射性能和电化学性能等方面的工作,涉及化学气相沉积法制备n型纳米金刚石薄膜,离子注入掺杂纳米金刚石晶粒提高薄膜的n型导电性能,金属离子注入制备场发射性能良好的纳米金刚石薄膜,低剂量离子注入和晶粒表面氧终止态获得高迁移率n型电导,纳米金刚石/石墨烯复合结构的调控对其电学及电化学性能的影响,以及硼掺杂金刚石薄膜电极的微结构和电化学性能研究等。综合分析发现,晶粒掺杂和表界面协同调控可以提升薄膜的电学性能、场发射性能及电化学性能,为纳米金刚石薄膜在纳米电子器件、电化学电极等领域的应用提供了理论基础。     

MPCVD掺硼金刚石薄膜的制备及Ti/BDD 电极上对硝基酚的阳极氧化测试

采用微波等离子体技术在CH4-H2-C2H6气体条件下制备了钛基掺硼金刚石薄膜.四点探针法测得薄膜电阻率在零掺杂时为1×1012Ω*cm ,当反应气源中B/C上升为5×10-3时电阻率降至5×10-3 Ω*cm.扫描电镜显示掺硼金刚石具有完整晶型和致密结构.拉曼光谱观察到金刚石结构在掺杂前后发生明显改变.采用循环伏安测试了Ti/BDD电极的电化学参量,并与PbO2, Sn-Sb and PbO2-Er三种电极进行阳极氧化对-硝基酚的对比实验.结果表明,在Ti/BDD电极上,对-硝基酚的总有机碳去除率接近100;,远高于其它三种电极.     

硼掺杂金刚石薄膜研究

硼掺杂是改善金刚石薄膜电阻率的有效手段,被认为是将金刚石薄膜用于制备电化学电极的途径.本文通过CVD法在单晶硅片上制得掺硼金刚石薄膜(BDD),并采用四点探针、扫描电镜、激光拉曼和电化学工作站对之进行检测,发现随着硼掺入量的增加,薄膜电阻率逐渐降低,重掺杂时可达2.0×10-3Ω·cm.同时金刚石薄膜的固有质量出现恶化,表现为金刚石晶粒的碎化以及拉曼观察到的薄膜内应力的增加和非金刚石峰的出现.对薄膜电极进行电化学测量发现BDD电极在酸性溶液中具有非常宽的电位窗口和高的阳极极化电位,且背景电流极低.     

氢气浓度对掺氮超纳米金刚石薄膜的影响

采用微波等离子体化学气相沉积法,以甲烷和氮气为气源,通过改变反应气体中氢气的浓度,在硅衬底上沉积出掺杂氮的超纳米金刚石膜.并利用扫描电子显微镜,拉曼光谱仪,X射线衍射仪,霍尔效应测试仪分别对掺杂氮的超纳米金刚石膜的表面形貌,组成结构及导电性能进行了进行表征,重点研究了氢气浓度对薄膜特性的影响.结果表明:随着氢气浓度的增加,薄膜的晶粒尺寸逐渐增大;薄膜的质量提高,且由G峰漂移引起的压应力逐渐减小;薄膜导电性变差.     

直流电弧等离子体喷射CVD硼掺杂金刚石薄膜的制备及电化学性能研究

采用直流电弧等离子体喷射CVD(Chemical Vapor Deposition)法在硅(100)衬底上制备了(111)占优的掺硼金刚石(BDD)薄膜,研究了压强对薄膜生长的影响,在压强为5500Pa时得到了(100)占优的金刚石薄膜,并用SEM、XRD及拉曼光谱分析了薄膜的表面形貌、晶体结构、薄膜品质.测试结果表明,掺硼金刚石膜具有较好的成膜质量.霍尔测试表明BDD的电阻率为0.0095Ω·cm,载流子浓度为1.1×1020 cm-3;研究了BDD薄膜电极在硫酸钠空白底液、铁氰化钾/亚铁氰化钾溶液和多巴胺溶液中的循环伏安曲线(CVs),发现该金刚石薄膜电极在硫酸钠中具有较宽的电化学窗口(约为4V)、接近零的背景电流和良好的可逆性,利用BDD电极检测多巴胺溶液,具有明显的氧化还原峰值和较好的稳定性.结果表明利用该方法制备的BDD电极在电化学检测方面具有明显的优势.     

掺硼金刚石膜研究进展及应用

掺硼金刚石在原有金刚石高硬度、高稳定性、良好的生物相容性等优良性能的基础上,具有半导体甚至低温超导特性,以及宽的电化学势窗、低背景电流等电化学优势.目前,掺硼金刚石膜被公认为是极佳的电化学电极材料,大量研究工作集中在硼的掺杂方式、掺硼金刚石膜微观形貌控制、掺硼金刚石膜表面修饰等方面,以优化掺硼金刚石膜的性能,拓展其应用...     

大面积B掺杂CVD金刚石膜的制备研究

研究了采用B2O3作为掺杂源以EACVD法沉积大面积掺杂CVD金刚石膜,用SEM、Raman、二次离子质谱仪、四探针电阻仪等对B掺杂金刚石膜进行了分析.结果表明直径达100mm的大面积B掺杂金刚石膜的晶粒分布均匀,非金刚石碳含量较少,生长速率达到10μm/h以上;B掺杂改变了金刚石膜的成分和结构,高浓度掺杂可以细化晶粒,在高浓度掺杂的膜中存在一定的非晶态碳;金刚石膜中B的含量在一定范围内随着掺杂源浓度的增加而正比增加;金刚石膜的电阻率随着掺杂源B2O3的浓度的增加而下降,当掺杂达到一定浓度时,金刚石膜的电阻率逐渐趋向稳定.     

金刚石膜电极电化学过程阴极被氧化的研究

掺杂金刚石薄膜材料(BDD)具有优良的电化学催化氧化特性,研究发现,金刚石薄膜作为阳极的电化学氧化过程在一定条件下,能将阴极材料氧化.本文研究了电化学过程中电解液氧化浓度变化并对阴极材料进行XRD检测,经分析是金刚石薄膜电化学氧化在特定条件下氧化能力提升而导致阴极被氧化.     

Cu∶CdS/TiO2的制备及其光电化学性能研究

采用水热法制备(001)晶面裸露的TiO2纳米片阵列薄膜,并采用水热法进行CdS纳米颗粒复合,探讨不同水热反应时长对复合薄膜结构及性能的影响.为了提高复合薄膜的光电化学性能,在水热反应过程中引入Cu前驱体,并探讨不同掺杂浓度对复合薄膜性能的影响.研究结果表明Cu元素掺杂有效拓宽了CdS复合TiO2纳米片阵列薄膜(CdS/TiO2)的光吸收范围,并且提高了CdS/TiO2的光电化学性能.当水热反应3h,Cu掺杂浓度为1∶1 000时,CdS/TiO2的光电性能达到最佳.     

细胞色素c在硼掺杂金刚石电极上的电化学特性研究

采用直流电弧等离子体喷射设备制备掺硼金刚石(BDD)电极.并用扫描电镜及拉曼光谱分析了薄膜的表面形貌及薄膜品质,测试结果表明,掺硼金刚石薄膜表面结构排列紧密.使用BDD电极研究细胞色素c的直接电化学特性,结果表明在磷酸盐缓冲液中细胞色素c(Cytc)在BDD电极上呈现一对峰形较好的氧化还原峰,峰电流与扫速的平方根呈线性关系,且与细胞色素c浓度在5～50μmol·L-范围内近似呈线性关系.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.