硅杂六元环化合物的合成

本文综述了环上只含有一个硅原子的硅杂六元环化合物在有机合成方法学方面的进展。介绍了通过α,ω-双金属试剂的关环反应、硅烯参与的[4+2]环加成反应、生成C—Si键的关环反应、生成C—C键的关环反应、硅杂环扩环反应等来合成硅杂六元环化合物,总结了硅杂环己烷、硅杂环己烯以及硅杂环己二烯等不同结构化合物的常见合成方法,为促进硅杂六元环化合物在有机合成化学和材料科学方面的进一步应用提供了基础。     

硅杂六元环化合物的反应

硅杂六元环化合物在有机硅化学中是一类重要的小分子环系化合物,广泛应用于有机化学、高分子化学、金属有机化学以及材料化学等领域。本文综述了环上只含有一个硅原子的硅杂六元环化合物的反应,介绍了硅原子上取代基的反应、立体选择性合成、硅原子α位碳原子上的反应、插入反应、环加成反应、Si—C键的切断反应、硅杂苯衍生物合成以及金属配位反应等,并展望了硅杂六元环化合物反应化学的发展方向。     

过渡金属杂小环的扩环反应研究进展

过渡金属杂环化合物特别是过渡金属杂小环化合物(成环原子数小于6)在金属有机化学和配位化学领域中具有重要的地位,它们是许多过渡金属催化反应包括烯烃复分解反应、炔烃聚合反应的中间体.通常过渡金属杂小环化合物具有较大的环张力,因此极易与不饱和化合物反应生成环张力较小的扩环产物.针对过渡金属杂小环化学研究现状,综述了几类典型的过渡金属杂三、四、五元环的扩环反应.     

硅杂四元环化合物的合成和反应

硅杂四元环化合物在有机硅化学中是一类非常重要的小分子环系化合物, 广泛应用于有机化学、金属有机化学以及材料化学. 环上只含有一个硅原子的硅杂环丁烷可以通过γ-卤代丙基硅烷的Grignard反应、Si＝C键与烯烃的 [2＋2]环加成反应以及硅杂环丙烷的扩环反应合成, 环上只含有一个硅原子的硅杂环丁烯可以通过格氏试剂或锂试剂参与的Si—C键的关环反应、硅杂环丁烷的转化反应、硅卡宾对C—H键的插入反应、Si＝C键与炔烃的[2＋2]环加成反应以及二炔基硅烷的分子内成环反应等途径合成. 硅杂环丁烷和硅杂环丁烯由于存在环张力和具有一定的Lewis酸性, 能够通过扩环反应生成五元和六元含硅杂环化合物, 也能够通过开环反应生成不同结构的有机硅分子和聚合物, 抑或实现有机反应在温和条件下的转化.     

过渡金属催化合成含氮杂环化合物的研究进展

含氮杂环化合物是一类非常重要的有机杂环化合物,也是有机合成化学的研究热点之一。本文首先简要介绍了含氮杂环化合物在天然产物、合成药物和功能材料中的分布及其广泛应用;然后以不同过渡金属催化剂为线索,按照时间由远至近的顺序分别概述了Pd、Ag、Fe、Ni、Zn、Cu等六类过渡金属催化剂在合成五、六元含氮杂环化合物方面的研究进展,对反应条件、反应特征进行了概括;最后对含氮杂环化合物合成领域的过渡金属催化剂的整体发展趋势进行了归纳总结。     

用环加成反应合成含氟杂环化合物的研究

综述了近年来利用一些新型的含氟砌块，通过它们的环加成反应来高效地合成 含氟杂环化合物的研究，其中包括以下两个部分：(1)用1，3—偶极环加成反应合 成五元含氟杂环化合物；(2)用杂原于Diels-Alder反应合成六元含氟杂环化合物．     

金属促进的1H-磷杂环戊二烯的合成方法学研究

1H-磷杂环戊二烯的合成、反应和性质的研究已成为有机合成化学和金属有机化学的主要研究热点之一并得到了迅猛的发展,它们在光电材料、配位化学和选择性催化等方面有重要的应用价值.从金属有机化学的角度,系统地总结了近十年来1H-磷杂环戊二烯的合成化学新反应、新方法及应用.     

扩环氮杂环卡宾前体鎓盐的合成进展

氮杂环卡宾(N-heterocyclic carbenes,NHCs)作为一种新兴配体,在现代有机化学中有非常重要的应用.有关NHCs的初期研究较多集中在易于合成、性质稳定的咪唑衍生五元-NHCs及其金属化合物,近年研究发现的六元、七元等扩环-NHCs,由于其独特的立体和化学特性而成为现代有机化学的又一研究热点.氮杂环鎓盐去质子化是获得NHCs的常用方法,因而扩环-NHCs前体鎓盐的合成是影响扩环-NHCs研究进展的一个重要因素,就近年来扩环-NHCs前体鎓盐的合成进展作一综述.     

二茂钛杂环化合物的合成及应用研究进展

钛杂环化合物分子内含有两个碳金属键,是一类重要的有机合成中间体.综述了近年来二茂钛杂三元、四元、五元、六元环化合物的结构特征、合成以及其在有机合成中的应用研究进展,就钛杂环中C—Ti键切断的选择性及反应活性开展了讨论与展望.     

基于N,S-缩烯酮的杂环合成的研究

N,S-缩烯酮是一类重要的有机合成中间体,其官能团的多样性决定了反应的多样性。N,S-缩烯酮的主要反应有与亲核体的共轭加成、与金属有机试剂的选择性加成、环合（五元环或六元环）、还原和缩合等反应,其在杂环合成中具有非常重要的意义。本文主要综述了N,S-缩烯酮的制备及其在参与合成含氮杂环（吡咯、吲哚、吡啶、嘧啶等）、含氧杂环（呋喃、吡喃等）及在多组分反应中的应用,重点介绍了各类反应的普适性、反应机理或衍生化的研究结果,以更好地认识N,S-缩烯酮分子,并期望通过N,S-缩烯酮实现选择性的合成各类所需的杂环化合物,以促进N,S-缩烯酮在杂环合成中的应用。此外,N,S-缩烯酮合成的杂环化合物大部分具有潜在的生物活性,这将促进其在药物化学及药物合成领域的应用和发展。     

Construction of Alkynylplatinum(II) Bzimpy‐Functionalized Metallacycles and Their Hierarchical Self‐Assembly Behavior in Solution Promoted by Pt⋅⋅⋅Pt and π–π Interactions

A family of new alkynylplatinum(II) 2,6‐bis(benzimidazol‐2′‐yl)pyridine (bzimpy)‐functionalized supramolecular metallacycles with different shapes and sizes have been successfully prepared by coordination‐driven self‐assembly. The obtained metallacycles showed switchable emission and a strong tendency to form intermolecular Pt???Pt and π–π stacking interactions in solution that were not displayed by their individual precursors. Further investigation revealed that the existence of the metallacyclic scaffold at the core could facilitate the formation of intermolecular Pt???Pt and π–π stacking interactions of peripheral alkynylplatinum(II) bzimpy units. Moreover, the shapes and sizes of the metallacyclic scaffold have a significant influence on the hierarchical self‐assembly behavior. Among the three metallacycles, hexagonal metallacycle A , with a relatively small size, could spontaneously self‐assemble into an aromatic guest stimuli‐responsive metallogel at room temperature without a heating–cooling process.     

Experimental evidence for large ring metallacycle intermediates in polyethylene chain growth using homogeneous chromium catalysts

Deuterio-ethylene labeling studies on two homogeneous chromium ethylene oligomerization catalysts show that chain propagation proceeds via metallacyclic intermediates; reactions performed in the presence of 1-nonene show no incorporation of the higher olefin, strongly implicating the involvement of large ring metallacycles.     

Luminescent Metallacycle-Cored Liquid Crystals Induced by Metal Coordination

Two rhomboidal metallacycles based on metal-coordination-driven self-assembly are presented. Because metal-coordination interactions restrict the rotation of phenyl groups on tetraphenylethene units, these metallacycles were emissive both in solution and in solid state, and their aggregation-induced emission properties were well-retained. Moreover, the rhomboidal metallacyclic structures offer a platform for intermolecular packing beneficial for the formation of liquid crystalline phases. Therefore, although neither of building blocks shows mesogenic properties, both thermotropic and lyotropic (in DMF) mesophases were observed in one of metallacycles, indicating that mesophases could be induced by metal-coordination interactions. This study not only reveals the mechanism for the formation of cavity-cored liquid crystals, but also provides a convenient approach to preparing supramolecular luminescent liquid crystals, which will serve as good candidates for chemo sensors and liquid crystal displays.     

Luminescent Metallacycle‐Cored Liquid Crystals Induced by Metal Coordination

Two rhomboidal metallacycles based on metal‐coordination‐driven self‐assembly are presented. Because metal‐coordination interactions restrict the rotation of phenyl groups on tetraphenylethene units, these metallacycles were emissive both in solution and in solid state, and their aggregation‐induced emission properties were well‐retained. Moreover, the rhomboidal metallacyclic structures offer a platform for intermolecular packing beneficial for the formation of liquid crystalline phases. Therefore, although neither of building blocks shows mesogenic properties, both thermotropic and lyotropic (in DMF) mesophases were observed in one of metallacycles, indicating that mesophases could be induced by metal‐coordination interactions. This study not only reveals the mechanism for the formation of cavity‐cored liquid crystals, but also provides a convenient approach to preparing supramolecular luminescent liquid crystals, which will serve as good candidates for chemo sensors and liquid crystal displays.     

Silver(I) complexes of fixed, polytopic bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligands: influence of ligand geometry on the formation of discrete metallacycles and coordination polymers

Reactions of the arene-linked bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligands m-bis[bis(1-pyrazolyl)methyl]benzene, (m-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4, Lm), p-bis[bis(1-pyrazolyl)methyl]benzene, (p-[CH(pz)2]2C6H4, Lp), and 1,3,5-tris[bis(1-pyrazolyl)methyl]benzene (1,3,5-[CH(pz)2]3C6H3, L3) with AgX salts (pz = 1-pyrazolyl; X = BF4- or PF6-) yield two types of molecular motifs depending on the arrangement of the ligating sites about the central arene ring. Reactions of the m-phenylene-linked Lm with AgBF4 and AgPF6 afford complexes consisting of discrete, metallacyclic dications: [Ag2(mu-Lm)2](BF4)2 (1) and [Ag2(mu-Lm)2](PF6)2 (2). When the p-phenylene-linked Lp is treated with AgBF4 and AgPF6, acyclic, cationic coordination polymers are obtained: {[Ag(mu-Lp)]BF4}infinity (3) and {[Ag(mu-Lp)]PF6}infinity (4). Reaction of the ligand L3, containing three bis(pyrazolyl)methane units in a meta arrangement, with an equimolar amount of AgBF4 again yields discrete metallacyclic dications in which one bis(pyrazolyl)methane unit on each ligand remains unbound: [Ag2(mu-L3)2](BF4)2 (5). Treatment of L3 with an excess of AgBF4 affords a polymer of metallacycles, {[Ag3(mu-L3)2](BF4)3}infinity (6), with one of the bis(pyrazolyl)methane units on each ligand bound to a silver cation bridging two metallacycles. The supramolecular structures of the silver(I) complexes 1-6 are organized by noncovalent interactions, including weak hydrogen bonding, pi-pi, and anion-pi interactions.     

Gold(III) six-membered N^C^N pincer complexes: synthesis, structure, reactivity and theoretical calculations

The first six-membered gold(III) N^C^N pincer complex was obtained in good yield, under very mild conditions, by transmetalation of [Hg(κC-N^C^N)Cl] (N^CH^N = 1,3-bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)benzene, HL(1)) with Na[AuCl(4)]. The X-ray crystal structure of [Au(N^C^N)Cl][PF(6)] showed that the fused six-membered metallacycles each exist in a strongly puckered boat conformation. As shown by the (1)H NMR spectra in various solvents, the same structure is also retained in solution: no inversion of the six-membered metallacycles is observed in DMSO up to 95 °C. This correlates well with a reaction barrier of 17.5 kcal/mole, as determined by quantum chemical calculations. The reactivity of the present pincer complex is compared to that of the analogous 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)benzene, HL(2), derivative, which has five-membered fused metallacycles. Sharp differences are found in the reactions with phosphines, such as PPh(3) and dppe (1,2-bis-diphenylphosphino-ethane), and with silver salts. Theoretical calculations were carried out on the two pincer complexes in order to try to understand these differences, and we found that the gold-chlorine bond is significantly stronger in the case of the complex containing five-membered metallacyclic rings.     

Umsetzungen von ω-alkenylsubstituierten Zirconocendichloridkomplexen mit n-Alkyllithiumverbindungen in Gegenwart von Alkenen bzw. Alkinen

The reaction of ω-alkenyl substituted zirconocene dichloride complexes with two equivalents of n-butyllithium is strongly influenced in the presence of alkenes and alkynes. Metallacyclic zirconocene complexes of novel structures are obtained. The additives alkenes and alkynes compete with the ω-alkenyl substituents and the intermediate 1-butene for the formation of a metallacyclic structure. The reaction of ω-alkenyl substituted zirconocene dichloride complexes with two equivalents of ethyllithium and n-hexyllithium gives analogous reactions and metallacycles as with n-butyllithium.     

Carbohydrate-metallocene conjugates: selective formation of a zirconadioxacyclopentane-type dimer from the reaction of a bis(enolate)ZrCp2 reagent with a glucofuranoside derivative

The zirconocene enolate complex bis(2-propenolato)ZrCp2 (1) reacts with two molar equivalents of the 1,2,3,4-O-tetramethyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside (2) with liberation of two equivalents of acetone to yield cleanly the bis(carbohydrate)zirconcene complex (3). Alternatively 1 and the "bifunctional" glucose derivative 3-O-benzyl-1,2-O-isopropylidene-glucofuranoside (4) react to the corresponding zirconadioxacyclopentane-type metallacyclic product that was isolated as the respective dimer (5) featuring a sequence of linearly anellated five-, four-, five-membered metallacycles. Both carbohydrate zirconocene complexes 3 and 5 were characterized by NMR experiments as well as by X-ray diffraction.     

Take a “Snapshot” of New Syntheses,Reactions, and Characterizations from Unusual Unsaturated Ring Strained Group 4 Metallacycles

Recently published syntheses, reactions and characterizations of unusual unsaturated ring strained Group 4 metallocene metallacycles like metalla-cyclocumulenes, -cycloallenes and -cycloalkynes with different ring size are updated for the last three years. There exist for some of these metallacycles, depending on the ring size, 7-, 5- and 4-membered compounds. The new results for these metallacycles are summarized here and considered in addition to the former published results. Additionally, several compounds of this type were now characterized by new reactions. For a better understanding of these compounds, some spectroscopical methods as well as theoretical calculations were published. Despite of these all-C-metallacycles, only in some cases the syntheses and reactions for the corresponding hetero-metallacycles were published too. Examples for these metallaheterocyclic compounds will not be considered in this article. All these unusual ring strained compounds have a great potential for a lot of interesting synthetic applications in the future. Additionally, they are very interesting from the theoretical point of view.     

Stereoselective association of binuclear metallacycles in coordination polymers

A series of structurally related binuclear metallacycles [Cd(NO(3))(2)L](2), where L is an angular exo-bidentate ligand, have been synthesized. Each metallacycle contains two coordinatively unsaturated, chiral metal centers within a single molecule, and the assembly of these metallacycles into polymeric framework structures has been studied systematically for the first time. Stereoselective homochiral association of [Cd(NO(3))(2)L](2) leads to the formation of helical coordination polymers, whereas meso type association results in nonhelical chain structures. The type of stereoselective aggregation depends on the conditions of self-assembly as well as on ligand functionality. Both helical and nonhelical polymeric complexes have been isolated for the metallacycle [Cd(NO(3))(2)(2,4'-pyacph)](2) (2,4'-pyacph = 2,4'-(4-ethynylphenyl)bipyridyl). Homochiral association results in the formation of helical [Cd(NO(3))]( infinity ) chains which link the binuclear [Cd(NO(3))(2)(2,4'-pyacph)](2) metallacycles into racemic two-dimensional sheets which contain both P and M [Cd(NO(3))]( infinity ) helices. In contrast, meso-association leads to the formation of nonhelical one-dimensional chains. It is shown that the product of homochiral association is predominately formed at room temperature and that of meso-association is generated at elevated temperatures. Thus, it may be concluded that the homochiral association appears to be energetically less favorable than the meso-association, a conclusion that has been confirmed by theoretical calculations of the crystal lattice energy. Several high-yield syntheses of bipyridyl-type ligands used for metallacyclic assembly are also reported.