三角翼标模摩擦阻力测量的高超声速风洞实验与数据确认

描述了剪切敏感液晶涂层（shear-sensitive liquid crystal coatings,SSLCCs）在高超声速风洞中针对三角翼标模进行表面摩擦阻力（简称摩阻）测量的应用情况.建立了基于剪切敏感液晶涂层光学测量系统,在中国航天空气动力技术研究院FD-07风洞中进行了三角翼摩阻测量实验,给出了三角翼表面摩阻分布数据,表明流场结构的复杂.实验结果证明了此方法进行高超声速摩阻测量的可行性,有效解决了在高超声速流场条件下表面摩阻预测的难题,具有重要的应用价值.      

基于丝线流动显示技术的内转进气道起动性能实验

采用丝线法流动显示技术,在高超声速冷流暂冲式下吹风洞开展了快速获取内转进气道起动性能的实验研究。实验在中国空气动力研究与发展中心(CARDC)Φ0.5 m高超声速风洞中进行,来流Mach数为5。实验模型为椭圆转圆形内转进气道,总收缩比为5.8,内部收缩比为1.7,喉部为直径50 mm的圆形截面。模型的肩部区域种植了长度与间隔可更换的丝线,为了改善进气道的起动性能,模型进气道的内压缩段开设了可以动态堵塞的泄流孔,在喉道下游设置了可动态节流的节流锥。实验获得了丝线长度、相邻丝线间隔的推荐值,同时表明,丝线流动显示技术能够快速、准确、直观、方便地判断进气道的起动状态,并能定量给出流动分离起始位置与分离结构,所采用的丝线流动显示技术丰富了高超声速风洞实验的流场可视化方法库。研究还表明,采用丝线流动显示技术,所研究的内转进气道在Ma=5时处于双解区,实验给出了进气道重起动及退出不起动的一种可行方案。     

基于PXI总线的Φ0.5米高超声速风洞测量系统研制与应用

测量系统是风洞中必不可少的重要的设备之一,其性能对风洞试验的准确性、可靠性和运行效率具有至关重要的影响。近年来,Ф0.5米高超声速风洞原有测量系统逐渐暴露出精准度下降、软件通用性不足、维护不便等缺点,已不能完全满足日益复杂的风洞试验需求。针对此情况,该风洞重新研制建立了一套基于PXI总线的64通道的测量系统,并通过严格测试投入应用,该系统的应用在一定程度上提高了试验数据测量的准确性、可靠性和自动化程度,拓宽了Ф0.5米高超声速风洞的综合性能。     

Numerical simulation and experimental validation of multiphysics field coupling mechanisms for a high power ICP wind tunnel

We take the established inductively coupled plasma(ICP) wind tunnel as a research object to investigate the thermal protection system of re-entry vehicles. A 1.2-MW high power ICP wind tunnel is studied through numerical simulation and experimental validation. The distribution characteristics and interaction mechanism of the flow field and electromagnetic field of the ICP wind tunnel are investigated using the multi-field coupling method of flow, electromagnetic, chemical, and thermodynamic field. The accuracy of the numerical simulation is validated by comparing the experimental results with the simulation results. Thereafter, the wind tunnel pressure, air velocity, electron density, Joule heating rate, Lorentz force, and electric field intensity obtained using the simulation are analyzed and discussed. The results indicate that for the 1.2-MW ICP wind tunnel, the maximum values of temperature, pressure, electron number density, and other parameters are observed during coil heating. The influence of the radial Lorentz force on the momentum transfer is stronger than that of the axial Lorentz force. The electron number density at the central axis and the amplitude and position of the Joule heating rate are affected by the radial Lorentz force. Moreover, the plasma in the wind tunnel is constantly in the subsonic flow state, and a strong eddy flow is easily generated at the inlet of the wind tunnel.     

Surface oil flow visualization

A brief review of the use of surface oil flow visualization (SOFV) in wind tunnel testing is provided. The first part of the review discusses the concept of flow separation in three-dimensions and the resulting surface topology. This is followed by a review of the SOFV technique and its ability to reveal surface topologies in three-dimensional flow. The discussion is illustrated by examples. The application of modern digital techniques is highlighted.     

高速受限混合层结构和效应实验研究

受限混合层的流动主要是喷流与自由来流相互剪切形成的混合层受到壁面的限制而形成的一种流动.文章采用后向台阶平板模型研究了高速高压比条件下的受限混合层的典型流场结构以及冷却效率.实验自由来流Mach数为5, 喷流的Mach数为1.28, 喷流总压为0.2~0.7 MPa, 通过调整冷喷气流的总压, 基于纹影流动显.形成喷口附近波系的欠膨胀流动现象的深刻认识, 提取波系特征与流动参数之间的规律.基于流动显示及实验测量结果, 通过分析流场中大尺度结构的空间演化规律, 揭示流动参数对于冷却效率的影响规律及物理内涵.采用快响应压敏漆(FRPSP)技术在高超声速风洞开展热流分布和冷却效率研究, 获得了平板对受限混合层冷却效率的影响.      

热流传感器传热特性电弧风洞实验及数值模拟

高超声速飞行器面临剧烈的气动加热环境, 电弧风洞是飞行器防热材料地面考核筛选的主力设备。热流密度是电弧风洞重要的模拟参数之一, 需要进行准确有效的测量。针对电弧风洞气流环境特点, 开展传统塞式量热计和新型同轴热电偶的对比测热试验, 并采用数值模拟对两种热流传感器的传热特性进行了分析。在电弧风洞平板自由射流试验热流密度分布在0~1 100 kW/m2范围内, 同轴热电偶的热流密度测试试验结果相对塞式量热计偏低10%~15%。数值模拟结果表明, 塞式量热计本身结构热物性参数不匹配会导致热流密度测量数值偏高至少10%, 而同轴热电偶测量数值偏高最大仅为2.19%, 相对塞式量热计具备更高的测量精度。同时, 电弧风洞中不同材质热流密度测试模型使用同轴热电偶进行测热试验时, 需要在同轴热电偶同模型之间增加适当厚度的不锈钢套以满足传感器周围环境的热匹配。      

Experimental and numerical investigation of flow separation in a supersonic nozzle

The flow in a two-dimensional symmetric convergent-divergent supersonic nozzle with and without a deflector at the exit plane was tested experimentally and numerically. Combined optoelectronic devices were used to demonstrate the possibilities of the shadow and schlieren methods and holographic interferometry for the flow visualization especially in the separation region. A series of experiments was performed in a trisonic wind tunnel (VTI, Beograd). The experimental results obtained using optical methods are compared with the pressure measurements and numerical calculations. Numerical results were obtained using a code for solving the average Navier-Stokes equations. Five structured meshes with different resolutions and two turbulent models were employed. The coupled influence of the mesh resolution and the order of accuracy of the used numerical scheme is analyzed.     

基于PSD的风洞模型姿态角光学测量技术研究

开发了一种基于光电探测技术的风洞模型姿态角光学测量技术,实现了对姿态角的精确、实时、非接触测量。对激光探测头、模拟试验平台进行了优化设计,编写了功能齐全的实验软件,模拟了风洞试验运行实况,深入开展了一维和二维角度测量实验和分辨率测试实验。实验结果表明,该技术可对模型变化角度进行实时精确测量,测量范围达到了-10°～10°,测量精密度为0.0023°,测量准确度为0.0026°,分辨率可达到0.001°。该光学测量技术在风洞模型的角度测量和振动测量实验中切实可行,为测量风洞试验模型的姿态及振动提供了一种简洁有效的测量方法。     

Pressure distribution on a roof in presence of the Moving Surface Boundary-layer Control

The paper studies effect of momentum injection, accomplished through circular cylindrical rotating elements, on the pressure distribution at the roof of a model house. Extensive wind tunnel tests, complemented by flow visualization, suggest that such Moving Surface Boundary-layer Control (MSBC) effectively delays separation and significantly increases the pressure, both on leeward and windward surfaces. This would assist in protection of the roof against wind storms and snow accumulation.     

Single-path interferometer for measuring fluid flows in real time with low-quality optics

An interferometric concept based on a modified version of the Fabry–Perot interferometry is proposed for measuring flow fields in real-time and some results are presented for demonstration. Being based on a single-path configuration of interfering beams, it is very convenient to build a simple compact measurement system. While allowing the deployment of low-quality optics including test-section windows through compensation of system errors, it is also immune to external vibration. In addition, it can easily allow large aperture and long pathlength of probing beams with good precision. These aforementioned features are very appropriate for measuring large flow fields including wind tunnel testing as well as conducting laboratory experiments without elaborate equipment.     

The fractal measurement of experimental images of supersonic turbulent mixing layer

Flow visualization of supersonic mixing layer has been studied based on the high spatiotemporal resolution Nano-based Planar Laser Scattering(NPLS) method in SML-1 wind tunnel. The corresponding images distinctly reproduced the flow structure of laminar,transitional and turbulent region,with which the fractal measurement can be implemented. Two methods of measuring fractal dimension were introduced and compared. The fractal dimension of the transitional region and the fully developing turbulence region of supersonic mixing layer were measured based on the box-counting method. In the transitional region,the fractal dimension will increase with turbulent intensity. In the fully developing turbulent region,the fractal dimension will not vary apparently for different flow structures,which em-bodies the self-similarity of supersonic turbulence.     

Unmanned air vehicle flow separation control using dielectric barrier discharge plasma at high wind speed

The present paper described an experimental investigation of separation control of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)at high wind speeds.The plasma actuator was based on Dielectric Barrier Discharge(DBD)and operated in a steady manner.The flow over a wing of UAV was performed with smoke flow visualization in theΦ0.75 m low speed wind tunnel to reveal the flow structure over the wing so that the locations of plasma actuators could be optimized.A full model of the UAV was experimentally investigated in theΦ3.2 m low speed wind tunnel using a six-component internal strain gauge balance.The effects of the key parameters,including the locations of the plasma actuators,the applied voltage amplitude and the operating frequency,were obtained.The whole test model was made of aluminium and acted as a cathode of the actuator.The results showed that the plasma acting on the surface of UAV could obviously suppress the boundary layer separation and reduce the model vibration at the high wind speeds.It was found that the maximum lift coefficient of the UAV was increased by 2.5%and the lift/drag ratio was increased by about 80%at the wind speed of 100 m/s.The control mechanism of the plasma actuator at the test configuration was also analyzed.     

基于BOS的超声速流场瞬态密度场的可视化

瞬态密度场的可视化对于超声速流场复杂流动机理研究有着重要的参考价值.设计了基于脉冲激光照明的瞬态密度场可视化系统,针对非对称尖锥模型在Ф=120 mm激波风洞开展了双方向密度场可视化应用研究,获得了Ma=6条件下激波流场清晰的瞬态和长曝光背景纹影图像.研究表明,瞬态背景纹影图像曝光时间为10 ns,能够有效"冻结"超声...     

Acoustic and aerodynamic design and characterization of a small-scale aeroacoustic wind tunnel

The aeroacoustic wind tunnel at Brandenburg University of Technology at Cottbus is a newly commissioned research facility for the experimental study of sound generation from bodies immersed in a fluid flow. The paper discusses the design criteria for the open jet wind tunnel that provides a maximum wind speed of 72 m/s at continuous operation and may be operated with nozzles of different dimension between 35 cm diameter (circular nozzle) and 12 cm by 14.7 cm (rectangular nozzle). Experiments may be performed either in a reverberant or in an anechoic environment. Both the aerodynamic and the acoustic design of the wind tunnel components are discussed in detail. Background noise measurements in the completed facility revealed very low levels comparable to other wind tunnels. The results of aerodynamic wind tunnel calibration confirmed a uniform flow quality in the jet and a very low axial turbulence intensity which is less than 0.2% for the 35 cm nozzle and less than 0.1% for the other nozzles. A final benchmark is provided by results of successful trailing edge noise measurements on an SD7003 airfoil that are presented and compared to results from the literature.     

Comparisons of wind tunnel experiments and computational fluid dynamics simulations

This paper describes the architecture of an image and data level comparative visualization system and experiences using it to study computational fluid dynamics data and experimental wind tunnel data. We illustrate how the system can be used to compare data sets from different sources, data sets with different resolutions and data sets computed by using different mathematical models of fluid flow. We include recent improvements including use of the comparison of vector fields, ability to interactively interrogate the comparisons, addition of new metrics, the latest FEL2.0 and VisTech libraries, and GUI for a calculator module.     

Colours in a complex fluid flow

The addition of colours to flow visualization allows a third dimension to be added to the intrinsically two-dimensional information rendered by an image.In the present work, the velocity domain and the wall heat transfer in the near field of a jet in cross-flow is experimentally investigated by making extensive use of coloured images. Tests are performed in a low turbulence wind tunnel at a jet Reynolds number equal to 8000 and for velocity ratios ranging from 1 to 5. Data are obtained with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and with infrared thermography applied to the steady state heated-thin-foil technique.     

遗传算法在跨超声速风洞总压控制中的应用

总压作为风洞控制中的重要流场参数,其调节性能是风洞控制系统能否满足试验要求的重要指标,为提高跨超声速风洞的总压控制水平,需对总压控制策略进行设计。针对某跨超声速风洞对总压控制系统提出的快速性和精确性要求,提出串级控制、智能PID控制和总压分段控制等方法,并利用MATLAB系统辨识工具箱对流场调节阶段的总压系统模型进行了辨识。提出将遗传算法应用于风洞流场调节阶段的PID控制器参数整定中,重点对基于遗传算法的PID控制原理和参数整定步骤进行介绍,并针对遗传算法的遗传算子进行了设计。系统仿真和风洞实际运行情况表明：该方法较常规PID参数整定与优化方法,具有更好的控制性能指标,满足总压控制系统精确性、快速性、鲁棒性等要求,为后续风洞建设和设备改造提供了新方法。     

合成双射流对下游声压级影响试验

在Ma=0.4的来流条件下, 利用安装在主翼后缘处的合成双射流激励器对襟翼上的流动进行控制, 在风洞中开展了合成双射流对下游声压级影响的研究. 基于脉动压力测量结果, 结合油流显示试验, 得到了合成双射流对下游不同流动状态区域声压级影响的一些结论. 对于附着流, 在其峰值频率附近激励会明显提高其声压级; 对于受旋涡主导的流动, 恰当的合成双射流控制可以降低声压级, 激励频率较为关键. 在俯仰运动过程中, 对于附着流, 激励提高了声压级, 但不改变其迟滞特性; 对于受旋涡主导的流动, 激励对声压级的影响与攻角有关, 能够减弱其迟滞特性, 但激励强度对迟滞特性的影响较小, 减小声压级的最佳激励与运动历程有关.      

大型航空声学风洞消声室建设与校测

风洞试验是进行民用飞机机体噪声研究的重要手段。为了满足航空飞行器低噪声设计在大型风洞中进行气动噪声试验的需求,中国航空工业空气动力研究院建设了FL-10大型低速风洞全消声室。通过在FL-10风洞试验大厅壁面安装吸声尖劈、对洞体外表面进行声学处理、对支撑系统进行隔声处理、对消声换气窗进行降噪处理等手段,建成了气动噪声风洞试验所需的声学环境。按照国家标准中给定的方法,利用张线方法实现了校准声源的布置,测量了消声室内沿不同路径、不同频率噪声的衰减规律,表明FL-10风洞消声室自由场特性达到了相应标准的要求,为后续在该风洞中进行大尺寸机体模型噪声试验奠定了基础。