Theoretical and Experimental Study of Scattering of a Plane Wave by an Inhomogeneous Plasma Sphere

Scattering of electromagnetic waves by an inhomogeneous plasma sphere has been studied theoretically and experimentally. The offset angles of electromagnetic waves caused by the plasma sphere have been observed experimentally. The effects of the electromagnetic wave frequency and plasma density on the offset angle are discussed. The plasma density is estimated with the offset angle.     

Estimation of Plasma Density by Surface Plasmons for Surface-Wave Plasmas

An estimation method of plasma density based on surface plasmons theory for surface-wave plasmas is proposed. The number of standing-wave is obtained directly from the discharge image, and the propagation constant is calculated with the trim size of the apparatus in this method, then plasma density can be determined with the value of 9.1 × 10^17m^-3. Plasma density is measured using a Langmuir probe, the value is 8.1 × 10^17m^-3 which is very close to the predicted value of surface plasmons theory. Numerical simulation is used to check the number of standing-wave by the finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method also. All results are compatible both of theoretical analysis and experimental measurement.     

Magnetic Fluctuation Measurement in Sino United Spherical Tokamak Plasma

To investigate the magnetic fluctuations and for further transport study, the poloidal and radial magnetic field t is conducted on the Sino United Spherical Tokamak （SUNIST）. Auto-power spectral density indicares that the magnetic fiuctuation energy mainly concentrates in the frequency region lower than lO kttz. The magnetic field oscillations, which are characterized by harmonic frequencies of 40 kHz, are observed in the scrape- off layer; by contrast, in the plasma core, the magnetic fluctuations are of Gaussian type. The time-frequency profiles show that the poloidal magnetic fluctuations are temporally intermittent. The autocorrelation calculation indicates that the fluctuations in decorrelation time vary between the core and the edge.     

Spectrum Simulation of Li-Like Aluminium Plasma

X-ray emission spectra for L-shell of Li-like aluminium ions are simulated by using the flexible atomic code based on the collisional radiative model. Atomic processes including radiative recombination, dielectronic recombination, collisional ionization and resonance excitation from the neighbouring ion （Al^9＋ and Al^11＋ ） charge states of the target ion （Al^10＋） are considered in the model. In addition, the contributions of different atomic processes to the x-ray spectrum are analysed. The results show that dielectronic recombination, radiative recombination, collisional ionization and resonance excitation, other than direct collisional excitation, are very important processes.     

Cavity-Defect Plasma Bragg Gratings

Plasma Bragg grating （PBG） is composed of periodic variations of plasma and dielectric or vacuum. The defect mode characteristic of the PBG with a cavity-defect is studied by one-dimensional particle-in-cell （1D PIC） simulation. It is shown that the laser pulse with the defect frequency can be localized around the defect partly and at the same time leak out of both sides of the grating slowly because of the few number of the grating period. This results in local high laser field intensity and high plasma density produced at the defect area, from which the third harmonic is enhanced by one order of magnitude. With the enhancement of the light coupled to the defect and the decrease of the light leaking out of the defect, the conversion efficiency of the third harmonic from the incident laser can be increased.     

Low ion velocity slowing down in a strongly magnetized plasma target

Ion projectile stopping at velocity smaller than target electron thermal velocity in a strong magnetic field, is investigated within a novel diffusion formulation (Dufty-Berkovsky), based on Green-Kubo integrands evaluated in magnetized one component plasma models, respectively framed on target ions and electrons. Analytic expressions are reported for slowing down orthogonal and parallel to an arbitrary large magnetic field, which are free from the usual uncertainties plaguing the standard perturbative derivations.     

Investigation of the interaction of subpicosecond KrF laser pulses with a preformed carbon plasma

The interaction of a subpicosecond KrF laser pulse with a preformed carbon plasma of various scale lengths is investigated. Two different interaction geometries are chosen. In the first one the propagation vector of the short pulse has a component along the density gradient of the preformed plasma (angle of incidence is 45°). In the second geometry the propagation direction of the short pulse is perpendicular to the density gradient of the preplasma (angle of incidence is 90°). The emitted soft X-ray spectrum in the wavelength interval from 10 to 700 is observed while changing several parameters of the experiment. It is found that the emission in the short wavelength part under 200 results from the radiation of ions created by collisional heating near the critical density region. The long wavelength part above 200 , enhanced up to a maximal factor of 20, is mainly produced by radiating particles field—ionized up to the He-like carbon state in the high-intensity laser field. The short wavelength part is missing in the case of 90° angle of incidence because there is no interaction with the critical layer that results in an insufficient collisional heating.     

Estimation of Charge Exchange Recombination Emission Based on Diagnostic Neutral Beam on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak

Diagnostic neutral beam （DNB） attenuation and charge exchange recombination emission are estimated on EAST tokamak. Approximately 40% of the beam with the energy of 50 keV can reach the plasma centre （r = 0） for the typical parameters of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak （EAST） plasma. Emissivities of CVI （n = 8 → 7, 529.0nm） and OVⅢ （n = 10 →9, 607.Ohm） visible charge exchange recombination emissions based on the DNB are estimated. The emissivities of the visible bremsstrahlung emission near this wavelength are also calculated for comparison. The results show that the charge exchange recombination emission is about two orders of magnitude greater than the bremsstrahlung emission. It is theoretically indicated that the ratio of signal of charge exchange recombination spectroscopy to the noise from background bremsstrahlung emission, S/N, is large enough in the EAST tokamak with the typical designed parameters. The present results are helpful for experiment design of charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy based on the DNB in the EAST tokamak.     

Waveguide optogalvanic device

In the paper an optogalvanic experiment is described. A tunable dye laser irradiates discharge plasma in neon and the change of the plasma density is measured by microwave technique. The paper describes also the theoretical method which gives the change of the plasma impedance in relation to the measured signal. Finally the measuring method, the theoretical predictions for optimizing the method and the proposed approximations were experimentally checked.     

Orbital Relaxation Effects in the Calculation of Aluminum Kα Absorptions

A recent experimental Kα transmission spectrum of an Muminum plasma is theoretically studied by a detailed level accounting model. It is found that the orbital relaxation effects of the K- and L-shell orbitals should be considered to calculate accurate line positions and strengths. To do this the initial and the final radial wave functions of Kα lines are respectively optimized by solving the full relativistic Dirac-Fock equation. Extensive configuration interaction calculations are performed to obtain the energy levels and the oscillator strengths. It is shown that both the line positions and the line strengths agree quite well with experiment when the orbital relaxations are considered.     

Detailed study of the effect of a short prepulse on soft X-ray spectra generated by a high-intensity KrF* laser pulse

The effect of a short prepulse (0.5 ps) on soft X-ray spectra from a plasma generated by a high intensity KrF* laser pulse (main pulse: 0.5 ps, intensity I _main=5.3×10¹⁵ W/cm²) on flat targets of Al and Cu has been studied in detail. The spectra have been measured as a function of the pulse separation t between the two pulses and the prepulse intensity I _pre. It was found that both the overall emission and the line emission increased with t (at constant I _pre) and with I _pre (at constant t). In particular, lines in the shorter wavelength region had higher intensity. The influence of the prepulse on the line emission of specific transitions in the Al spectra was investigated systematicly. An explanation for the observed effects is given.     

An Innovative Gas Sensor with On-Chip Reference Using Monolithic Twin Laser

An innovative gas sensor with on-chip reference using a monolithic twin laser is proposed. In this sensor a monolithic twin laser generates two closer laser beams with slight different wavelengths alternatively, one photodiode is used to catch both absorption and reference signals by time division multiplexing. The detection of nitrous oxide adopting this scheme using a 2.1μm antimonide laser and an InGaAs photodiode has been demonstrated experimentally with detection limit below 1ppm. Using this on chip reference scheme the fluctuations from the optical path and devices can be compensated effectively; the sensor system is simplified distinctly.     

Propagation of Ion-Acoustic Wave in an Inhomogeneous Dusty Plasma with. Dust Charge Fluctuation

The propagation of dust ion-acoustic wave in an inhomogeneous dusty plasma is studied by taking the dust charge fluctuation and collisions into account. It is shown that the dust charge fluctuation brings a phase shift to the wave. Furthermore, because of the presence of dust charge fluctuation, a new damping term rises, which makes the damping more sharply.     

Effects of an ultrashort prepulse on soft X-ray generation from an aluminium plasma produced by femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser pulses

The influence of a prepulse on soft X-ray emission in the range of 50–200 from an aluminium plasma produced by 130 fs Ti: Sapphire laser pulses with an intensity of 10¹⁴ W/cm² at normal incidence is studied. An ultrashort prepulse with an intensity of 10¹³ W/cm² significantly enhances soft X-ray emission when there is a long time separation ( > 100 ps) between the prepulse and an intense main pulse. It is also observed for the first time that a prepulse with a short pulse time separation can slightly reduce soft X-ray emission, contrary to the previous work done using 248 nm laser pulses. This can be explained qualitatively in terms of the dependence of absorption on the length scale.     

Self-Consistent Model for Atmospheric Pressure Dielectric Barrier Discharges in Helium

We show the necessity of leaving out the approximation of constant average electron energy in many fluid models. For this purpose a one-dimensional self-consistent model for He atmospheric barrier discharges is developed. With this model, the electron energy distribution function in the atmospheric pressure glow discharge is obtained without introducing much difficulty, and the new model is readily implemented for investigating discharges in complicated gases.     

Observation of Radial Propagation of Electrostatic Fluctuations in Edge Plasma of the Sino United Spherical Tokamak

Radial propagation of electrostatic fluctuations in the edge plasma of Sino-United Spherical Tokamak (SUNIST) has been measured using Langmuir probes. The propagation characteristics of the floating potential fluctuations are analysed by the two-point correlation technique. The results show radially outward propagation of the turbulent fluctuations at all measured radial positions. The power-average wavenumber profile is approximately constant in plasma edge region and suddenly increases to the limiter. These results are in good agreement with the model predictions proposed by Mattor which suggests that the drift wave propagation may be a source of edge turbulence.     

Theoretical Computation for Non-Equilibrium Air Plasma Electrical Conductivity at Atmospheric Pressure

Based on the Chapman-Enskog theory, we calculate the electrical conductivity of non-equilibrium air plasma in the two-temperature model. We consider different degrees of non-equilibrium, which is defined by the ratio of electronic temperature to heavy particles temperature. The method of computing the composition of air plasma is demonstrated. After calculating the electrical conductivity from electron temperature 1000 K to 15000K, the present result is compared with Murphy＇s study [Plasma Chem. Plasma Process 15 （1994） 279] for equilibrium case. All the calculation is completed at atmospheric pressure. The present results may have potential applications in numerical calculation of non-equilibrium air plasma.     

Two-temperature relaxation and melting after absorption of femtosecond laser pulse

The theory and experiments concerned with the electron-ion thermal relaxation and melting of overheated crystal lattice constitute the subject of this paper. The physical model includes two-temperature (2T) equation of state, many-body interatomic potential, the electron-ion energy exchange, electron thermal conductivity, and optical properties of solid, liquid, and two phase solid-liquid mixture. Two-temperature hydrodynamics and molecular dynamics codes are used. An experimental setup with pump-probe technique is used to follow evolution of an irradiated target with a short time step 100 fs between the probe femtosecond laser pulses. Accuracy of measurements of reflection coefficient and phase of reflected probe light are 1% and ∼1 nm, respectively. It is found that, firstly, the electron-electron collisions make a minor contribution to a light absorption in solid Al at moderate intensities; secondly, the phase shift of a reflected probe results from heating of ion subsystem and kinetics of melting of Al crystal during  ps, where t is time delay between the pump and probe pulses measured from the maximum of the pump; thirdly, the optical response of Au to a pump shows a marked contrast to that of Al on account of excitation of d-electrons.     

Luminescence in Ln2CaGe4O12 under infrared laser excitation

Luminescent properties of the new group of crystalline optical materials Ln₂CaGe₄O₁₂, Ln=Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb were studied under laser excitation at λ=976 nm in the stationary mode. Er₂CaGe₄O₁₂, Ho₂CaGe₄O₁₂ and also the solid solution Ln_xY_2−xCaGe₄O₁₂ (0?x?2) may be used in photonics as optical elements, such as converters and resonance amplifiers.     

L to M shell transitions and model comparisons for radiative opacities of sodium fluoride plasma

The radiative opacities of hot dense sodium fluoride (NaF) plasma have been studied in the case of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The spectrally resolved opacity in the case of and is taken as an example to illustrate the absorption structures of the NaF plasma. The transitions from L to M shells of sodium and fluoride are the main contributions for the plasma absorptions. The isodense opacities of NaF plasma are studied at a density of and temperatures of 20-60 eV. Detailed comparisons among the results of the detailed term accounting (DTA), detailed configuraion accounting (DCA), unresolved transition array (UTA) and average atom (AA) model codes, which have been developed independently in China in the past few years, are performed for both the spectral resolved and mean opacities. Good agreements are found at a temperature of 40 eV and a density of , but discrepancies appear at a temperature of 50 eV and a density of .