高温固体氧化物电解制氢技术

高温水蒸气电解制氢是解决大规模氢源问题的潜在途径之一。高温固体氧化物电解池（SOEC）可以利用各种可再生能源以及先进核能提供的热能和电能,在高温下将水蒸气高效电解为氢气和氧气。SOEC结合先进核能可以实现高达50%的热氢转化效率,已经成为近年来能源领域的一个研究热点。本文较详细介绍了SOEC的原理、分类、组成材料和特点,综述了SOEC制氢的发展现状、关键材料和核心技术,展望了SOEC在先进能源技术领域的应用前景。     

高温固体氧化物电解水制氢技术

高温水蒸气电解制氢是解决大规模氢源问题的潜在途径之一。高温固体氧化物电解池（SOEC）可以利用各种可再生能源以及先进核能提供的热能和电能,在高温下将水蒸气高效电解为氢气和氧气。SOEC结合先进核能可以实现高达50％的热氢转化效率,已经成为近年来能源领域的一个研究热点。本文较详细介绍了SOEC的原理、分类、组成材料和特点,综述了SOEC制氢的发展现状、关键材料和核心技术,展望了SOEC在先进能源技术领域的应用前景。     

钙钛矿型高温质子导体研究进展

介绍了钙钛矿型和复合钙钛矿型化合物的结构、常用的制备方法和传导性质,详细分析了其传导机理,评述了其研究进展和在气体传感器、固体燃料电池、有机物加氢和脱氢以及常压电化学合成氨等方面的应用,展望了应用前景和发展趋向.     

高温固体氧化物电解池钙钛矿型氧电极材料Ba_xSr_(1-x)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3-δ)结构计算与性能研究

研究和开发高性能的钙钛矿型混合电导氧化物是目前高温固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)氧电极材料研究的热点.选择BaxSr1-xCo0.8Fe0.2O3-δ系列材料,通过对材料的容差因子、关口半径、晶格自由体积等计算,以及对平均键能、B位离子的变价能力、催化活性等方面的分析,确定了A位最佳配比.对优化出的Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ材料的电化学性能进行了研究,并与自制的La0.2Sr0.8MnO3(LSM)氧电极材料进行了比较.结果表明:850℃下阳极极化阻抗(ASR)仅为0.07Ωcm2,远低于LSM;将其应用于SOEC氧电极进行高温电解制氢试验,产氢速率为相同条件下LSM的2.3倍,说明将Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ用作SOEC阳极材料具有很好的应用前景.     

镍高度分散在铁基钙钛矿用于高温固体氧化物电解池阴极的CO2电催化还原研究(英文)

利用太阳能、风能等可再生清洁电能将CO₂催化转化为高附加值化学品或燃料,在CO₂转化和可再生电能存储方面表现出极具潜力的应用前景.高温固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)可将CO₂电催化还原为CO,具有能量效率高、成本低等优点.目前,钙钛矿氧化物已被广泛应用于SOEC电解CO₂的阴极材料,但存在电极催化活性低等问题,因而限制其规模化发展和应用.通常采用浸渍、原位溶出或掺杂等策略引入大量活性中心以提升钙钛矿氧化物电极性能.然而,这些策略仍然面临一些挑战,如浸渍法易引入大颗粒物种而堵塞气体传输通道,原位溶出法能耗较大且析出量较少,掺杂法调控活性幅度有限.因此,发展新型简便方法以合理构建具有高度分散活性位点的阴极材料,可有效拓展电化学三相反应界面,进而加快SOEC高温电解CO₂的电极动力学速率.本文采用机械研磨法将1.0%NiO高度分散于La_0.8Sr_0.2Fe0_3-δ-Ce_0.8Sm_0.2     

钙钛矿型甲醇水蒸气重整制氢催化材料的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法合成了钙钛矿复合氧化物,负载氧化铜后得钙钛矿负载型催化材料,通过XRD(X射线衍射分析)、BET(比表面积测试)、H2-TPR(程序升温还原分析)、XPS(X射线光电子能谱)等手段对催化材料进行了表征,考察了不同种类钙钛矿负载纳米铜催化材料的结构、性质对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢性能的影响.结果显示,钙钛矿负载纳...     

钛基钙钛矿型光催化材料的研究进展

由于化石能源的快速消耗以及化石能源在燃烧过程中会释放有害气体,所以寻找新的、干净的能源体系迫在眉睫。氢能具有高燃烧值和高效率的优点,成为了目前最有前景的新能源之一,而利用太阳能进行光催化产氢是最符合"绿色化学"的方法之一。根据目前所探究的光催化剂,钙钛矿型光催化剂因其多样性、特征性以及可变性成为了热门的研究体系。钛基钙钛矿材料及其衍生物表现出了许多优异的光催化活性,是太阳能光催化研究领域的研究热点。本文详细综述了钛基钙钛矿材料及其衍生物的结构、改性方式以及在光催化分解水领域的研究进展。     

高温共电解H2O/CO2制备清洁燃料

高温共电解(high temperature co-electrolysis,HTCE)H2O和CO2技术是一种很有前景的清洁燃料制备和CO2减排新技术。该技术可利用可再生能源或核能提供的电能和高温热,通过高温固体氧化物电解池(solid oxide electrolysis cell,SOEC)将H2O和CO2共电解生产合成气(H2+CO),再将制备的合成气用于生产各种液态碳氢燃料。本文详细介绍了利用高温固体氧化物电解池共电解H2O和CO2制备合成燃料的基本原理、发展历程和目前世界各国的研究进展,对该技术的优势和特点进行了分析,并对该技术在关键材料、反应机理等方面存在的问题进行了总结和讨论,最后对其在新能源技术领域的应用前景作了展望。     

氧离子传导型固体氧化物电解池燃料电极的研究进展

固体氧化物电解池可高效地电解H₂O/CO₂制备燃料,越来越受到人们的重视. 本文对近年来在燃料电极（阴极）材料方面的研究进展进行了全面综述,指出各种阴极材料的优缺点及发展趋势,强调亟待解决的关键科学与技术问题.     

掺杂钙钛矿型氧化物的固体结构及其可交换氧

钙钛矿型氧化物具有稳定的立方结构，以不同价态元素（Ｖ＾５＋，Ａｌ＾３＋，Ｍｇ＾２＋，Ｌｉ＾＋）对ＳｒＴｉＯ３中的Ｔｉ＾４＋进行取代，ＸＲＤ表明基基本结构保持不变，同时其谱线有不同程度的宽化。这种宽化归因于取代所引起的晶体不完整性。取代元素的价态及量将在不同程度上破坏晶体的完成性。这种不完整性导至氧空位Ｖｏ的形成，从而可使晶格氧与气相氧在较低温度进行交换，ＴＰＤ显示３００～６００℃的可交换氧量决定于     

Composite Cathode Based on Redox-Reversible Nb2TiO7 for Direct High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis

Ni/YSZ fuel electrodes can only operate under strongly reducing conditions for steam electrolysis in an oxide-ion-conducting solid oxide electrolyzer (SOE). In atmosphere with a low content of H₂ or without H₂, cathodes based on redox-reversible Nb₂TiO₇ provide a promising alternative. The reversible changes between oxidized Nb₂TiO₇ and reduced Nb_1.33Ti_0.67O₄ samples are systematically investigated after redox-cycling tests. The conductivities of Nb₂TiO₇ and reduced Nb_1.33Ti_0.67O₄ are studied as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure and correlated with the electrochemical properties of the composite electrodes in a symmetric cell and SOE at 830 oC. Steam electrolysis is then performed using an oxide-ion-conducting SOE based on a Nb_1.33Ti_0.67O₄ composite fuel electrode at 830 oC. The current-voltage and impedance spectroscopy tests demonstrate that the reduction and activation of the fuel electrode is the main process at low voltage; however, the steam electrolysis dominates the entire process at high voltages. The Faradic efficiencies of steam electrolysis reach 98.9% when 3%H₂O/Ar/4%H₂ is introduced to the fuel electrode and 89% for that with introduction of 3%H₂O/Ar.     

单体固体氧化物电解池极化损失分析及阴极微结构优化

基于高温固体氧化物电解池(SOEC)的高温蒸汽电解(HTSE)制氢技术作为一种非常有前景的大规模核能制氢新方法, 受到国际上的迅速关注. 但如何控制电解模式下的极化能量损失和性能衰减是HTSE实用化的关键. 本文通过在线电化学阻抗测试技术, 研究了实际运行状态下的单体固体氧化物池(SOC)在电池模式和电解模式下的极化阻抗分布, 阐述了SOEC与高温固体氧化物燃料电池(SOFC)的差异, 确定了SOEC氢电极支撑层水蒸气扩散过程极化损失大是制约电解池制氢性能提高的主要因素. 在此基础上, 采用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)造孔剂对氢电极支撑层的微观结构进行了调整和优化. 微结构优化后, 氢电极材料的孔隙率提高了50%, 孔隙为规则圆形, 分布均匀, 更利于气体扩散; 电解电压1.3 V时, 单位面积产氢率高达328.1 mL·cm^-2·h^-1(标准态), 为改进前电解池的2倍, 实现50 h以上连续稳定性运行. 研究成果可为HTSE的实际应用提供一定的理论数据和技术基础.     

固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料研究及其在高温水电解制氢方面的应用

本文综述了固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料的研究现状和进展。详细地介绍了国内外固体氧化物燃料电池阳极材料的制备、改性、微观结构与性能关系以及阳极反应动力学机理,并对各种材料适用的条件和优缺点进行了比较。对阳极材料在高温电解制氢领域阴极上的应用前景进行了展望。     

Efficient Thickness of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Composite Electrode

The efficient thickness of a composite electrode for solid oxide fuel cells was directly calcu-lated by developing a physical model taking into account of the charge transfer process, the oxygen ion and electron transportation, and the microstructure characteristics of the elec-trode. The efficient thickness, which is defined as the electrode thickness corresponding to the minimum electrode polarization resistance, is formulated as a function of charge trans-fer resistivity, effective resistivity to ion and electron transport, and three-phase boundary length per unit volume. The model prediction is compared with the experimental reports to check the validity. Simulation is performed to show the effect of microstructure, intrinsic material properties, and electrode reaction mechanism on the efficient thickness. The results suggest that when an electrode is fabricated, its thickness should be controlled regarding its composition, particle size of its components, the intrinsic ionic and electronic conductivities,and its reaction mechanisms as well as the expected operation temperatures. The sensitivity of electrode polarization resistance to its thickness is also discussed.     

High ionic conductivity of all-solid polymer electrolytes based on polyorganophosphazenes

A series of all-solid polymer electrolytes were prepared by cross-linking new designed poly(organophosphazene) macromonomers. The ionic conductivities of these all-solid, dimensional steady polymer electrolytes were reported. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of the all-solid polymer electrolytes suggested that the ionic transport is correlated with the segmental motion of the polymer. The relationship between lithium salts content and ionic conductivity was discussed and investigated by Infrared spectrum. Furthermore, the polarity of the host materials was thought to be a key to the ionic conductivity of polymer electrolyte. The all-solid polymer electrolytes based on these poly(organophosphazenes) showed ionic conductivity of 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at room temperature.     

氧分压对固体氧化物电解池性能的影响

High-temperature (700–900 ℃) steam electrolysis based on solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) is valuable as an efficient and clean path for large-scale hydrogen production with nearly zero carbon emissions, compared with the traditional paths of steam methane reforming or coal gasification. The operation parameters, in particular the feeding gas composition and pressure, significantly affect the performance of the electrolysis cell. In this study, a computational fluid dynamics model of an SOEC is built to predict the electrochemical performance of the cell with different sweep gases on the oxygen electrode. Sweep gases with different oxygen partial pressures between 1.01 × 10³ and 1.0 × 10⁵ Pa are fed to the oxygen electrode of the cell, and the influence of the oxygen partial pressure on the chemical equilibrium and kinetic reactions of the SOECs is analyzed. It is shown that the rate of increase of the reversible potential is inversely proportional to the oxygen partial pressure. Regarding the overpotentials caused by the ohmic, activation, and concentration polarization, the results vary with the reversible potential. The Ohmic overpotential is constant under different operating conditions. The activation and concentration overpotentials at the hydrogen electrode are also steady over the entire oxygen partial pressure range. The oxygen partial pressure has the largest effect on the activation and concentration overpotentials on the oxygen electrode side, both of which decrease sharply with increasing oxygen partial pressure. Owing to the combined effects of the reversible potential and polarization overpotentials, the total electrolysis voltage is nonlinear. At low current density, the electrolysis cell shows better performance at low oxygen partial pressure, whereas the performance improves with increasing oxygen partial pressure at high current density. Thus, at low current density, the best sweep gas should be an oxygen-deficient gas such as nitrogen, CO₂, or steam. Steam is the most promising because it is easy to separate the steam from the by-product oxygen in the tail gas, provided that the oxygen electrode is humidity-tolerant. However, at high current density, it is best to use pure oxygen as the sweep gas to reduce the electric energy consumption in the steam electrolysis process. The effects of the oxygen partial pressure on the power density and coefficient of performance of the SOEC are also discussed. At low current density, the electrical power demand is constant, and the efficiency decreases with growing oxygen partial pressure, whereas at high current density, the electrical power demand drops, and the efficiency increases.     

Molecular Bridge on Buried Interface for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

The interface of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is significantly important for charge transfer and device stability, while the buried interface with the impact on perovskite film growth has been paid less attention. Herein, we use a molecular modifier, glycocyamine (GDA) to build a molecular bridge on the buried interface of SnO₂/perovskite, resulting in superior interfacial contact. This is achieved through the strongly interaction between GDA and SnO₂, which also appreciably modulates the energy level. Moreover, GDA can regulate the perovskite crystal growth, yielding perovskite film with enlarged grain size and absence of pinholes, exhibiting substantially reduced defect density. Consequently, PSCs with GDA modification demonstrate significant improvement of open circuit voltage (close to 1.2 V) and fill factor, leading to an improved power conversion efficiency from 22.60 % to 24.70 %. Additionally, stabilities of GDA devices under maximum power point and 85 °C heat both perform better than the control devices.     

多孔碳基复合膜的真空冷冻干燥制备及高效太阳能水蒸发性能

以多壁碳纳米管(CNTs)和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)为原料, 通过相转化法形成均匀共混的胶体, 利用真空冷冻干燥(冻干)技术使胶体固化, 并在真空状态下使部分溶剂挥发, 制备了具有多孔结构的CNTs/PVDF复合膜. 实验结果表明, 冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜具有优异的光吸收能力、 极佳的表面亲水性能. 在1 kW/m²光照强度下, 其水蒸发速率可达1.95 kg·m^-2·h^-1、 光热转化效率为92.9%. 搭载了冻干CNTs/PVDF复合膜的蒸发器在处理模拟海水和染料废水时, 均表现出良好的抗盐污染性、 显著的稳定性和优异的太阳能蒸发性能.     

Reduced Graphene Oxide/Carbon Fiber Composite Membrane for Self-floating Solar-thermal Steam Production

Solar-thermal water evaporation has attracted increasing attention owing to the promising potential to solve the global clean water and energy crisis. But, the development of this strategy is limited by the lack of materials with high solar-thermal conversion efficiency, local heating of superficial water, easy preparation and low cost. Herein, we proposed a facile strategy to prepare a reduced graphene oxide/carbon fiber composite membrane, denoted as RGO/CF membrane. The surface of the RGO/CF membrane was highly hydrophobic, endowing the composite membrane with the self-floating ability on the water without any assistance. The light absorbance ability achieved as high as ca. 98% in the wavelength range of 300-1200 nm. The steam evaporation efficiency under the illumination of 3-sun was 97%, generating water steam at a rate of 4.54 kg·m^-2·h^-1. Moreover, the solar-thermal steam production rate showed high stability during successive 30 cycle tests.