一株硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化菌的分离和鉴定

以硫酸盐为电子受体、氨为电子供体的反应称为硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化,这是一个新的生物反应.迄今为止,虽已证明硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的存在,但并未获得进行该反应的微生物.本课题组从长期稳定运行的厌氧脱氮除硫反应器污泥中,分离获得了一株硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化菌.形态观察、生理试验和16SrDNA序列比对表明,该菌株可归入Bacillus benzoevorans.以Biolog板检测发现,该菌株可利用多种碳源,基质多样性明显.其最适代谢pH为8.5,最适代谢温度为30℃.研究证明,该菌株可在无氧条件下,同时去除氨氮和硫酸盐,具有硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化活性.这一发现为硫酸盐型厌氧氨氧化的确认提供了生物学证据,为新型生物脱氮除硫工艺的研发打下了基础,为微生物学增加了新的内容,为地球氮素和硫素循环提供了新的认识.     

短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺的挑战与对策

短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化（PN/A）工艺与传统生物脱氮工艺相比，具有能耗低、设备简单、污泥产率低等诸多优点，在污水脱氮领域备受关注。本文首先总结了PN/A工艺在实际应用中存在的一些挑战，比如，处理高C/N废水效果不佳、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌（NOB）抑制困难、启动缓慢等。然后，针对上述挑战，提出了一些PN/A工艺的改进措施。可使用多种预处理技术来降低废水有机物含量，以减弱高C/N比废水的负面影响；根据NOB、厌氧氨氧化菌（AnAOB）、氨氧化细菌（AOB）之间生长条件的差异，通过调控温度、pH、溶解氧等环境条件或添加抑制剂来抑制NOB的生长。接着，总结了PN/A工艺快速启动的方法，即通过添加化学物质、物理场、外加AnAOB种泥，并给予AnAOB最佳生长条件等方法，实现PN/A工艺的快速启动。最后，展望了PN/A工艺未来有待深入研究的方向。     

有机物对厌氧氨氧化菌活性影响研究进展

厌氧氨氧化反应(Anammax)功能菌世代时间长,生长条件苛刻,在有机物存在的条件下,反应过程和脱氮效果极易受到影响。因此,如何降低有机物对厌氧氨氧化菌(AAOB)活性的影响,是其应用的难点。近年来,研究者在有机物对Anammox反应影响方面开展了大量研究,本文主要综述了有机物的浓度和种类对AAOB活性的影响,并建议控制低浓度有机物环境下(100~200 mg/L以下),可降低有机物对AAOB活性的抑制;同时,可调控不同种类和浓度有机物的异位利用,形成Anammox-反硝化协同作用、Anammox-甲烷化-反硝化耦合作用等实现同步脱碳除氮。最后认为,在有机物对Anammox的影响方面,还可进一步开展AAOB的新陈代谢机制、与其他菌种的竞争合作机理以及耦合作用下菌种富集纯化等方面的研究。     

生物脱氮新技术——同步硝化反硝化研究

详细介绍了一种新型的生物脱氮技术———同步硝化反硝化的技术和特点,应用前景以及存在的问题。该技术比传统生物脱氮方法有简化工艺流程、提高脱氮效率、节省投资等优点,但有待进一步研究与开发。     

游离氨抑制协同过程控制实现渗滤液短程硝化

采用UASB-SBR生化系统处理高氮晚期渗滤液为研究对象,在获得稳定有机物和氮去除的前提下,考察了采用游离氨(FA)协同过程控制对实现渗滤液长期稳定短程硝化的可行性,建立实现与维持SBR系统内稳定短程硝化的途径及方法.试验结果表明:经过36d的运行,SBR系统的亚硝积累率始终稳定在90%以上,获得了稳定的短程硝化.游离氨和过程控制的协同作用是实现与维持SBR反应器稳定短程硝化的决定因素,以DO,ORP和pH作为渗滤液短程硝化反硝化的过程控制参数是可行的,在充分利用较高FA抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌活性的前提下,过程控制能够准确判断硝化终点,避免过度曝气破坏短程硝化,从而为氨氧化菌(AOB)的生长创造有利条件,有效抑制亚硝酸盐氧化菌(NOB)的生长并逐渐从系统中淘洗出去,实现了硝化菌种群的优化,荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测也证明这一点.在此基础上,通过批次实验考察了微生物种群的反硝化动力学特性,符合Monod动力学方程,NO2--N基质最大比利用速率和半饱和常数分别为0.44gNO2--NgVSS-1d-1和15.8mgL-1.     

生物及化学反硝化过程中N2O的产生与控制

长期以来,人们都将N2O视为一种温室气体,然而事实上N2O在航天领域是一种宝贵的能源物质,西方发达国家对N2O的制备技术相当重视。生物及化学反硝化过程都能产生大量的N2O,但将N2O作为能源气体收集利用在我国还未受到重视。本文介绍了国内外关于污水脱氮过程中N2O生成情况的研究,分析了生物脱氮过程中N2O的产生机理和影响因素,同时探讨了化学反硝化作用,尤其是Fe(Ⅱ)的还原作用对N2O生成和控制的影响,提出了对N2O进行资源化利用的途径。最后指出,可以大量积累N2O的化学反硝化过程应是今后水体脱氮的重要研究方向,尤其是化学反硝化过程中N2O的产生机理和影响因素值得进一步研究。     

氮肥增效剂2,5-二氯硝基苯

肥料是农业“八字宪法”的重要内容,施肥是提高农作物单位面积产量的重要内容之一。但是氮肥施用田间以后,由于受土壤中亚硝化和硝化微生物作用,氮肥中不易随雨水流失的铵态氮被氧化成为亚硝态氮和硝态氮,而亚硝态氮和硝态氮不易被土壤吸附,容易被雨水冲淋而流失,致使氮肥利用率大大降低。根据我国农业部门的测定,氮肥利用率一般在50%左右。氮肥增效剂是提高氮肥利用率的化学药剂。又称     

电驱动下的环境污染物厌氧生物转化—电子转移原理和应用实例

厌氧环境下一些微生物能够接受来自于电极的电子并将电子传递至环境污染物,这使得电驱动下生物还原技术在可持续性废水处理以及生物修复方面受到越来越多关注.此体系中,阴极电子传递被认为是影响环境污染物厌氧转化可行性和效率的制约因素.文中首先评述可能的电子传递原理,包括水解氢气介导的间接电子传递、人工合成电子穿梭体或者细菌分泌电子穿梭体介导的间接电子传递、以及电极与细菌之间的直接电子传递等途径.相比间接电子传递,直接电子传递避免了将电子传递给没有起作用的介体及没有和电极接触的浮游微生物,因而更加节能.另外,列举了自养反硝化、生物还原脱氯、重金属生物还原、CO2生物还原以及硫酸盐生物还原等应用实例.最后,提出了此领域研究发展亟需解决的两个重要问题,包括阴极生物膜的培养以及电子从电极转至微生物内在机理的解析.     

HEMA与HEA辐射共聚制备固定化微生物载体的结构与性能

应用低温辐射技术辐射诱导甲基丙烯酸β-羟乙酯(HEMA)和丙烯酸羟乙酯(HEA)共聚合制备了高分子载体,用增殖细胞技术固定氨氧化细菌。利用红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及接触角和含水率的测试对聚合物载体进行了性能表征。结果表明:经充分溶胀后的聚合物表面水接触角几乎为0,含水率为450%,润湿性能良好;聚合物表面具有极性官能团;聚合物的非晶结构有利于小分子尤其是水分子的渗透和扩散,多孔结构有利于微生物的生长和繁殖。以聚合物为载体固定化氨氧化细菌在处理含氨废水的过程中实现了短程硝化,在3种氨氮负荷(100、1502、00 mg/L)条件下,氨氮去除率和亚硝化率可分别达到95%和90%以上。     

微生物燃料电池阴极脱氮

微生物燃料电池(MFC)阴极电子受体的多样性可实现其阴极脱氮,从而将产生的电能合理利用,因此阴极脱氮成为了MFC的一个研究方向,同时也为实际废水中氮素的去除提供了新的可能。然而在反应过程中有众多因素会导致NOx-N与其他电子受体竞争阳极电子的现象,影响阴极反硝化过程对于电子的利用率,从而造成脱氮效率低等现实问题。目前已有许多研究通过优化MFC自身结构弥补产电的缺陷,及将与其他工艺系统耦合实现同步硝化反硝化等方法,取长补短以增加脱氮效率,降低对碳源的需求,以此解决微生物燃料电池阴极脱氮出现的问题。本文从MFC不同的脱氮历程、MFC工艺条件(pH、C/N、DO)、极室分隔材料等影响MFC阴极脱氮的因素及影响其阴极反硝化微生物群落构成等方面,进行了综述并预测未来研究方向。     

Monitoring Of Nitrifying Processes In Ground Water By Ion Chromatography

Abstract

The removal of ammonia from mineral medium containing known concentrations of ammonia (up to 300 mg/L) and from ground water by biological oxidation was studied. Nitrifying bacteria were isolated from ground water containing ammonia.

Ammonium ion was determined by a standard titration technique while nitrite and nitrate ions were determined by ion chromatography (IC Supersep anion column) using 1.5 mM phtalic acid solution containing 5 % acetonitril as eluent.

Depending on its concentration in water biooxidation of ammonia lasted from 48 hours till three weeks.     

Photocatalytic degradation of high ammonia concentration water solutions by TiO2

Recent studies reported the use of suspended TiO2 powder as photo catalyst in the degradation process of several organic and inorganic substances in water, like chlorinated hydrocarbons, alkyl- and alkanoloammines and ammonia. In order to evaluate the possibility of using this method for a further removal of ammonia from wastewater after a biological nitrification/denitrification treatment, a kinetic study of photo oxidation over TiO2 of NH3/NH4 in the high concentration range of 26 - 214 mg/I, has been carried out. Effects of pH, TiO2, ammonium and dissolved O2 concentration on the degradation efficiency and reaction products distribution (NO2-, NO3- e N2) were studied. The results have shown that, at a catalyst concentration of 0.012% (p/v), the photo catalytic oxidation of ammonia can be described with the Langumuir- Hinshelwood kinetic model, as reported by several authors.     

铜改性凹凸棒土催化剂对Hg0及NH3的氧化性能研究

采用改进湿式浸渍法制备了兼备汞氧化和氨氧化活性的铜改性凹凸棒土（Cu₃-ATP）催化剂，对其进行SEM、H₂-TPR和NH₃-TPD表征，并在150-400℃测试其汞氧化及氨氧化性能。结果表明，铜物种成功负载在ATP表面，显著提高了催化剂的氧化还原能力，增加了表面中强酸性位和部分强酸性位，从而有效促进Hg⁰和NH₃的氧化。HCl在Hg⁰的高效氧化中起重要作用，高温不利于Hg⁰氧化反应的进行，但能够促进NH₃的氧化。在350℃下，Cu₃-ATP对Hg⁰和NH₃的氧化效率均在90%以上。影响因素实验显示，高空速下NH₃对汞氧化反应有明显抑制作用，而低浓度Hg⁰及HCl对氨氧化活性无显著影响，当气体空速（GHSV）低于5×10⁴ h^-1时，Cu₃-ATP能够实现NH₃和Hg⁰的同时氧化。此外，汞的氧化反应具备良好的抗硫性和抗水性，而SO₂对氨氧化有一定抑制作用。     

Potentials of gas chromatography in the determination of reaction products in the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen(II) oxide

Peculiarities of the determination of nitrogen oxides and ammonia in the reaction products of ammonia oxidation are studied by gas chromatography. Particular attention was paid to the sampling problem. It is shown that in the course of the transportation of samples containing nitrogen(II) oxide and oxygen, the oxidation of nitrogen(II) oxide to nitrogen(IV) oxide takes place in the vapor phase. The conditions were found for suppressing or even eliminating the gas-phase reaction of NO oxidation to NO₂. A procedure for the gas-chromatographic analysis of the reaction products in the catalytic oxidation of ammonia is proposed using several samples and packed columns, including the determination of NO with respect to NO₂ formed in the gas-phase oxidation of NO.     

Electrocatalytic oxidation of ammonia on Pt(111) and Pt(100) surfaces

The electrocatalytic oxidation of ammonia on Pt(111) and Pt(100) has been studied using voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and in situ infrared spectroscopy. The oxidative adsorption of ammonia results in the formation of NH(x) (x = 0-2) adsorbates. On Pt(111), ammonia oxidation occurs in the double-layer region and results in the formation of NH and, possibly, N adsorbates. The experimental current transients show a hyperbolic decay (t(-1)), which indicates strong lateral (repulsive) interactions between the (reacting) species. On Pt(100), the NH(2) adsorbed species is the stable intermediate of ammonia oxidation. Stabilization of the NH and NH(2) fragments on Pt(111) and Pt(100), respectively, is in an interesting agreement with recent theoretical predictions. The Pt(111) surface shows extremely low activity in ammonia oxidation to dinitrogen, thus indicating that neither NH nor N (strongly) adsorbed species are active in dinitrogen production. Neither nitrous oxide nor nitric oxide is the product of ammonia oxidation on Pt(111) at potentials up to 0.9 V, as deduced from the in situ infrared spectroscopy measurements. The Pt(100) surface is highly active in dinitrogen production. This process is characterized by a Tafel slope of 30 mV decade(-1), which is explained by a rate-determining dimerization of NH(2) fragments followed by a fast decay of the resulting surface-bound hydrazine to dinitrogen. Therefore, the high activity of the Pt(100) surface for ammonia oxidation to dinitrogen is likely to be related to its ability to stabilize the NH(2) adsorbate.     

Direct and mediated electrochemical oxidation of ammonia on boron-doped diamond electrode

Direct (non-mediated) electrochemical oxidation of ammonia on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode proceeds mainly at high pH (> 8) via free ammonia (NH₃) oxidation. To enhance ammonia oxidation on BDD at low pH (< 8), where mainly ammonium (NH₄⁺) is present, oxidation of ammonia was mediated by active free chlorine. In this process, electro-generated in situ active chlorine rapidly reacts with ammonia instead of being further electro-oxidized to chlorate at the electrode surface. Thus, active chlorine effectively removes ammonia from an acidic solution, while the formation of by-products such as chlorate and possibly perchlorate is minimized.     

Enhanced ammonia oxidation on BDD induced by inhibition of oxygen evolution reaction

Electrochemical oxidation of ammonia (NH₃ and NH₄ ⁺ ) on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode was studied using differential electrochemical mass-spectrometry (DEMS) and chronoamperometry. Electro-oxidation of ammonia induces inhibition of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to adsorption of the ammonia oxidation products on the BDD surface. The inhibition of the OER enhances ammonia electro-oxidation, which becomes the main reaction. The amino radicals, formed during ammonia oxidation, trigger a reaction chain in which molecular oxygen dissolved in solution is involved in the ammonia electro-oxidation. Nitrogen, nitrous oxide, and nitrogen dioxide were detected as the ammonia oxidation products, with nitrogen being the main gaseous product of the oxidation.     

Selective catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen on atomic oxygen precovered Au(111)

We demonstrate ammonia oxidation promoted by an atomic oxygen precovered Au(111) surface. The selectivity of the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to NO or N2 on Au(111) is tunable by the atomic oxygen coverage. We propose that N2 and NO are produced via the recombination reactions of Nad + Nad and Nad + Oad.     

Kinetics of loss of platinum group metals in catalytic oxidation of ammonia

Basic characteristics of ammonia oxidation catalysts based on platinum metals, their composition, wire diameter, and specific mass are presented. An irrecoverable loss of the catalyst in manufacture of regular nitric acid is demonstrated. The loss of catalysts based on platinum-group metals and the effect of various factors on this loss are considered. The effect of various parameters on the ammonia oxidation process is analyzed and an equation describing the process in which platinum-group metals are lost is derived.