环形阵列超声断层扫描高分辨率成像方法

介绍了针对环形阵列超声断层扫描的高分辨率全波形反演成像方法,不同于传统的延时叠加和渡越时间断层扫描,该方法充分考虑声传播的透射、反射、散射等特点,通过数据匹配的方法重构目标体声学参数图像。开发了环形超声换能器阵列构建超声断层扫描成像系统,并设计了适合检验成像算法的数值和物理模型,分别使用基于射线理论的回波延时叠加和初至波渡越时间断层扫描、以及基于波动理论的全波形反演方法对目标体进行图像重建,并对比其原理、分辨率、计算量等方面的特点,系统性分析了波动方法相对传统射线方法的优点和不足。结果表明,全波形反演这类充分考虑接收信号多种物理特征的方法可用于较高分辨率的声参数成像,适合与传统方法结合设计有效的超声断层扫描成像系统。     

基于模式分离的兰姆波逆时偏移成像

应用频率域逆时偏移方法实现各向同性和各向异性板中缺陷的兰姆波成像.由于缺陷引起的多模态散射信号会在重建图像中形成伪像,根据基本导波模式振动对称性的差别进行了模式分离预处理.基于多元阵列超声技术,开展了铝板和复合板内缺陷频率域逆时偏移超声成像方法的数值仿真研究.首先,建立有限元模型,采用环形传感器数值采集由缺陷引起的兰姆波散射信号,然后,将采集到的多模式散射信号进行模式分离处理,再将模式分离后的兰姆波散射信号经时间反转后并在相应的接收器处重新激励,在频域中运用格林函数反向传播兰姆波散射信号,获取监测区域的声场信息,与正向传播声场进行互相关,重建缺陷图像.首先对铝板中单缺陷以及复合材料板中相邻的两个相同缺陷进行数值仿真,对比有无模式分离处理的缺陷逆时偏移成像效果,体现出模式分离的重要性.在此基础上,采用逆时偏移方法对复合板材内位置邻近、深度不同的双缺陷进行识别.数值结果表明,模式分离预处理后的缺陷重建图像能够有效去除多模式干扰产生的伪像.文中提出的成像方法对各向同性板和各向异性板内缺陷的检测和成像具有很好的发展潜力,可以准确地探测多个缺陷的形状、尺寸和深度.     

时域压缩合成孔径超分辨水声成像算法

提出一种针对水下稀疏目标的时域压缩合成孔径声呐成像方法(TC-SAS),实现了水声目标高分辨实时成像。通过多子阵的孔径合成,在时域上构造出成像网格格点到有效孔径内逐帧阵列的格林函数,并给出成像区域散射强度到数据域的映射矩阵;然后利用该区域空域稀疏的先验知识,通过正交匹配追踪的稀疏重构方式,解算出成像区域散射系数矩阵,实现了稀疏目标高分辨成像.同时,针对线性调频信号提出数据缩减的方法,通过对观测数据和字典矩阵同时脉压后截取,减小了数据规模;进一步结合二维矩阵数表查表的方法,以空间换时间,实现了区块实时成像。数值仿真以及湖试试验表明,所提算法能分辨出传统的时延求和算法难以分辨的目标,并且在图像清晰度指标上平均提升4.9 dB.改善了合成孔径声呐的成像质量.      

合成孔径聚焦超声成像(三)

在合成孔径超声成像中，用小孔径基元换能器发射声波，并继而采集被目标或缺陷散射产生的回波信号．数据采集完成后，通过处理才能得到高分辨的重建声图．对种种不同的合成孔径成像技术而言，成像过程都可以分为两步：1．数据采集和存储；2．图像重建．在第一步中由基元换能器完成的电一声、声一电信号转换功能，及由后续电路完成的信号量化、采集功能，对各种不同的合成孔径成像技术而言，在原理上是没有多少不同的．各种不同的成像系统间的差别，主要在于所应用的图像重建原理及算法．在第一讲及第二讲中，我们分别介绍了基于等效线阵及匹…     

超声导波管道缺陷定位方法研究

该文提出了一种基于多换能器的超声导波管道缺陷定位方法,利用两个环形换能器阵列分别接收与缺陷相关的反射信号和透射信号,实现管道缺陷轴向及周向定位。首先利用变分模态分解法对信号进行滤波,在滤除噪声的基础上对信号进行小波变换,获得缺陷反射的导波时频信息,根据反射波的渡越时间计算缺陷在管道轴向的位置。在缺陷的周向定位上,提出一种损伤指数迭代方法,根据透过缺陷后导波的损伤指数来计算缺陷的周向位置及周向长度。仿真和实验结果表明,该文所采用的方法能够较为准确地测量出管道上缺陷的位置及周向长度。     

复杂曲面构件的超声虚拟声源阵列成像*

利用虚拟声源和合成孔径聚焦相结合的复合成像技术解决复杂曲面构件超声检测图像中的缺陷位置失真问题。首先,在水浸检测条件下利用128阵元线性阵列换能器中采集曲面构件内部缺陷的B扫描数据。通过相邻阵元界面回波时间差构建虚拟声源,并将其定义为声波在水-构件双层界面上的入射点。然后,根据实际阵元-虚拟声源-聚焦目标三者之间的声传播路径,通过合成孔径聚焦技术将各路阵元的接收信号反推至虚拟声源处进行图像的延时叠加重建,最终获得复杂曲面构件中缺陷的超声图像。结果表明,与传统B扫图像和合成孔径聚焦图像相比,虚拟源-合成孔径聚焦图像能够准确呈现复杂曲面构件的表面轮廓,精确表征构件内部的缺陷位置。     

基于周向SH0导波的管道轴向缺陷定量表征*

随着管道服役时间的增加,其损伤逐渐累积,最终导致泄漏或爆炸事故。引入导波在线监测管道损伤是确保其安全运行的重要保障。周向零阶水平剪切(CSH0)波具有不易频散、对管道轴向缺陷敏感等优秀特性,非常适用于管道轴向缺陷的定量表征。该文 基于周向SH0导波在管道的传播特性,通过有限元模拟和试验对管道周向SH0模态导波与轴向缺陷的定量关系展开研究。结果表明：管道曲率半径越大,周向SH0模态的传播特性越接近板中SH0模态的传播特性;导波信号的反射系数和透射系数对轴向缺陷的长度和深度均呈现单调变化。依此建立了缺陷定量表征的关系云图,可用于评估缺陷尺寸。     

合成孔径光学系统的成像特性和图像复原

以Y-4合成孔径系统为基本结构,分析和比较了不同填充因子Y-4系统的U-V平面覆盖、点扩散函数和调制传递函数特性;用Zemax和Matlab软件对系统进行模拟成像,利用维纳滤波和改进的维纳滤波对加噪图像进行复原,使用峰值信噪比(PNSR)标准比较了不同填充因子Y-4系统的复原效果,并分析了影响合成孔径系统成像质量和复原效果的因素。结论如下:通过图像复原,可以极大地改善合成孔径系统所成图像的像质,提高图像的清晰度,使得复原后的图像和其等效单孔径系统所成的像很接近,实现大孔径成像系统的观测效果;图像复原的效果与合成孔径系统的阵列结构和噪声类型有关。     

基于共焦照明的合成孔径成像方法

合成孔径成像技术利用虚拟大尺寸孔径可实现局部被遮挡目标的有效探测,但是当场景中存在强背向散射时,重聚焦图像质量大大降低。针对上述问题,提出了一种基于共焦照明的合成孔径成像方法。该方法根据场景目标分布的深度信息对照明光源进行调制,有效实现聚焦面目标和非聚焦面目标接收的光照度差异;同时结合合成孔径成像重聚焦方法,实现了局部被遮挡的共焦照明面目标的高质量重建。利用反镜阵列搭建了共焦照明合成孔径成像系统,对指定深度目标进行共焦照明重聚焦成像,结果表明,所提方法能够有效区分场景中聚焦面和非聚焦面目标反射光的强度,并能获取共焦照明面目标的高质量图像信息,效果远远优于现有的合成孔径成像方法。     

激光超声检测中干涉特征提取算法的研究

为了有效地检测结构中的损伤位置及其形状,开展了基于超声导波干涉特征提取算法的损伤成像技术研究。在波场可视化的基础上,从波场历程中进一步分析了损伤对超声导波传播的影响;为了提取损伤附近超声导波干涉的能量,采用时间与空间域上的傅里叶变换对波场中的入射波和反射波进行分离,并根据计算出的干涉能量分布完成了损伤的成像;由于损伤产生的干涉能量在空间上的分布较广,为了减少损伤区域外的干涉能量,提高图像中损伤形状的分辨率,利用实Morlet小波分析的方法对宽频信号进行处理,提取窄带信号分量再进行干涉能量计算,提高了损伤成像的信噪比。     

Elastic model for simulating ultrasonic inspection of smooth and rough defects

A model is presented for the scattering of ultrasonic waves from smooth and randomly rough defects. The model uses Kirchhoff theory and is elastic, such that mode-conversion between compressional and shear waves is included in the formulation. The model is designed to simulate ultrasonic non-destructive testing situations, by specifying the location and orientation of a defect within an isotropic material, together with transmitter and receiver locations on an inspection surface. Results are presented for the scattering of both monochromatic waves and of pulses. It is shown how small levels of roughness can affect echodynamic curves and how diffracted signals may become lost due to scatter from the rough faces of defects. It is also shown that the usual rules for coupling between waves of all three modes no longer hold when roughness is present. In particular, roughness leads to coupling between horizontally polarized shear (SH) waves and the other two wave modes. The model predictions are also compared with an earlier acoustic model, indicating the importance of mode-conversion effects when considering rough defects embedded within solids.     

Three-Dimensional Scattering of an Incident Plane Shear Horizontal Guided Wave by a Partly through-Thickness Hole in a Plate

We investigate the three-dimensional(3D) scattering problem of an incident plane shear horizontal wave by a partly through-thickness hole in an isotropic plate,in which the Lamb wave modes are also included due to the mode conversions by the scattering obstacle in the 3D problem.An analytical model is presented such that the wave fields are expanded in all of propagating and evanescent SH modes and Lamb modes,and the scattered far-fields of three fundamental guided wave modes are analyzed numerically for different sizes of the holes and frequencies.The numerical results are verified by comparing with those obtained by using the approximate Poisson/Mindlin plate model for small hole radius and low frequency.It is also found that the scattering patterns are different from those of the SO wave incidence.Our work is useful for quantitative evaluation of the plate-like structure by ultrasonic guided waves.     

Efficient array beam forming by spatial filtering for ultrasound B-mode imaging

This paper proposes an efficient array beam-forming method using spatial matched filtering (SMF) for ultrasonic imaging. In the proposed method, ultrasonic waves are transmitted from an array subaperture with fixed transmit focus as in conventional array imaging. At receive, radio frequency echo signals from each receive channel are passed through a spatial matched filter that is constructed based on the system transmit-receive spatial impulse response. The filtered echo signals are then summed without time delays. The filter concentrates and spatially registers the echo energy from each element so that the pulse-echo impulse response of the summed output is focused with acceptably low side lobes. Analytical beam pattern analysis and simulation results using a linear array show that this spatial filtering method can improve lateral resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio as compared with conventional dynamic receive focusing (DRF) methods. Experimental results with a linear array are consistent but point out the need to address additional practical issues. Spatial filtering is equivalent to synthetic aperture methods that dynamically focus on both transmit and receive throughout the field of view. In one common example of phase aberrations, the SMF method was degraded to a degree comparable to conventional DRF methods.     

超声虚源成像中自适应双向空间逐点聚焦方法

针对传统超声成像中图像分辨率和对比度随深度下降的问题,提出了一种基于虚源的自适应双向空间逐点聚焦超声成像方法。首先,使用超声换能器线列阵分子孔径分别定焦点发射和接收超声波,采集扫描线数据;然后将焦点视为虚拟点声源,计算虚源到空间成像点的延时,利用合成孔径原理再次进行空间逐点聚焦;在合成过程中采用相干系数进行自适应加权。采用空间脉冲响应法对不同深度的点目标和囊目标仿真成像,从而量化分辨率和对比度。在F数为1.5、焦距为10 mm时(对应子孔径阵元数为17)可以获得与64通道定焦点发射、动态聚焦接收相当的图像质量且在所有深度上保持一致。实际硬件平台的体模成像实验进一步验证了方法的有效性。该方法可在整个成像深度范围内保持和常规成像一致的分辨率和对比度,从而获得更优的整体成像效果。      

长骨中振动声激发超声导波的方法

为了实现一定频段内任意低频下在长骨中激励导波信号,本文提出一种采用聚焦高频(5 MHz)超声换能器在长骨皮质骨中激发低频(150 kHz)超声导波的振动声方法.首先介绍了板状超声导波理论和双声束共聚焦法与单声束调幅法激发振动声的基本原理;进而采用三维有限元仿真方法分析振动声激发低频超声导波的基本现象,然后结合牛胫骨板离体实验,验证振动声激发低频超声导波的可行性.结果均表明,双声束共焦与单声束振动超声均可在骨板中激发低频超声导波.相关研究方法有助于提高空间域长骨中超声导波测量精度,以及在一定频段内实现任意频率激励等,对发展低频超声导波在体测量长骨皮质骨的新技术具有一定的指导意义.     

Ultrasonic Lamb wave diffraction tomography.

Ultrasonic guided waves, Lamb waves, allow large sections of aircraft structures to be rapidly inspected. Unlike conventional ultrasonic C-scan imaging that requires access to the whole inspected area, tomographic algorithms work with data collected over the perimeter. Because the velocity of Lamb waves depends on thickness the travel times of the fundamental modes can be converted into a thickness map of inspected region. Lamb waves cannot penetrate through holes and other strongly scattering defects and the assumption of straight wave paths, essential for many tomographic algorithms, fails. Diffraction tomography is a way to incorporate scattering effects into tomographic algorithms in order to improve image quality and resolution. This work describes the iterative reconstruction procedure developed for Lamb wave tomography and allowing for ray bending correction for imaging of moderately scattering objects.     

Short range scattering of the fundamental shear horizontal guided wave mode normally incident at a through-thickness crack in an isotropic plate

Interaction of the fundamental shear horizontal mode with through-thickness cracks in an isotropic plate is studied in the context of low frequency array imaging for ultrasonic guided wave nondestructive evaluation with improved resolution. Circular wave fronts are used and the symmetric case where a line from the wave source bisects the crack face normally is considered. Finite element simulations are employed to obtain trends subject to analytical and experimental validation. The influence of the crack length and of the location of source and measurement positions on the specular reflection from the crack face is first examined. These studies show that low frequency short range scattering is strongly affected by diffraction phenomena, leading to focusing of energy by the crack in the backscatter direction. Study of the diffraction from the crack edges reveals contributions due to a direct diffraction at the edges and multiple reverberations across the crack length. A simple diffraction model is shown to adequately represent cracks up to moderate lengths, providing an easy means of estimating the far field of the waves. The presence of multiple diffraction components is quantitatively established and surface waves on the crack face are identified as equivalent to low frequency symmetric modes of rectangular ridge waveguides.     

Imagery of ocean waves by synthetic aperture radar

We consider the image structure of ocean waves produced by a synthetic aperture radar (SAR). The theory takes account of the spatial and temporal dependence of small scale capillary waves and large scale waves. Detailed discussions are given to the imaging process in which both amplitude modulation and velocity bunching contribute to the final images. Discussions are also presented on the effect of defocussing on the images of azimuth waves.