GC-MS法同时测定壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚短链生物降解产物

采用固相萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用法,研究了污水中壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚短链生物降解产物NP、NP1EO、NP2EO同时定量检测的方法;优化了相关色谱条件和选择定量离子。结果表明,当进样量为4μL,进样口温度为320℃时,可获得较高的色谱响应值,改善了方法的检测灵敏度;选用多个质谱特征离子进行定量分析,各种降解产物的选择离子色谱图响应值占总离子流色谱图响应值的70%左右,较准确地反映了各产物不同同分异构体的组成。该方法的相对标准偏差小于5%,NP2EO加标回收率在98.34%~101.40%之间;采用该方法对实际污水样品进行了分析,结果表明重现性较好,精密度和准确度均满足痕量分析的要求。     

聚氧乙烯醚型表面活性剂的合成及表面性质

合成了一系列不同聚合度的聚壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚型非离子表面活性剂, 通过红外光谱和核磁共振等手段对其结构进行表征, 用表面张力法对合成产物的表面性能进行研究. 结果表明, 随着表面活性剂分子中亲水基团环氧乙烷(EO)片段的增加, 单体、 二聚体和三聚体的临界胶束浓度(cmc)值都逐渐增大, 当EO数目相同时, 单体、 二聚体和三聚体的cmc值依次明显降低. 二聚体与三聚体都显示出很好的表面性质, 其中三聚体的表面性质比二聚体表面性能更优. 在空气/水表面二聚体和三聚体比单体的排列更加紧密, 表现出更好的吸附和分散性能.     

氯铂酸-胺体系催化氯丙烯硅氢化反应的研究

研究了氯铂酸-胺体系在氯丙烯与三氯硅烷和甲基二氯硅烷反应中的催化作用,发现该体系是比氯铂酸更为有效的催化剂并且能提供高产率的加成产物,其催化活性受胺的结构和肢对氯铂酸摩尔比的影响.比较了四种胺对催化体系活性的影响,其作用大小依次为:Bu_3N PhNMe_2 PhNH_2 BuNH_2.胺对氯铂酸的摩尔比等于1时,催化体系活性最高;当摩尔比大于1时,催化活性明显下降甚至失活.     

磁性金属镍纳米管的有效合成

以多孔氧化铝为模板, 三嵌段共聚物F127(EO108PO69EO108, EO: ethylene oxide, PO: propylene oxide)为添加剂, 采用电化学沉积技术, 制备了高度有序的磁性金属镍纳米管阵列. 该合成方法简单、有效、易操作, 特别是, 氧化铝模板的孔壁不需要进行任何修饰. 通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和振动样品磁强计(VSM)对产物的形貌、结构和磁学性质进行表征. X射线衍射(XRD)分析表明, 产物的晶型结构为面心立方. 利用透射电子显微镜研究了实验参数, 如电流密度、共聚物浓度和电沉积时间, 对产物形貌的影响, 结果表明, 镍纳米管的管壁厚度随着电流密度增大和电沉积时间的延长而变大, 但几乎不受F127浓度变化的影响. 以上的实验表明, 调节实验参数, 可以有效控制纳米管管壁的厚度. 磁性研究结果表明, 与块体镍相比较, 镍纳米管阵列表现出较大的矫顽力.     

PEO基聚合物电解质及其锂硫电池性能研究

锂硫电池由于具有高的理论比能量引起了广泛关注,然而传统液态锂硫电池由于多硫化物的“穿梭效应”以及安全问题而限制了其应用,全固态锂硫电池可显著提高电池安全性能并有望解决多硫化物的穿梭问题. 本文采用传统的溶液浇铸法制备了具有不同的[EO]/[Li⁺]的PEO-LiTFSI聚合物电解质,并将其应用于锂硫电池. 研究发现,虽然[EO]/[Li⁺] = 8的聚合物电解质具有更高的离子电导率,但是[EO]/[Li⁺] = 20的电解质与金属锂负极间的界面阻抗更低,界面稳定性更好. Li|PEO-LiTFSI([EO]/[Li⁺]=20)|Li对称电池在60 °C,电流密度为0.1 mA·cm^-2时可稳定循环超过300 h,而Li|PEO-LiTFSI ([EO]/[Li⁺]=8)|Li对称电池循环75 h就出现了短路现象. 基于PEO-LiTFSI([EO]/[Li⁺]=20)电解质的锂硫电池首圈放电比容量为934 mAh·g^-1,循环16圈后放电比容量为917 mAh·g^-1以上. 而基于PEO-LiTFSI ([EO]/[Li⁺]=8)电解质的锂硫电池,由于与锂负极较低的界面稳定性不能够正常循环,首圈就出现了严重过充现象.     

铂催化2-烯炔苯甲醛水合环化反应的机理及化学选择性的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的计算方法, 研究了铂催化2-烯炔基苯甲醛水合环化反应的微观机理及化学选择性的根源. 计算结果表明, 首先炔基被催化活化而发生亲核环化生成吡喃铂中间体; 接着吡喃铂中间体与烯烃双键发生[3+2]环加成生成铂-碳卡宾复合物; 之后, 反应将沿2条路径进行, 得到产物3a或4a, 其中4a的生成需经两步水分子辅助的质子转移过程. 生成产物3a需要克服的活化能垒为146.5 kJ/mol; 对4a的生成, 烯醇式和酮式互变异构是决速步聚, 当一个水分子参与反应时, 对应的能垒为185.8 kJ/mol, 当2个和3个水分子参与反应时, 能垒分别降低到128.1和64.9 kJ/mol. 因此, 水分子参与催化得到产物4a的路径是有利的. 另外, 反应的选择性与在异构化过程中水的共催化作用有关. 以上结果很好地解释了实验现象, 并为铂催化水环化反应提供新的见解.     

碱性溶液中苯甲醇的选择性电催化氧化研究

采用循环伏安法和恒电流电解法, 以铂、镍、铜电极为工作电极, 研究了苯甲醇在碱性溶液中的电氧化行为. 用GC-MS和HPLC检测恒电流电解产物, 在镍电极上苯甲醇可选择性地氧化为苯甲醛; 在铂电极上主要产物为苯甲酸; 在铜电极上则有苯甲酸和苯甲醛两种产物. 通过循环伏安探讨了扫描速度、底物浓度及温度等因素对镍电极上电化学行为的影响. 实验结果表明, 在镍电极上苯甲醇的氧化反应为不可逆反应, 受吸附步骤控制, 其反应的活化能E_a为39.72 kJ•mol^－1. 采用原位红外光谱法研究了碱性溶液中苯甲醇在镍电极上的反应机理, 同时也进一步证实了其氧化产物为苯甲醛.     

铂催化2-烯炔苯甲醛水合环化反应的机理及化学选择性的理论研究（英文）

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)的计算方法,研究了铂催化2-烯炔基苯甲醛水合环化反应的微观机理及化学选择性的根源.计算结果表明,首先炔基被催化活化而发生亲核环化生成吡喃铂中间体;接着吡喃铂中间体与烯烃双键发生[3+2]环加成生成铂-碳卡宾复合物;之后,反应将沿2条路径进行,得到产物3a或4a,其中4a的生成需经两步水分子辅助的质子转移过程.生成产物3a需要克服的活化能垒为146.5 k J/mol;对4a的生成,烯醇式和酮式互变异构是决速步聚,当一个水分子参与反应时,对应的能垒为185.8 k J/mol,当2个和3个水分子参与反应时,能垒分别降低到128.1和64.9 k J/mol.因此,水分子参与催化得到产物4a的路径是有利的.另外,反应的选择性与在异构化过程中水的共催化作用有关.以上结果很好地解释了实验现象,并为铂催化水环化反应提供新的见解.     

脱氢枞氧基聚氧乙烯缩水甘油醚接枝羟乙基壳聚糖水凝胶制备及其性能

通过脱氢枞醇聚氧乙烯（10）醚（DA（EO）₁₀H）与环氧氯丙烷缩合后,再在NaOH存在下脱氯化氢得到脱氢枞氧基聚氧乙烯（10）缩水甘油醚（DA（EO）₁₀GE）,然后通过DA（EO）₁₀GE对羟乙基壳聚糖（HECTS）的接枝制备DA（EO）₁₀GE接枝羟乙基壳聚糖（DA（EO）₁₀GE-g-HECTS）,最后利用Genipin对DA（EO）₁₀GE-g-HECTS进行交联,得到DA（EO）₁₀GE-g-HECTS/Genipin水凝胶。研究结果表明：DA（EO）₁₀GE对HECTS糖单元摩尔比的增加能提高DA（EO）₁₀GE-g-HECTS的接枝度,并延长其与Genipin交联形成凝胶的时间;增加Genipin的用量可提高接枝产物与Genipin交联形成凝胶的能力;负载于DA（EO）₁₀GE-g-HECTS/Genipin凝胶中的氯霉素在人工肠液中的累积释放率与时间的关系,可以很好地用Boltzmann函数描述,且提高接枝度和降低Genipin用量有利于提高药物的最终累积释放率;低接枝度DA（EO）₁₀GE-g-HECTS经Genipin交联形成的载药凝胶,其药物释放行为符合一级动力学方程的特征。     

La2O3掺杂低温合成介孔锐钛矿相二氧化钛

采用非离子型表面活性剂EO20PO70EO20(P123)为模板剂,钛酸丁酯为钛源,La2O3为促进剂,无水乙醇为萃取剂,使用溶胶-凝胶法合成了具有锐钛矿相介孔结构和高比表面积的纳米TiO2.XRD,BET,IR和HRTEM等表征表明,La2O3的掺杂量对TiO2锐钛矿相的形成具有明显影响,当La2O3掺杂量为0.1%(摩尔分数)时,合成的TiO2锐钛矿相晶型最好,且为介孔结构,孔径大小均一,比表面积达到367.7 m2·g-1.     

Manufacturing corrosion-resistant electrode materials on the Basis of Ti, Ta, Nb, and W covered with thin electrodeposited platinum layers

The electrodeposition of thin platinum coatings onto Ti, Ta, Nb, and W supports with an ordered microstructure and reliable adhesion is studied. The coatings can be applied in adverse electrolysis conditions for synthesizing oxidants and for other purposes. Optimum conditions for a support pretreatment and a platinum deposition from an electrolyte based on platinum diamminedinitrite are found. All other deposition conditions being the same, the support pretreatment affects the coating microstructure (ordering, size of Pt crystallites, roughness coefficient). On polished Nb supports, the grain size of Pt crystallites is smaller, the coating is more compact, and the roughness coefficient drops to nearly 5–8, which is typical for bulk platinum. However, the Nb support must be preliminarily oxidized in a strictly specified mode, for preventing hydrogen sorption during platinum electrodeposition, if one is to deposit reliable poreless platinum coatings with strong adhesion     

Disperse Electrolytic Platinum and Palladium Deposits of Submicron Thickness on Polycrystalline Supports: An X-ray Diffractometry and Microscopy Study

The structure of model electrode materials broadly used in electrocatalysis (platinized platinum, palladized platinum, platinized gold) is studied by x-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Disperse platinum and palladium coatings less than 1 m thick are obtained by potentiostatic or galvanostatic deposition from solutions of complex chloride salts. Lattice parameters of disperse metals are shown to be considerably smaller than those of bulky crystals. Some new tendencies of variations in structural parameters with the deposition potential are revealed. Special attention is paid to a reliable determination of the size of regions of coherent scattering (ROCS) and microdistortion; in connection with this, results of approximation of reflections by various functions and a harmonic analysis of reflections are compared. The latter are used for constructing ROCS distributions by size. Good agreement is found with the STM data for platinum deposits obtained earlier. Conversely, in the case of palladium deposits, ROCS are smaller than the particle size in an outer layer of the deposit by the STM data. This result is interpreted in terms of strong concrescence of palladium nanoparticles. To determine the true surface areas of deposits and estimate continuousness of covering the support by the deposit and regularities of platinum aging on gold in conditions of potential cycling, a voltammetry method is applied.     

Platinum electrodeposits on glassy carbon: The formation mechanism, morphology, and adsorption properties

The deposition of platinum on glassy carbon (GC) is studied by chronoamperometry. Basic tendencies of the formation of aggregate platinum particles on the oxidized carbon surface are established. These include a primary instantaneous nucleation of platinum under diffusion control and the beginning of a secondary nucleation prior to filling primary active centers. The deposit morphology is examined byex situ methods of scannng electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A globular structure of platinum, formed by crystallites 3–5 nm in size, is revealed. A comparison of the STM, SEM, and TEM data demonstrates a high information value and accuracy of STM in studies of disperse materials in both nanometer and submicron ranges. Various coulometry techniques intended for the determination of the true surface area of deposited platinum are compared. The most informative techniques are the voltammetry of desorption of copper adatoms and chemisorbed carbon monoxide at, respectively, low and high platinum contents. Differences in the formation kinetics and properties of aggregate particles in Pt/GC and Pt/Pt are found, specifically, smaller Pt/GC crystallites and higher degrees of their concrescence (screening)     

Occlusion of hydrogen in electrodeposited platinum layers

Occlusion of hydrogen in platinized platinum electrodes has been studied in 1 mol/dm³ H₂SO₄ electrolyte. It has been found that the amount of hydrogen dissolved in the platinum layer depends on the structure of the Pt deposit, which is determined by the parameters of electrodeposition. Composition of the platinizing solution as well as the potential of Pt deposition are decisive parameters. On the basis of experimental results it is assumed that occlusion of hydrogen takes place in special structural elements of the platinum layer which are formed in the course of Pt deposition. Hydrogen dissolution versus H-deposition potential, H-deposition time and Pt layer thickness relationships are also presented. Received: 2 March 1999 / Accepted: 25 May 1999     

Efficient electrocatalyst utilization: electrochemical deposition of Pt nanoparticles using nafion membrane as a template

We deposit Pt particles electrochemically on an electrode covered with a Nafion membrane. Platinum ions travel through the hydrophilic channels of the membrane, and platinum deposits are formed at the place where the channels make contact with the planar electrode. This procedure deposits the catalyst only at the end of the hydrophilic channels that cross the membrane; no catalyst is placed under the hydrophobic domains, where it would not be in contact with the electrolyte. By performing a series of cyclic voltammograms with this system, we show that deposition of the platinum through the membrane achieves better platinum utilization than deposition of platinum on the naked electrode followed by the placement of the membrane on top.     

The mechanism of silver granular electrodeposits formation

Granules as a possible form of metal electrodeposit can be formed during deposition of metals, such deposition processes being characterized by large exchange current density values. Because of this, zero nucleation zones around growing grains are formed, permitting granular metal growth. In some cases of prolonged deposition, macro-crystalline deposits can be formed as well as granular ones, e.g. in the case of silver deposition at overpotentials lower than the critical value for dendrite growth initiation. The mechanism of granular deposit growth as a final form of metal electrocrystallization is proposed. Silver boulders were deposited on␣platinum and silver substrates. At low deposition potentials, various crystallographic forms, some of them ideal or derived from cube-octahedron-type morphology, were obtained as a result of independent grain growth inside zones of zero nucleation. In addition to cube-octahedra, twinned and multiply twinned silver particles were also observed. The nucleation density was found (1) to increase with increasing deposition overpotential, (2)␣to decrease with increasing silver concentration, and (3) to be greater on Ag than on Pt for the same deposition overpotential and dendrite precursors. Increasing overpotential leads to increase of density of twinned grains. The grain growth at greater overpotentials from more concentrated solution is less ideal, producing a granular deposit on prolonged deposition. Received: 21 April 1997 / Accepted: 18 September 1997     

具有多级复合孔TiO2薄膜的合成及吸附DNA的性能

本文以高分子聚合物(F127)为模板, 以强疏水的1,3,5-三甲基苯为有机添加物, 通过旋转覆膜的方法制备出具有多级复合孔的二氧化钛晶体薄膜, 并采用TEM和SEM对样品结构进行了分析, 同时考察了这种薄膜对DNA分子的吸附性能.     

Highly Dispersed Platinum Nanoparticles on TiO2 Prepared by Using the Microwave‐Assisted Deposition Method: An Efficient Photocatalyst for the Formation of H2 and N2 from Aqueous NH3

A simple and practical technique to synthesize nanosized platinum particles loaded on TiO₂ (Pt–TiO₂) by using a microwave (Mw)‐assisted deposition method has been exploited in the development of a highly efficient photocatalyst for the formation of H₂ and N₂ gases from harmful nitrogen‐containing chemical wastes, for example, aqueous ammonia (NH₃). Upon Mw irradiation, a platinum precursor can be deposited quickly on the TiO₂ surface from an aqueous solution of platinum and subsequent reduction with H₂ affords the nanosized platinum metal particles with a narrow size distribution (Mw‐Pt–TiO₂). Characterization by CO adsorption, platinum L_III‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis, and TEM analysis revealed that the size of the metal nanoparticles strongly depended on the preparation methods. Smaller platinum nanoparticles were obtained by the Mw heating method than those obtained by conventional preparation techniques, such as photoassisted deposition (PAD), impregnation (Imp), and equilibrium adsorption (EA) deposition by conventional convective heating. The H₂ and N₂ formation rates increased with increasing dispersity of platinum. Pt–TiO₂ prepared by the Mw heating method exhibited a specifically high H₂ formation activity in the photocatalytic decomposition of aqueous NH₃ in a nearly stoichiometric 3:1 (H₂/N₂) molar ratio under inert conditions. The present Mw heating method is applicable to a variety of anatase‐type TiO₂ species possessing different specific surface areas to provide small and highly dispersed platinum nanoparticles with a narrow size distribution.     

A distinct platinum growth mode on shaped gold nanocrystals

An ultralow amount of platinum can be deposited on the gold surface using copper underpotential deposition and galvanic exchange. The platinum tended to deposit as layers on the octahedral gold nanocrystals with an Au(111) surface, while it aggregated and formed small particles on the cubic gold nanocrystals with an Au(100) surface.     

Substoichiometric isotope dilution analysis of copper traces in zinc by adsorptive sampling

The spontaneous deposition of Cu²⁺ from aqueous solutions on a hydrogen-saturated platinum surface as a possibility for the substoichiometric sampling of copper is shown. A sensitive isotope dilution method has been developed for the determination of traces of copper in high purity zinc making use of the spontaneous deposition of microquantities of Cu²⁺ from aqueous solutions of zinc salts on a cathodically polarized platinum surface. If the same platinum surface is used in each run, the saturation values of the deposited copper are practically independent of the concentrations and contents of copper and zinc in the solution. The copper traces were labelled with the product of the⁶⁴Zn(n,p)⁶⁴Cu nuclear reaction. A copper content of 0.18±0.03 ppm in zinc was determined by this method.