共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 0 毫秒
1.
Roger Penrose 《Journal of statistical physics》1994,77(1-2):217-221
The second law of thermodynamics has two distinct aspects to its foundations. The first concerns the question of why entropy goes up in the future, and the second, of why it goes down in the past. Statistical physicists tend to be more concerned with the first question and with careful considerations of definition and mathematical detail. The second question is of quite a different nature; it leads into areas of cosmology and quantum gravity, where the mathematical and physical issues are ill understood. 相似文献
2.
We discuss the consequences of a variant of the Hatano-Sasa relation in which a nonstationary distribution is used in place of the usual stationary one. We first show that this nonstationary distribution is related to a difference of traffic between the direct and dual dynamics. With this formalism, we extend the definition of the adiabatic and nonadiabatic entropies introduced by M. Esposito and C. Van den Broeck in Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 090601 (2010) for the stationary case. We also obtain interesting second-law-like inequalities for transitions between nonstationary states. 相似文献
3.
M. šilhavý 《Czechoslovak Journal of Physics》1982,32(9):987-1010
In this paper a general framework for discussing the classical statements of the second law of thermodynamics is developed. The thermodynamic systems with which the theory deals need not obey the first law and can undergo general (not necessarily quasi-static) processes. By using the formalism of heat distribution measures introduced in previous papers of the author, the classical verbal statements are converted into meaningful mathematical conditions. These conditions can be put into a general form which is the same for all the classical statements. The main result of the paper is an abstract theorem which shows that the general condition leads to one or two inequalities for cyclic processes. In the subsequent part of the paper the abstract theorem is applied to the specific conditions corresponding to the classical statements of the second law. The number of the corresponding inequalities depends on the condition in question, but in each case these inequalities are generalization of the Clausius inequality to which they reduce if the first law holds. By comparing the inequalities corresponding to various statements of the second law also the relations among the statements are established in the second part of the paper.I wish to thank Dr. Jan Kratochvil, DrSc for a number of helpful suggestions concerning a previous draft of the paper. 相似文献
4.
H.-J. Borchers 《Reports on Mathematical Physics》1985,22(1):29-48
We show that the existence of a temperature scale implies the existence of the absolute temperature and the entropy. The consequences for the structure of thermodynamics are discussed. 相似文献
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热力学第二定律理论体系的讨论 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
热力学第二定律原有的两个理论体系都有明显的不足之处,为此,综全各种方法的优点,利用我们提出的简单物质可逆补热循环以及微分方程基本理论,简单明确地直接由热力学第二定律的开尔文表述推导克劳修斯等式、不等式,在推导过程中自然地引出绝对温度,得到热力学熵和增加原理,从而建立起热力学第二定律的新理论体系。 相似文献
7.
QiRen Zhang 《中国科学G辑(英文版)》2008,51(7):813-816
It is shown that the conservation and the non-additivity of the information, together with the additivity of the entropy,
make the entropy increase in an isolated system. The collapse of the entangled quantum state offers an example of the information
non-additivity. Nevertheless, the non-additivity of information is also true in other fields in which the interaction information
is important. Examples are classical statistical mechanics, social statistics and financial processes. The second law of thermodynamics
is thus proven in its most general form. It is exactly true not only in quantum and classical physics but also in other processes
in which the information is conservative and non-additive.
Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10305001) 相似文献
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Don N. Page 《International Journal of Theoretical Physics》1984,23(8):725-733
The inflationary model of the universe can explain several of the cosmological conundra that are mysteries in the standard hot big bang model. Paul Davies has suggested that inflation can also explain the second law of thermodynamics, which describes the time asymmetry of the universe. Here I note several difficulties with this suggestion, showing how the present inflationary models must assume the arrow of time rather than explaining it. If the second law is formulated as a consequence of the hypothesis that there were no long-range spatial correlations in the initial state of the universe, it is shown how some of the cosmological conundra might be explained even without inflation. But if the ultimate explanation is to include inflation, three, essential elements remain to be demonstrated which I list. 相似文献
10.
《Physics of life reviews》2008,5(4):225-242
We review the cosmic evolution of entropy and the gravitational origin of the free energy required by life. All dissipative structures in the universe including all forms of life, owe their existence to the fact that the universe started in a low entropy state and has not yet reached equilibrium. The low initial entropy was due to the low gravitational entropy of the nearly homogeneously distributed matter and has, through gravitational collapse, evolved gradients in density, temperature, pressure and chemistry. These gradients, when steep enough, give rise to far from equilibrium dissipative structures (e.g., galaxies, stars, black holes, hurricanes and life) which emerge spontaneously to hasten the destruction of the gradients which spawned them. This represents a paradigm shift from “we eat food” to “food has produced us to eat it”. 相似文献
11.
The second law of thermodynamics in nonextensive statistical mechanics is discussed in the quantum regime. Making use of the convexity property of the generalized relative entropy associated with the Tsallis entropy indexed by q, Clausius' inequality is shown to hold in the range q in (0, 2]. This restriction on the range of the entropic index, q, is purely quantum mechanical and there exists no upper bound of q for validity of the second law in classical theory. 相似文献
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ILki Kim Günter Mahler 《The European Physical Journal B - Condensed Matter and Complex Systems》2006,54(3):405-414
We consider a single harmonic oscillator coupled to a bath
at zero temperature. As is well-known, the oscillator then has a
higher average energy than that given by its ground state. Here we
show analytically that for a damping model with arbitrarily discrete
distribution of bath modes and damping models with continuous
distributions of bath modes with cut-off frequencies, this excess
energy is less than the work needed to couple the system to the
bath, therefore, the quantum second law is not violated. On the
other hand, the second law may be violated for bath modes without
cut-off frequencies, which are, however, physically unrealistic
models.
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
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《Physics Reports》1999,310(1):1-96
Contents | ||
1. Introduction | 4 | |
1.1. The basic questions | 4 | |
1.2. Other approaches | 8 | |
1.3. Outline of the paper | 11 | |
2. Adiabatic accessibility and construction of entropy | 12 | |
2.1. Basic concepts | 13 | |
2.2. The entropy principle | 19 | |
2.3. Assumptions about the order relation | 21 | |
2.4. The construction of entropy for a single system | 24 | |
2.5. Construction of a universal entropy in the absence of mixing | 29 | |
2.6. Concavity of entropy | 32 | |
2.7. Irreversibility and Carathéodory’s principle | 35 | |
2.8. Some further results on uniqueness | 36 | |
3. Simple systems | 38 | |
3.1. Coordinates for simple systems | 40 | |
3.2. Assumptions about simple systems | 42 | |
3.3. The geometry of forward sectors | 45 | |
4. Thermal equilibrium | 54 | |
4.1. Assumptions about thermal contact | 54 | |
4.2. The comparison principle in compound systems | 59 | |
4.3. The role of transversality | 64 | |
5. Temperature and its properties | 67 | |
5.1. Differentiability of entropy and the existence of temperature | 67 | |
5.2. Geometry of isotherms and adiabats | 73 | |
5.3. Thermal equilibrium and uniqueness of entropy | 75 | |
6. Mixing and chemical reactions | 77 | |
6.1. The difficulty in fixing entropy constants | 77 | |
6.2. Determination of additive entropy constants | 79 | |
7. Summary and conclusions | 88 | |
7.1. General axioms | 88 | |
7.2. Axioms for simple systems | 88 | |
7.3. Axioms for thermal equilibrium | 88 | |
7.4. Axiom for mixtures and reactions | 89 | |
Acknowledgements | 92 | |
Appendix A | 92 | |
A.1. List of symbols | 92 | |
A.2. Index of technical terms | 93 | |
References | 94 |