合成气催化转化直接制备低碳烯烃研究进展

合成气直接催化转化制备低碳烯烃是C1化学与化工领域中一个极具挑战性的研究课题,具有流程短、能耗低等优势,已成为非石油路径生产烯烃的新途径。直接转化方式主要包括经由OX-ZEO双功能催化剂直接制低碳烯烃的双功能催化路线以及经由费托反应直接制备低碳烯烃的FTO路线。综述简述了近年来在合成气直接制备低碳烯烃方面的研究进展,重点讨论了低碳烯烃的形成机理、新型催化剂的研发及助剂对其催化性能的影响,并对合成气直接制烯烃的未来进行了展望。     

Direct and Highly Selective Conversion of Synthesis Gas into Lower Olefins: Design of a Bifunctional Catalyst Combining Methanol Synthesis and Carbon–Carbon Coupling

The direct synthesis of lower (C₂ to C₄) olefins, key building‐block chemicals, from syngas (H₂ /CO), which can be derived from various nonpetroleum carbon resources, is highly attractive, but the selectivity for lower olefins is low because of the limitation of the Anderson–Schulz–Flory distribution. We report that the coupling of methanol‐synthesis and methanol‐to‐olefins reactions with a bifunctional catalyst can realize the direct conversion of syngas to lower olefins with exceptionally high selectivity. We demonstrate that the choice of two active components and the integration manner of the components are crucial to lower olefin selectivity. The combination of a Zr–Zn binary oxide, which alone shows higher selectivity for methanol and dimethyl ether even at 673 K, and SAPO‐34 with decreased acidity offers around 70 % selectivity for C₂–C₄ olefins at about 10 % CO conversion. The micro‐ to nanoscale proximity of the components favors the lower olefin selectivity.     

Modeling of Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis in a Slurry Reactor with Water Permeable Membrane

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is an important chemical process for the production of liquid fuels and olefins. In recent years, the abundant availability of natural gas and the increasing demand of olefins, diesel, and waxes have led to a high interest to further develop this process. A mathematical model of a slurry membrane reactor used for syngas polymerization was developed to simulate and compare the maximum yields and operating conditions in the reactor with that in a conventional slurry reactor. The carbon polymerization was studied from a modeling point of view in a slurry reactor with a water permeable membrane and a conventional slurry reactor. Simulation results show that different parameters affect syngas conversion and carbon product distribution, such as the hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio, and the membrane parameters such as membrane permeance.     

Fe/Co催化剂在合成气转化领域的新进展:结构调控和性能强化

C1化学通常是指所有参与反应的分子都只含有一个碳原子, 是煤化学和天然气化学的核心, 其中合成气(CO + H2)转化是其中最重要的工业反应体系. 如今部分国家和地区, 由于能源结构调整和煤炭资源利用, 急需开发更清洁、更高效的绿色能源. 合成气转化作为煤炭间接液化技术中最重要的一个环节, 根据目标产物的不同已经发展了三个主要的反应体系: 传统的费托合成制备汽油、柴油和蜡等饱和碳氢化合物, 类费托合成制备以低碳烯烃、芳香化合物为主的不饱和碳氢化合物, 以及一步转化为高碳醇的含氧化合物.铁/钴作为两种主要的工业催化剂, 引起了研究者的广泛关注. 不同的产物对于催化体系的要求不同, 即使催化剂的组 成相同, 仍需对催化剂的结构进行大范围的调变和修饰. 而催化剂结构的改变可以通过载体的选择、助剂的修饰和活化条件的调控来改变催化剂中活性相的尺寸和分散度、活性位点的电子密度甚至获得新的活性物种. 通过对催化剂进行改性,我们可以有效的促进反应物的活化、削弱产物的吸附并最终获得目标产物. 与此同时, 反应条件的优化(温度和压力)、反应介质的转变和不同反应的耦合同样可以极大改变催化性能. 由此可见, 无论是直接对催化剂结构进行修饰还是间接的改变反应条件都可以有效的提升催化性能.高效催化剂的设计主要基于结构调控和新反应体系的建立, 本文系统地综述了铁/钴催化剂在合成气转化方面的三个重要反应和最新研究进展. 第一部分概述了费-托合成反应中关于铁活性物种的辨别与确认、对制备汽油和柴油的性能优化, 着重介绍了原位技术在该反应中的应用及对催化体系中构效关系的揭示. 第二部分讨论了制备烯烃和芳香化合物等不饱和碳氢化合物的催化剂结构设计, 总结了产物选择性(尤其是C2-C4烯烃选择性)的调控方法. 第三部分综述了近期报导的合成气直接转化为高碳醇的催化剂的研究进展, 包括制备方法、载体和助剂对于提升总醇和高碳醇选择性的影响. 最后, 本文探讨了该领域尚未解决的问题, 主要包括制备烯烃和高碳醇的性能仍距实际工业生产的指标相去甚远、在苛刻的反应条件下活性位点极难保持稳定的结构、以及反应体系的复杂性对于深入理解反应机理所造成的阻碍, 并从新型催化剂的制备、金属载体相互作用的调控、原位实验的探究等方面提出了可行的解决方案.     

甲烷二氧化碳介质阻挡放电转化产物分布研究

针对介质阻挡放电甲烷二氧化碳转化实验,分析了反应的产物分布,探讨了进料组成和反应器结构对反应的影响.反应产物包括:高H2/CO摩尔比的合成气、气态烃、高辛烷值的汽油组分、醇和酸等含氧有机物.对所述电极结构,产物的选择性随碳数增加而降低;高的甲烷进料浓度有利于烃的生成,对醇和酸的最佳甲烷进料体积分数范围在67.4％～75.1％;放电间隙越小,原料转化率和烃、酸的选择性越大,大的放电间隙对醇的生成有利.     

Cu-Fe基催化剂上合成气直接制取低碳烯烃的研究

我们采用浸渍法制备了γ-Al2O3负载的Cu-Fe基催化剂,并结合其反应性能和XRD、H2-TPR和XPS等表征结果研究了其催化合成气直接制低碳烯烃的反应行为.结果表明,合成气直接制低碳烯烃Cu-Fe基催化剂的活性组分Cu和Fe之间存在明显的协同效应,Cu-Fe基催化剂表现出优异的合成气直接制低碳烯烃反应性能;Cu基催化剂中引入少量Fe组分明显提高了活性组分Cu的分散度,促进了Cu活性组分的还原,进而有利于催化剂反应性能的改进.初步推断Cu-Fe基催化剂上合成气转化生成低碳烯烃的主要反应历程为CO加氢生成含氧化合物(醇醚等)后再脱水生成低碳烯烃.     

合成气直接转化制取芳烃研究进展（英文）

芳烃类化合物是石化行业重要的基础原料.非石油基碳资源经合成气直接转化制取芳烃具有重要的应用前景,但该过程仍存在着芳烃收率低以及催化剂稳定性差等难题.近年来相关工作取得重要进展,研究人员尝试通过高效催化剂的设计和操作条件的优化以获得更好的催化反应性能.本综述首先对该过程进行了热力学分析,并根据催化剂体系对相关研究成果进行分类总结,主要包括改性FT催化剂和复合催化剂.然后,对各类催化剂体系的反应性能特点和机理进行了深入探讨.改性FT催化剂常采用添加助剂或引入分子筛载体的方法调变反应中间体在传统FT催化剂上的反应路径,以促进芳烃的生成.但是,该过程倾向于生成链烃而致使芳烃选择性受到限制,而且容易形成积炭,催化剂稳定性差.复合催化剂可分为氧化物-分子筛和FT-分子筛催化剂,合成气首先在氧化物或者FT催化剂上生成某些亚稳态中间物种,随后扩散至分子筛孔道内经芳构化转化为芳烃.对于氧化物-分子筛复合催化剂,CO在氧化物上活化并生成醇类(主要是甲醇),随后在分子筛上进行C-C偶联、环化、芳构,生成芳烃.在该串联反应中,由于中间产物的不断转化,不仅使CO加氢反应的平衡右移,提升转化率,而且增加了芳烃的收...     

Direct Production of Higher Oxygenates by Syngas Conversion over a Multifunctional Catalyst

Selective synthesis of higher oxygenates (linear α‐alcohols and α‐aldehydes, C OH) from syngas is highly attractive but remains challenging owing to the low C OH selectivity and low catalytic stability. Herein we introduce a multifunctional catalyst composed of CoMn and CuZnAlZr oxides that dramatically increased the oxygenates selectivity to 58.1 wt %, where more than 92.0 wt % of the produced oxygenates are C OH. Notably, the total selectivity to value‐added chemicals including oxygenates and olefins reached 80.6 wt % at CO conversion of 29.0 % with high stability. The appropriate component proximity can effectively suppress the formation of the undesired C1 products, and the selectively propulsion of reaction network by synergetic effect of different components contributes to the enhanced selectivity to higher oxygenates. This work provides an alternative strategy for the rational design of new catalysts for direct conversion of syngas into higher oxygenates with co‐production of olefins.     

Carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas) as a C1-building block for selective catalytic methylation

A catalytic reaction using syngas (CO/H₂) as feedstock for the selective β-methylation of alcohols was developed whereby carbon monoxide acts as a C1 source and hydrogen gas as a reducing agent. The overall transformation occurs through an intricate network of metal-catalyzed and base-mediated reactions. The molecular complex [Mn(CO)₂Br[HN(C₂H₄PⁱPr₂)₂]] 1 comprising earth-abundant manganese acts as the metal component in the catalytic system enabling the generation of formaldehyde from syngas in a synthetically useful reaction. This new syngas conversion opens pathways to install methyl branches at sp³ carbon centers utilizing renewable feedstocks and energy for the synthesis of biologically active compounds, fine chemicals, and advanced biofuels.

A broadly applicable catalytic process for the selective β-methylation of alcohols is presented using syngas (CO/H₂) directly as a C1 building block and the shown manganese complex in the presence of a base as the catalytic system.     

Power‐to‐Syngas: An Enabling Technology for the Transition of the Energy System?

Power‐to‐X concepts promise a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions simultaneously guaranteeing a safe energy supply even at high share of renewable power generation, thus becoming a cornerstone of a sustainable energy system. Power‐to‐syngas, that is, the electrochemical conversion of steam and carbon dioxide with the use of renewably generated electricity to syngas for the production of synfuels and high‐value chemicals, offers an efficient technology to couple different energy‐intense sectors, such as “traffic and transportation” and “chemical industry”. Syngas produced by co‐electrolysis can thus be regarded as a key‐enabling step for a transition of the energy system, which offers additionally features of CO₂‐valorization and closed carbon cycles. Here, we discuss advantages and current limitations of low‐ and high‐temperature co‐electrolysis. Advances in both fundamental understanding of the basic reaction schemes and stable high‐performance materials are essential to further promote co‐electrolysis.     

Recent advances in heterogeneous catalysis for the nonoxidative conversion of methane

The direct conversion of methane to high-value chemicals is an attractive process that efficiently uses abundant natural/shale gas to provide an energy supply. The direct conversion of methane to high-value chemicals is an attractive process that efficiently uses abundant natural/shale gas to provide an energy supply. Among all the routes used for methane transformation, nonoxidative conversion of methane is noteworthy owing to its highly economic selectivity to bulk chemicals such as aromatics and olefins. Innovations in catalysts for selective C–H activation and controllable C–C coupling thus play a key role in this process and have been intensively investigated in recent years. In this review, we briefly summarize the recent advances in conventional metal/zeolite catalysts in the nonoxidative coupling of methane to aromatics, as well as the newly emerging single-atom based catalysts for the conversion of methane to olefins. The emphasis is primarily the experimental findings and the theoretical understanding of the active sites and reaction mechanisms. We also present our perspectives on the design of catalysts for C–H activation and C–C coupling of methane, to shed some light on improving the potential industrial applications of the nonoxidative conversion of methane into chemicals.

The direct conversion of methane to high-value chemicals is an attractive process that efficiently uses abundant natural/shale gas to provide an energy supply.     

ZrO2晶相对ZnO/ZrO2+SAPO-34双功能催化剂上合成气制烯烃反应的影响

烯烃是重要的化工原料,目前主要通过石油催化裂化得到.随着石油资源的消耗以及人们对烯烃需求的日益增长,开发非石油路线制取烯烃势在必行.合成气可以从煤、天然气和生物质等获得,由合成气作为重要的C1平台分子一步制取烯烃(STO)的过程受到了广泛关注.将合成气制甲醇/二甲醚的金属催化剂与甲醇制烯烃的分子筛催化剂耦合得到的混合双...     

Catalytic conversion of aliphatic alcohols on carbon nanomaterials: The roles of structure and surface functional groups

Carbon nanomaterials with the structure of graphene and different compositions of the surface groups are used as catalysts for the conversion of С₂–С₄ aliphatic alcohols. The conversions of ethanol, propanol- 1, propanol-2, butanol-1, butanol-2, and tert-butanol on carbon nanotubes, nanoflakes, and nanoflakes doped with nitrogen are investigated. Oxidized and nonoxidized multiwalled carbon nanotubes, nanoflakes, and nanoflakes doped with nitrogen are synthesized. X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electronic microscopies, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, derivatographic analyses, and the pulsed microcatalytic method are used to characterize comprehensively the prepared catalysts. It was established that all of the investigated carbon nanomaterials (with the exception of nondoped carbon nanoflakes) are bifunctional catalysts for the conversion of aliphatic alcohols, and promote dehydration reactions with the formation of olefins and dehydrogenation reactions with the formation of aldehydes or ketones. Nanoflakes doped with nitrogen are inert with respect to secondary alcohols and tert-butanol. The role of oxygen-containing and nitrogen-containing surface groups, and of the geometrical structure of the carbon matrix of graphene nanocarbon materials in the catalytic conversion of aliphatic alcohols, is revealed. Characteristics of the conversion of aliphatic alcohols that are associated with their structure are identified.     

Alcohols as petrochemicals

Efficient processes have been developed in recent years for the large-scale manufacture of alcohols from petrochemicals. These allow production of aliphatic alcohols both with short and with long alkyl groups more economically than was previously possible by fermentation. In this paper the most important principles and the technical execution of the hydration of olefins, the air oxidation of paraffins, and especially the synthesis reactions (e.g. the catalytic hydroformylation of olefins with carbon monoxide and hydrogen according to Roelen, the Reppe synthesis, and the Ziegler growth reaction with ethylene and triethylaluminum) are described.     

Metal-ligand cooperation in the catalytic dehydrogenative coupling (DHC) of polyalcohols to carboxylic acid derivatives

Several polyols, which are easily available from sugars through biochemical conversion or hydrogenolytic cleavage, are directly converted into carboxylic acids and amides. This efficient dehydrogenative coupling process, catalyzed by a rhodium(I) diolefin amido complex, is an attractive approach for the production of organic fine chemicals from renewable resources. This method tolerates the presence of several hydroxy groups and can be extended to the direct synthesis of lactams from the corresponding amino alcohols under mild conditions.     

Conversion of CO_2 and H_2 into propane over InZrO_x and SSZ-13 composite catalyst

Direct converting carbon dioxide into hydrocarbon fuels and value-added chemicals would offer a very attractive approach for efficient utilization of CO₂ as a carbon resource.Although,olefins,aromatics and gasoline have been successfully synthesized by CO₂ hydrogenation,highly selective conversion of CO₂ and H₂ into C₂₊hydrocarbon is still challenging due to a high C-C coupling barrier and inhibiting the production of other long-chain hydrocarbons.Here,we report a composite catalyst made of InZrO_x and SSZ-13 molecular sieve(InZrO_x+SSZ-13),which exhibits 74.5% propane selectivity at 623 K.The 8-MR micropores and the higher strength of the acid for SSZ-13 benefit the formation of propane.Compared with pure InO_x and m-ZrO₂ the composite oxide InZrO_x containing more oxygen vacancies,exhibits to be more readily reduced by H₂ and easier to adsorb and desorb CO₂ within the reaction temperature.All those could be beneficial to the activation and conversion of H₂ and CO₂.The catalytic performance of InZrO_x+SSZ-13 in CO₂ hydrogenation provides a potential for production of propane.     

High Yields of Methanol from Methane by C−H Bond Activation at Low Temperatures

Activation, oxidation, and functionalization are the essential steps in the direct selective conversion of methane into liquid chemicals such as methanol, formaldehyde, higher paraffins, and olefins. In the best process so far for the synthesis of methanol from methane, the reagent is converted with 90% conversion and 81% selectivity into methyl bisulfate in 102% sulfuric acid at 220°C and in the presence of Pt complexes that contain very stable ligands. The desired product can be trapped by esterification and thus be protected from nonselective consecutive reactions.     

用于F—T合成的超细粒子催化剂及其制备化学

为提高F-T过程的汽油收率,本研究开发了一种新型工艺过程,即由合成气先转化为低碳烯烃,再将烯烃在HZSM-5分子筛上转化为高辛烷值汽油。利用超细粒子并选用适当的助剂提高了F-T过程的反应活性,选择性和热稳定性。考察了几种前躯物及助剂Mn,Zn,Mg对F-T合成的影响。由实验结果确认采用Fe/Mn草酸复盐作前躯物,经超细化处理后制得的8805催化剂活性高,选择性好,几项主要指标均已超过国内外同类催化剂水平。     

CuZnAl/碳纤维复合材料催化合成气制备低碳醇

采用共沉淀法制备CuZnAl类水滑石,将其担载于活化碳纤维(ACFs)表面,通过焙烧还原合成功能化复合催化剂(CuZnAl/ACFs)。借助XRD、FT-IR及N2吸附-脱附等方法对该复合物进行表征,并将其应用于合成气制备低碳醇的反应中,进行活性评价。结果表明,复合催化剂中活性组分在碳纤维表面均匀分散,碳纤维表面催化剂的颗粒尺寸减小,比表面积增大。ACFs的导电性加速醇合成过程中的电子传递,促进反应进行,因而CO转化率的提高(最高可达47%)。同时,ACFs提高催化剂表面ZnO的分散度,从而促进Cu与ZnO形成金属氧化物界面。这有利于低碳醇的生成,因而使C2以上醇的选择性高达39%。     

CuZnAl/碳纤维复合材料催化合成气制备低碳醇

采用共沉淀法制备CuZnAl类水滑石,将其担载于活化碳纤维（ACFs）表面,通过焙烧还原合成功能化复合催化剂（CuZnAl/ACFs）。借助XRD、FT-IR及N₂吸附-脱附等方法对该复合物进行表征,并将其应用于合成气制备低碳醇的反应中,进行活性评价。结果表明,复合催化剂中活性组分在碳纤维表面均匀分散,碳纤维表面催化剂的颗粒尺寸减小,比表面积增大。ACFs的导电性加速醇合成过程中的电子传递,促进反应进行,因而CO转化率的提高（最高可达47%）。同时,ACFs提高催化剂表面ZnO的分散度,从而促进Cu与ZnO形成金属氧化物界面。这有利于低碳醇的生成,因而使C2以上醇的选择性高达39%。