Characterization and Activity of Cr, Cu and Ga Modified ZSM—5 for Direct Conversion of Methane to Liquid Hydrocarbons

Direct conversion of methane using a metal-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite prepared via acidic ion exchange was investigated to elucidate the roles of metal and acidity in the formation of liquid hydrocarbons. ZSM-5 (SiO2/A12O3=30) was loaded with different metals (Cr, Cu and Ga) according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce metal-loaded ZSM-5 zeolite catalysts. XRD, NMR, FT-IR and N2 adsorption analyses indicated that Cr and Ga species managed to occupy the alllmlnum positions in the ZSM-5 framework. In addition, Cr species were deposited in the pores of the structure. However, Cu oxides were deposited on the surface and in the mesopores of the ZSM-5 zeolite. An acidity study using TPD-NH3, FT-IR, and IR-pyridine analyses revealed that the total number of acid sites and the strengths of the BrSusted and Lewis acid sites were significantly different after the acidic ion exchange treatment.Cu loaded HZSM-5 is a potential catalyst for direct conversion of methane to liquid hydrocarbons. The successful production of gasoline via the direct conversion of methane depends on the amount of aluminum in the zeolite framework and the strength of the BrSnsted acid sites.     

Triton X-100辅助合成多级孔道结构ZSM-5沸石催化剂(英文)

ZSM-5 zeolite with a hexagonal cubic morphology was synthesized by a hydrothermal method using Triton X-100, a nonionic surfactant. The samples prepared with and without the surfactant were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, high resolution transmission electron microscopy(TEM), high resolution scanning electron mi-croscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption. The XRD patterns confirmed the formation of a pure ZSM-5 crystalline phase without secondary phases. TEM images revealed that the hexagonal cubes were made of peanut-shaped nanoparticles with voids.The catalytic activity of the zeolite samples was evaluated using the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol with tertiary-butyl hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant at 90 °C. The surfactant-assisted prep-aration yielded a zeolite that gave a higher conversion than the one prepared in the absence of the surfactant. The catalyst was retrieved and reused four times without significant loss in activity and selectivity.     

Triton X-100辅助合成多级孔道结构ZSM-5沸石催化剂(英文)

ZSM-5 zeolite with a hexagonal cubic morphology was synthesized by a hydrothermal method using Triton X-100, a nonionic surfactant. The samples prepared with and without the surfactant were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption, high resolution transmission electron microscopy(TEM), high resolution scanning electron mi-croscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and NH3 temperature-programmed desorption. The XRD patterns confirmed the formation of a pure ZSM-5 crystalline phase without secondary phases. TEM images revealed that the hexagonal cubes were made of peanut-shaped nanoparticles with voids.The catalytic activity of the zeolite samples was evaluated using the selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol with tertiary-butyl hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant at 90 °C. The surfactant-assisted prep-aration yielded a zeolite that gave a higher conversion than the one prepared in the absence of the surfactant. The catalyst was retrieved and reused four times without significant loss in activity and selectivity.     

ELUTION OF TUNGSTEN BY SODIUM COMPOUNDS AND ACCELERATION EFFECTS OF COEXISTENT COUNTER IONS IN MIXED ELUANT

The elution of WO4^2- ions by NaOH、NaNO3、NaCl and NH4Cl on strong basic anion exchange resins in quaternary ammonium form I and the adsorption properties after elution were studied.In addition,the elution curve,the permeation curve and the exchange capacities of operation were presented.The eluate containing tungsten with high content and excessive eluant of low content were obtained by employing the process of eluting using mixed solution of NaCl and NaOH.It′s possible to obtain Na2WO4·2H2O with high purity by evaporating and crystallizing the eluate.The results of mixed elution showed that the diffusion coefficients of Cl^-、OH^- and WO4^2- ions in solution or exchange agent varied due to the coexistence of counter ions and then the exchange velocity of WO4^2-→Cl^- and WO4^2-→OH^- was accelerated.     

Isomorphous Substitution of Metallic Elements for Zeolite Y in the Aqueous Solution

The substitutions of Ti, Fe and Zr into zeolite Y in the aqueous solutions of (NH4)2TiF6, (NH4)3ZrF7 and (NH4)3FeF6 were systematically Investigated. It was found that Ai atoms in the framework can be replaced by some metallic elements and the extent of substitution depends on the M/A1 ratio of the solution. The maximum allowable M/A1 ratio of the aqueous solution Is related with the radius of the M atom and the stability constant of the MFnm- complex. The substituted zeolite samples with crystallinity greater than 80% were characterized by means of XRD, IR, DTA, TPR and NH3-TPD measurements. The incorporation of Ti, Fe and Zr into the zeolite leads to an increase in the unit cell parameter, a lowering of thermal stability and a red shift of the asymmetric stretching frequency. The extent of these changes is apparently related with the ionic radius of the metallic element and the degree of substitution. The results of various characterization methods show that the het-eroatoms are readily Introduced int     

Effects of ammonium exchange and Si/Al ratio on the conversion of methanol to propylene over a novel and large partical size ZSM-5

One type of ZSM-5 zeolite with large partical size was prepared and characterized by XRD, SEM, N2 adsorption-desorption, XRF, Py-IR and NH3-TPD techniques. Effects of ammonium exchange and SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios on the reaction of methanol to propylene (MTP) over Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 zeolites have been studied in a fixed-bed flow reactor under the operating conditions of T = 500 °C, P = 1 atm, and WHSV = 6 h-1. Ammonium exchange led to a rapid decrease in Na content for Na-ZSM-5 zeolite. The reaction results indicated that Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 with different SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratios all exhibited high activity for methanol conversion. Ammonium exchange and the decreased SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite led to an increase both in strong acid sites and weak acid sites. Na-ZSM-5 with high SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio was favorable for the formation of propylene. The highest propylene selectivity (45.9%) was obtained over Na-ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst with SiO2/Al2O3 molar ratio of 220.     

异丁烯在不同硅铝比的NanZSM-5型分子筛中的吸附：分子模拟研究

Frameworks of NanZSM-5 type zeolites with various Si/A1 ratios have been constructed and optimized with molecular dynamic quench simulation. The results show that the structure parameters of NanZSM-5 type zeolite, including the bond length and atomic charges, are consistent with those predicted by ab initio cluster calculations. It was also observed that atomic charges of Si atoms were shifted to higher field in NanZSM-5 type zeolite with lower Si/Al ratio. Then, the adsorption of isobutene on NanZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios has been investigated using grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulation and Cvff-300-1.01 forcefield. The simulated adsorption amount was in good agreement with the experimental data. Based on these facts, the effects of Si/Al ratio on the adsorption amount and adsorption isotherms of isobutene on NanZSM-5 were predicted. The results indicated that Si/Al ratio was important for the adsorption of isobutene and the adsorption amount was decreased as the Si/Al ratio was increased, which can be explained that the atomic charge of Na^＋ cation would influence greatly the π electrons of the isobutene double bond due to the Coulomb force. In addition, the adsorption sites of isobutene and interaction energy of isobutene with NanZSM-5 were also discussed.     

ZSM-5沸石膜的吸附表征

The framework and thickness of synthesized ZSM-5 membranes were characterized using static and dynamic adsorption methods. It is shown that the adsorptive properties of the membranes are the same as ZSM-5 zeolite, the average thickness of the membranes was 13 μm calculated from the adsorptive ability, which matched very well with the result measured by scanning electron micrograph. The results also shown that zeolite membranes have greated adsorptive ability than zeolite powders. The high Si/Al rate zeolite membranes have selective ability on ethanol/water, and this interpreted the separation of ethanol-water mixtures with the membranes.     

甲胺与MFI、FAU 及FER型高硅沸石的相互作用

The adsorption of methylamine on highly siliceous MFI, FAU and FER-type zeolites was investigated withXRD, FT-IR, Raman, ^13C and ^29Si MAS NMR, and compared with the adsorption of methanol. As the adsorption of the amine, the relative intensity of XRD peaks of the zeolites has been changed significantly, the high-resolution ^29Si MAS NMR peaks have been broadened and shifted to low field, and the resonance of Si-OH groups has appeared. The vibration of N-H has been shifted to low frequency and C-N vibration moved to high frequency in the IR spectra, and the ^13C resonance peak broadened and shifted to high field for the adsorbed amine. The facts reveal an associating interaction between the perfect framework of the zeolites and the adsorbed methylamine with hydrogen bonds, leading to the formation of Si-OH groups and the high desorption temperature of the methylamine from the zeolites.     

Pd/Hβ-zeolite catalysts for catalytic combustion of toluene: Effect of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio

The effect of pure and high silica Hβ zeolites on the catalytic performance of toluene combustion over Pd/H/3 catalyst was evaluated.Pure and high silica β zeolites were prepared by direct synthesis procedures,then 0.1 wt% of palladium was impregnated on different Hβ zeolites via incipient wetness technique using palladium nitrate as the Pd source.The Pd/Hβ catalysts were characterized by XRD,N2 adsorption/desorption,H2O adsorption,NH3-TPD,H2-TPR and XPS techniques.With increasing the SIO2/Al2O3 ratio of β zeolite,the activity of the Pd/Hβ catalysts for toluene combustion increased clearly and the pure silica β zeolite supported Pd catalyst showed the best catalytic activity.The superior catalytic performance of Pd/β catalyst prepared from pure silica β zeolite was attributed to its high hydrophobicity and the preserving ability for PdO active species.     

Distribution of aluminum and boron in the periodical building units of boron-containing Beta zeolites

Various boron only ([B]-BEA) as well as aluminum- and boron-containing beta zeolites ([Al,B]-BEA) have been prepared and modified by ion exchange of ammonium, sodium, and nickel ions. The zeolite samples have been characterized by 11B, 27Al, and 29Si MAS as well as three of them by 11B and 27Al 3Q-MAS NMR spectroscopy. The quantitative contributions of defect-free Si(nX) (n = 2, 1, 0; X = Al, B) and Si(OH)x (x = 2, 1) sites to the NMR signal intensities were calculated from the various Si/(Al + B) ratios and relative 11B, 27Al, and 29Si NMR signal intensities using the special distribution of aluminum and boron in different periodical building units of the zeolite framework. The boron atoms are sitting exclusively in diagonal positions in the four-membered rings of [B]-BEA zeolites, while the aluminum atoms are situated both in diagonal and lone positions in the four-membered rings of [Al,B]-BEA zeolites. A higher part of boron atoms are positioned in framework-related deformed tetrahedral boron species than in lattice positions in the [B]-BEA than in the [Al,B]-BEA zeolites. All extraframework octahedral aluminum species are transformed back to lattice positions due to ion exchange from the protonated form to ammonium-, sodium-, or nickel-ions containing zeolites. Oppositely, trigonal boron leaves the zeolite structure completely during ion exchange.     

Y沸石的酸性

用^29Si MAS NMR(MAS为Magie Angle Spinning), 统计计算,NH3-TPD 等方法对(NH4)2·SiF6去铝补硅得到的高硅Y型沸石的酸位分布情况进行了研究, 并与典型酸催化反应数据相关联, 证实了Y型沸石的酸位强度取决于A1原子的周围环境, 即与次邻位A1原子数目n-NNN(NNN为Next Nearst Neighbor)有关, 沸石的强酸性来自次邻位无A1原子的AIO^-4四面体。 NH3-TPD法测量的沸石酸量和酸强度数据与^29Si MAS NMR 实验结果和统计计算得到的不同n-NNN A1位的分布是一致的。 随着A1含量减少, Y型沸石表面的总酸量是单调下降的。但强酸量却是先增加后下降, 在A1/(A1+Si)为0.15左右出现极大值。不同硅铝比的Y型沸石对典型的强酸性和弱酸性催化反应的活性变化规律亦与酸性相吻合。     

天然CXN沸石分子筛水热稳定性研究 II. 水蒸汽处理温度对铵型沸石物化性质的影响

在前文研究天然Stilbite沸石(CXN沸石)水热稳定性影响因素的基础上, 以27Al与29Si MAS NMR, NH3-TPD和低温氮吸附等详细研究了铵型CXN沸石骨架铝配位状态和硅配位状态, 表面酸性与孔性质等与水蒸汽处理温度的关系. 随温度升高, 沸石骨架硅铝比逐渐提高, 并伴随硅羟基缺陷增多. 经750 ℃水蒸汽处理3 h后沸石骨架硅铝比可达到21.3. 沸石总酸量随水蒸汽处理温度的提高而降低, 沸石骨架铝脱除造成沸石孔道部分被堵塞, 但同时形成有利于分子扩散的介孔.     

Ω型分子筛脱铝的核磁共振研究

在不同投料比（ＳｉＯ２／Ａｌ２Ｏ３＝１３．８，１９及２１）条件下，合成了三种Ω型分子筛原粉．对投料比为１３．８的原粉样品进行了四种不同方式的脱铝处理，即水热、ＳｉＣｌ４、ＥＤＴＡ和（ＮＨ４）２ＳｉＦ６处理，而形成了系列脱铝Ω型分子筛样品．对原粉及其脱铝样品进行了２９Ｓｉ和２７ＡｌＭＡＳＮＭＲ测试，确定出样品骨架硅铝比和铝在两种晶体学不等价Ｔ位上的占据比率，以探索四种脱铝方法的效果．实验结果与分析表明：在所有样品中，铝原子的占据具有择优Ｂ位的倾向；且铝在ＴＡ与ＴＢ位上的占据比率与合成条件有关；四种处理方式对Ω型分子筛的脱铝效果不尽相同．     

Comparison of the structural properties of isomorphously substituted Fe in mordenite zeolites prepared by different methods

Fe was introduced in mordenite zeolite by means of ion exchange either in solid or in liquid state. The iron loading (50--200 wt%), iron precursor (FeSO4.7H2O and FeCl3), and mordenite starting material (NH4M, HM, and NaM) were varied during the exchange processes. The Fe species were characterized by N2 adsorption measurements as well as by XRD and M?ssbauer spectroscopies. The Fe-mordenite samples prepared by liquid-state ion exchange attained remarkable Fe dispersion and surface areas higher than those of the parent. It was found that Fe3+ ions, which substituted the framework Al and accordingly occupied tetrahedral sites, were decreased with Fe loadings with concomitant increase in Fe3+-occupied octahedral sites. The latter sites disappeared at 20 K to provoke the superparamagnetic alpha-Fe2O3 in different particles size. The acid leaching (0.1 M HCl, 333 K, 3 h) of the samples showed the disappearance of the most highly distorted extra-framework Fe3+ species, providing an indication of their presence on the external surface. On the other hand, a hematite phase was detected in the solid-state ion exchange of FeCl3 with either HM or NH4M at the loading of 100% Fe. More correlations between M?ssbauer data on one hand and XRD and texturing properties on the other hand were evaluated and discussed.     

不同模板剂含量MCM-49分子筛的CTAB修饰及在苯甲醚酰基化反应中的应用

芳香族化合物的Friedel-Crafts酰基化反应是制备芳香酮的一类重要反应,传统的Lewis酸(如AlCl3)和质子酸(如H2SO4)催化剂易制备,价格便宜,但存在对环境污染严重、与产物难分离等问题.因此,近年来研究者一直致力于环境友好催化剂的研发,其中分子筛因选择性好、与产物易分离、可再生和无污染等优点而日益受到人们的重视,尤其是MWW分子筛,由于具有较多的外表面酸性位,而在酰基化反应中表现出良好的抗积碳性能.本课题组曾讨论了对一系列不同模板剂(六亚甲基亚胺, HMI)含量的MCM-49分子筛进行NaOH与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)共处理的情况,而本文重点考察的是只用CTAB处理不同HMI含量的MCM-49分子筛时,其结构与酸性会如何变化,改性前后样品的结构与酸性借助XRD, N2吸脱附等温线测试,29Si与27Al MAS NMR, NH3-TPD, Py-IR与漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)等技术进行表征.另外,将一系列样品用于催化苯甲醚(AN)与乙酸酐(AA)的酰基化反应,考察CTAB处理对MCM-49分子筛催化性能的影响.将含模板剂HMI的MCM-49分子筛原粉在不同温度(250,350,450或550°C)下焙烧,得到一系列不同孔道系统内保留HMI的样品,随后采用CTAB溶液(0.27 mol/L)对其在70°C下进行后处理1 h.结构表征的结果表明,在脱除模板剂HMI及CTAB处理的过程中,分子筛骨架结构基本未被破坏,同时, CTAB处理不能向分子筛中引入任何形式的介孔,无论是晶内介孔还是晶间介孔.在CTAB处理时,可以清除分子筛中部分无定形物种,尤其是无定形Al物种,同时也可能发生部分非骨架Al原子重新进入分子筛骨架的情况,造成骨架铝的比例相对提高.根据29Si与27Al MAS NMR结果可以推断,进入分子筛骨架的Al原子可能会取代T3位置上的Si原子,亦或直接进入T2或T3位置缺陷位.酸性表征的结果表明, CTAB修饰后样品Br?nsted酸量比HMCM-49明显提高,并随HMI含量的逐渐降低呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而Lewis酸量则相对于HMCM-49有所降低.将一系列CTAB修饰前后的MCM-49样品用于催化AN与AA的酰基化反应,反应条件为：压力1.0 MPa、温度110°C、总质量空速WHSV(AN+AA)为10.2 h?1及原料中AN与AA的摩尔比为5：1.反应数据表明,相对于HMCM-49样品, CTAB修饰后样品对应的AA转化率显著提高(初始转化率由51.4%最高增加至85.0%),并随CTAB处理过程中HMI含量的逐渐降低呈现先增加后降低的趋势,而产物选择性则基本没有变化.各样品的AA初始转化率与其Br?nsted酸量基本呈现正向关联.通过间二甲苯歧化反应预积碳堵塞超笼及碱性探针分子2,4-二甲基喹啉吸附覆盖表面半超笼的方法,研究CTAB修饰前后各样品的不同孔道系统对酰基化反应的催化贡献.结果表明,酰基化反应主要发生在MCM-49分子筛的表面半超笼,其次为超笼,正弦孔道的贡献很小.另外, CTAB修饰后样品催化活性的提高主要来自于不含HMI的孔道系统的贡献,进一步验证在CTAB处理过程中,改性作用主要发生在MCM-49分子筛中不含HMI的区域.结合表征和反应评价结果,提高酰基化反应活性需尽可能提高催化剂的Br?nsted酸量,这是分子筛催化剂今后改进的一个主要方向.     

超稳丫沸石制备技术对沸石铝分布的影响 Ⅰ.两种典型超稳Y沸石表面-体相组成的XPS研究

用XPS考察了USY和FSY超稳Y型沸石及其起始原料NH_4Y沸石的表面组成,并结合Ar~+刻蚀技术与其体相组成进行了比较。结果表明,NH_4Y沸石的铝分布基本均匀一致,经超稳化处理后,沸石表面组成发生了很大的变化。用(NH_4)_2SiF_6液相脱铝补硅法制备的FSY表面呈缺铝特征,其表面铝原子浓度比体相低8～10％;而用传统水热法制备的USY具有典型的富铝表面,其表面铝原子浓度比体相高30％左右。USY表面富铝主要是由于USY“次表面”(Subsurface)附近的非骨架铝类迁移到表面所致。内层的非骨架铝类在常规水热超稳处理条件下一般则很难迁移,仍然留有在USY晶体内部。     

THF—FER沸石的系列研究—1．晶体结构稳定性

四氢呋喃（THF）-Na2O-SiO2-Al2O3-H2O体系水热合成的THF-FER沸石，经酸交 换-焙烧脱THF（Ⅰ）或焙烧脱THF-酸交换（Ⅱ）的不同方式处理，均可制得低钠H- FER沸石。经XRD，^27Al与^29Si MAS NMR,低温氮吸附等表征证明，通过1273K高温 的热处理和1073K饱和水蒸气下的水热处理，H-FER沸石骨架保持高度稳定。在高温 水蒸气作用下，Si(2Al）容易从骨架上脱离，而Si(1Al）则保持相对稳定，以（Ⅱ ）方法处理，制备的H-FER沸石在水热条件下易产生较多的硅差劲基缺陷。经高温 热和水热处理后，H-FER沸石孔道结构基本保持完美、开放。     

建筑形象那些事

含铜的SSZ-39分子筛（AEI拓扑结构）在机动车尾气氨气选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)反应中性能优异,其中SSZ-39分子筛的骨架铝分布与对应的Br?nsted酸性质对反应性能影响至关重要。本文通过密度泛函理论计算同时结合固体核磁共振谱学实验探究了高硅和富铝SSZ-39分子筛骨架Al位置以及与相应Br?nsted酸强度之间的关系。通过比较骨架Al在不同位置的替代能发现,高硅H-SSZ-39分子筛的骨架铝主要以孤立Al形式存在,同晶取代后落位在T3位上,其相应的Br?nsted酸质子与O7结合时最稳定。而富铝SSZ-39分子筛的骨架铝主要以NNNN与NNN序列的2Al形式存在,当两个骨架铝原子分别位于六元环和四元环对位的T3位上时体系能量最低,此时两个Br?nsted酸质子指向分子筛的超笼和八元环孔道。在最优构型下计算质子亲核势、NH3吸附态微观结构与脱附能以及吸附氘代乙腈后1H NMR化学位移来表征Br?nsted酸性,发现随着SSZ-39分子筛铝含量增加相应的Br?nsted酸含量增加,而Br?nsted酸强度趋于减弱。这些理论计算结果与NH3-TPD及吸附氘代乙腈的1H MAS NMR实验结果一致。本文为调控SSZ-39分子筛酸性以及合理设计高效催化剂提供了依据。     

常温常压下β沸石改性吸附剂脱除噻吩类硫的研究

在合成不同硅铝比Naβ沸石的基础上，采用固相离子交换方法制备了Cu(I)、Ag(I)离子改性的β沸石系列吸附剂。样品的结晶度和BET比表面积有所降低，XRD表征结果表明，所制备的样品保持了结构的完整性，随着硅铝比的增加，Naβ样品的BET比表面积增加。Cu(I)、Ag(I)离子的引入使样品的红外骨架振动峰向低波数移动，与相同硅铝比的Naβ沸石相比，吸附剂的BET比表面积有所降低。对模型油的静态吸附结果表明,硅铝摩尔比为25时Cu(I)β吸附性能最好，模型油中硫的质量分数降到10×10－6以下，脱除率达到95％，Ag(I)β次之，脱除率达到87％。常温常压下固定床动态吸附穿透实验得到Cu(I)β、Ag(I)β的穿透硫容分别为0.144mmol/g和0.132mmol/g。