Glueball mass spectrum and mass splitting in 2+1 strongly coupled lattice gauge theories

For a 2+1 strongly coupled (β=2/g ² small) Wilson action lattice gauge theory with complex character we analyze the mass spectrum of the associated quantum field theory restricted to the subspace generated by the plaquette function and its complex conjugate. It is shown that there is at least one but not more than two isolated masses and each mass admits a representation of the formm(β)=?4lnβ+r(β), wherer(β) is a gauge group representation dependent function analytic inβ ^1/2 orβ atβ=0. For the gauge group SU(3) there is mass splitting and the two massesm _± are given by $$m_ \pm (\beta ) = - 41n\beta + 16r^4 + \tfrac{1}{2}(2 \pm 1)\beta + \left( {d_ \pm (\beta )\sum\limits_{n = 2}^\infty {c_n^ \pm } \beta ^n } \right)$$ wherer=3 is the dimension of the representation andd _±(β) is analytic atβ=0.c _n ^± can be determined from a finite number of theβ=0 Taylor series coefficients of finite lattice truncated plaquette-plaquette correlation function at a finite number of points.     

L p -Boundedness of the Wave Operator for the One Dimensional Schrödinger Operator

Given a one dimensional perturbed Schrödinger operator H =  ? d ²/dx ² + V(x), we consider the associated wave operators W  _± , defined as the strong L ² limits $\lim_{s\to\pm\infty}e^{isH}e^{-isH_{0}}Given a one dimensional perturbed Schr?dinger operator H = − d ²/dx ² + V(x), we consider the associated wave operators W _± , defined as the strong L ² limits . We prove that W _± are bounded operators on L ^p for all 1 < p < ∞, provided , or else and 0 is not a resonance. For p = ∞ we obtain an estimate in terms of the Hilbert transform. Some applications to dispersive estimates for equations with variable rough coefficients are given.     

Representation theory of generalized deformed oscillator algebras

The representation theory of the generalized deformed oscillator algebras (GDOA's) is developed. GDOA's are generated by the four operators {1, a, a , N}. Their commutators and Hermiticity properties are those of the boson oscillator algebra, except for [a, a ] _q = G(N), where [a, b] _q = ab – q ba and G(N) is a Hermitian, analytic function. The unitary irreductible representations are obtained by means of a Casimir operator C and the semi-positive operator a a. They may belong to one out of four classes: bounded from below (BFB), bounded from above (BFA), finite-dimentional (FD), unbounded (UB). Some examples of these different types of unirreps are given.     

Etude spectrale d'une famille d'opérateurs non-symétriques intervenant dans la théorie des champs de reggeons

In this paper, we study a few spectral properties of a non-symmetrical operator arising in the Gribov theory. The first and second section are devoted to Bargmann's representation and the study of general spectral properties of the operator: $$\begin{gathered} H_{\lambda ',\mu ,\lambda ,\alpha } = \lambda '\sum\limits_{j = 1}^N {A_j^{ * 2} A_j^2 + \mu \sum\limits_{j = 1}^N {A_j^ * A_j + i\lambda \sum\limits_{j = 1}^N {A_j^ * (A_j + A_j^ * )A_j } } } \hfill \\ + \alpha \sum\limits_{j = 1}^{N - 1} {(A_{j + 1}^ * A_j + A_j^ * A_{j + 1} ),} \hfill \\ \end{gathered}$$ whereA* _j andA _j ,j∈[1,N] are the creation and annihilation operators. In the third section, we restrict our study to the case of nul transverse dimension (N=1). Following the study done in [1], we consider the operator: $$H_{\lambda ',\mu ,\lambda } = \lambda 'A^{ * 2} A^2 + \mu A^ * A + i\lambda A^ * (A + A^ * )A,$$ whereA* andA are the creation and annihilation operators. For λ′>0 and λ′²≦μλ′+λ². We prove that the solutions of the equationu′(t)+H _{λ′, μ,λ} u(t)=0 are expandable in series of the eigenvectors ofH _λ′,μ,λ fort>0. In the last section, we show that the smallest eigenvalue σ(α) of the operatorH _{λ′,μ,λ,α} is analytic in α, and thus admits an expansion: σ(α)=σ₀+ασ₁+α²σ₂+..., where σ₀ is the smallest eigenvalue of the operatorH _{λ′,μ,λ,0}.     

Rotational analysis of the 7390- and 7937-Å bands of NO2 by means of Fourier transform spectroscopy

We have extended to higher N and to K_a = 3 and 4 the rotational analysis of the 7390-Å band of NO₂ performed by K. E. Hallin and A. J. Merer (Canad. J. Phys.55, 2101–2112 (1977)). The lines belong to a perturbed parallel band for which Hallin and others have proposed the vibrational assignment (2 13 1)-(0 0 0) within the electronic ground state. These authors presumed that this band borrows its intensity through a vibronic coupling (spin-orbit and/or Coriolis coupling) from the stronger (0 2 0)-(0 0 0) band of the $\text{A}\text{?}\text{-}\text{X}\text{?}$ electronic system at 7460 Å. We have observed about 900 transitions belonging to the K_a = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 subbands of the (2 13 1)-(0 0 0) band for N values going up to about 23, and 300 lines of the “hot” band (2 13 1)-(0 1 0). We have also looked for spin-orbit-induced transitions and we have detected about 400 transitions with ΔN ≠ ΔJ. Among them ΔN = ±2 transitions with ΔK_a = 0 or ± 2 have been observed, indicating that N and K_a are no longer good quantum numbers, and demonstrating clearly the existence of rovibronic interactions perturbing the upper levels of the transitions.     

New Method of Calculating a Multiplication by using the Generalized Bernstein-Vazirani Algorithm

We present a new method of more speedily calculating a multiplication by using the generalized Bernstein-Vazirani algorithm and many parallel quantum systems. Given the set of real values \(\{a_{1},a_{2},a_{3},\ldots ,a_{N}\}\) and a function \(g:\textbf {R}\rightarrow \{0,1\}\), we shall determine the following values \(\{g(a_{1}),g(a_{2}),g(a_{3}),\ldots , g(a_{N})\}\) simultaneously. The speed of determining the values is shown to outperform the classical case by a factor of \(N\). Next, we consider it as a number in binary representation; M₁ = (g(a₁),g(a₂),g(a₃),…,g(a _N )). By using \(M\) parallel quantum systems, we have \(M\) numbers in binary representation, simultaneously. The speed of obtaining the \(M\) numbers is shown to outperform the classical case by a factor of \(M\). Finally, we calculate the product; \( M_{1}\times M_{2}\times \cdots \times M_{M}. \) The speed of obtaining the product is shown to outperform the classical case by a factor of N × M.     

Representations of CCR Algebras in Krein Spaces of Entire Functions

Representations of CCR algebras in spaces of entire functions are classified on the basis of isomorphisms between the Heisenberg CCR algebra $\mathcal{A}_H$ and star algebras of holomorphic operators. To each representation of such algebras, satisfying a regularity and a reality condition, one can associate isomorphisms and inner products so that they become Krein star representations of $\mathcal{A}_H$ , with the gauge transformations implemented by a continuous U(1) group of Krein space isometries. Conversely, any holomorphic Krein representation of $\mathcal{A}_H$ , having the gauge transformations implemented as before and no null subrepresentation, are shown to be contained in a direct sum of the above representations. The analysis is extended to CCR algebras with [a _i , a _j ^*]=δ _{i j} η _i , η _i =±1, i=1,...,M, the infinite-dimensional case included, under a spectral condition for the implementers of the gauge transformations.     

Global SO(3) × SO(3) × U(1) symmetry of the Hubbard model on bipartite lattices

In this paper the global symmetry of the Hubbard model on a bipartite lattice is found to be larger than SO(4). The model is one of the most studied many-particle quantum problems, yet except in one dimension it has no exact solution, so that there remain many open questions about its properties. Symmetry plays an important role in physics and often can be used to extract useful information on unsolved non-perturbative quantum problems. Specifically, here it is found that for on-site interaction U ≠ 0 the local SU(2) × SU(2) × U(1) gauge symmetry of the Hubbard model on a bipartite lattice with N_a^D sites and vanishing transfer integral t = 0 can be lifted to a global [SU(2) × SU(2) × U(1)]/Z₂² = SO(3) × SO(3) × U(1) symmetry in the presence of the kinetic-energy hopping term of the Hamiltonian with t > 0. (Examples of a bipartite lattice are the D-dimensional cubic lattices of lattice constant a and edge length L = N_aa for which D = 1, 2, 3,... in the number N_a^D of sites.) The generator of the new found hidden independent charge global U(1) symmetry, which is not related to the ordinary U(1) gauge subgroup of electromagnetism, is one half the rotated-electron number of singly occupied sites operator. Although addition of chemical-potential and magnetic-field operator terms to the model Hamiltonian lowers its symmetry, such terms commute with it. Therefore, its 4^N_aD energy eigenstates refer to representations of the new found global [SU(2) × SU(2) × U(1)]/Z₂² = SO(3) × SO(3) × U(1) symmetry. Consistently, we find that for the Hubbard model on a bipartite lattice the number of independent representations of the group SO(3) × SO(3) × U(1) equals the Hilbert-space dimension 4^N_aD. It is confirmed elsewhere that the new found symmetry has important physical consequences.     

Dynamical generation of flavour

We propose the generation of Standard Model fermion hierarchy by the extension of renormalizable SO(10) GUT with O(N_g) family gauge symmetry. In this scenario, Higgs representations of SO(10) also carry family indices and are called Yukawons. Vacuum expectation values of these Yukawon fields break GUT and family symmetry and generate MSSM Yukawa couplings dynamically. We have demonstrated this idea using \({\mathbf {10}}\oplus {\mathbf {210}} \oplus {\mathbf {126}} \oplus {\overline {\mathbf {126}}}\) Higgs irrep, ignoring the contribution of 120-plet which is, however, required for complete fitting of fermion mass-mixing data. The effective MSSM matter fermion couplings to the light Higgs pair are determined by the null eigenvectors of the MSSM-type Higgs doublet superfield mass matrix \(\mathcal {H}\). A consistency condition on the doublet ([1,2,±1]) mass matrix (\(\text {Det}(\mathcal {H})=\) 0) is required to keep one pair of Higgs doublets light in the effective MSSM. We show that the Yukawa structure generated by null eigenvectors of \(\mathcal {H}\) are of generic kind required by the MSSM. A hidden sector with a pair of (S_ab; ?_ab) fields breaks supersymmetry and facilitates \(D_{O(N_{g})}\hspace *{-1pt}=\) 0. SUSY breaking is communicated via supergravity. In this scenario, matter fermion Yukawa couplings are reduced from 15 to just 3 parameters in MSGUT with three generations.     

Baxter Operator Formalism for Macdonald Polynomials

We develop basic constructions of the Baxter operator formalism for the Macdonald polynomials associated with root systems of type A. Precisely, we construct a bispectral pair of mutually commuting Baxter operators such that the Macdonald polynomials are their common eigenfunctions. The bispectral pair of Baxter operators is closely related to the bispectral pair of recursive operators for Macdonald polynomials leading to various families of their integral representations. We also construct the Baxter operator formalism for the q-deformed ${\mathfrak{gl}_{\ell+1}}$ -Whittaker functions and the Jack polynomials obtained by degenerations of the Macdonald polynomials associated with the type A _? root system. This note provides a generalization of our previous results on the Baxter operator formalism for the Whittaker functions. It was demonstrated previously that Baxter operator formalism for the Whittaker functions has deep connections with representation theory. In particular, the Baxter operators should be considered as elements of appropriate spherical Hecke algebras and their eigenvalues are identified with local Archimedean L-factors associated with admissible representations of reductive groups over ${\mathbb{R}}$ . We expect that the Baxter operator formalism for the Macdonald polynomials has an interpretation in representation theory over higher-dimensional local/global fields.     

Spin-2 Fields and Helicity

By considering the irreducible representations of the Lorentz group, an analysis of the different spin-2 waves is presented. In particular, the question of the helicity is discussed. It is concluded that, although from the point of view of representation theory there are no compelling reasons to choose between spin-2 waves with helicity σ=±1 or σ=±2, consistency arguments of the ensuing field theories favor waves with helicity σ=±1.     

Asymptotic Number of Scattering Resonances for Generic Schrödinger Operators

Let ?Δ + V be the Schrödinger operator acting on ${L^2(\mathbb{R}^d,\mathbb{C})}$ with ${d\geq 3}$ odd. Here V is a bounded real or complex function vanishing outside the closed ball of center 0 and of radius a. Let n _V (r) denote the number of resonances of ?Δ + V with modulus ≤  r. We show that if the potential V is generic in a sense of pluripotential theory then $$n_V(r)=c_d a^dr^d+ O(r^{d-{3\over 16}+\epsilon}) \quad \mbox{as } r \to \infty$$ for any ε > 0, where c _d is a dimensional constant.     

Values of twisted Barnes zeta functions at negative integers

In this paper, we study analytical and arithmetical properties of the twisted zeta function $\Gamma (s)^{ - 1} \int_0^\infty {e^{ - xt} t^{s - 1} } \prod\nolimits_{j = 1}^N {\frac{{a_j t - \log (w^a j)}} {{1 - w^{a_j } e^{a_j t} }}dt} $ , where ?(s) > N, ?(x) > 0, w ∈ ?\{0}, N ∈ ?, and a ₁, …, a _N have positive real parts. These functions have many interesting properties. We prove a collection of fundamental identities satisfied by zeta functions of this kind. For instance, special values of these zeta functions are related to twisted Barnes numbers and polynomials. This gives us a new elementary approach to new and known results concerning the Barnes zeta functions. In particular, we derive some well-known results on the Hurwitz zeta functions.     

All about the static fermion bags in the Gross-Neveu model

We review in detail the construction of all stable static fermion bags in the (1+1)-dimensional Gross-Neveu model with N flavors of Dirac fermions, in the large-N limit. In addition to the well known kink and topologically trivial solitons (which correspond, respectively, to the spinor and antisymmetric tensor representations of O(2N)), there are also threshold bound states of a kink and a topologically trivial soliton: the heavier topological solitons (HTS). The mass of any of these newly discovered HTS’s is the sum of masses of its solitonic constituents and it corresponds to the tensor product of their O(2N) representations. Thus, it is marginally stable (at least in the large-N limit). Furthermore, its mass is independent of the distance between the centers of its constituents, which serves as a flat collective coordinate, or a modulus. There are no additional stable static solitons in the Gross-Neveu model. We provide detailed derivation of the profiles, masses, and fermion number contents of these static solitons. For pedagogical clarity, and in order for this paper to be self-contained, we also included detailed appendices on supersymmetric quantum mechanics and on reflectionless potentials in one spatial dimension, which are intimately related with the theory of static fermion bags. In particular, we present a novel simple explicit formula for the diagonal resolvent of a reflectionless Schrödinger operator with an arbitrary number of bound states. In additional appendices we summarize the relevant group representation theoretic facts and also provide a simple calculation of the mass of the kinks.     

Adiabatic theorem in axiomatic quantum field theory

It is shown that Møller matricesS _± and scattering matrixS in axiomatic field theory can be expressed through their adiabatic analogs. In particular, it is proved under certain conditions that \(S_ - = \mathop {s\lim }\limits_{\alpha \to 0} S_\alpha (0,\infty )W_\alpha \) whereW _α is a trivial phase factor [i.e. a unitary operator of the form exp i / α ∝r(k)a ⁺ (k)a(k)dk]. Corresponding results in Hamiltonian approach are discussed.     

Symmetry analysis in neutron diffraction studies of magnetic structures: 3. An example: the magnetic structure of spinels

Using the symmetry analysis technique developed in the two earlier papers of this series a study is made of the magnetic structures in spinels (space group O⁷_h). The magnetic structures with the wave vector K = 0 and those with K ≠ 0 are considered in detail. As an example, an analysis is given of the magnetic ordering in MgV₂O₄ which is characterized by the three-arm star {bdK₁₀} (in Kovalev's notation) and of that in HgCr₂S₄ where a helical structure corresponding to the star {bdK₆} has been found. For each of the three stars we have determined the composition of the magnetic representation and calculated the basis functions of the irreducible representations. For the magnetic structures determined experimentally we have specified the irreducible representations by which these structures should be described. The examples furnished illustrate the typical situations liable to occur when performing symmetry analysis of magnetic structures of crystals.     

Absence of Negative Energy Spectrum for N-Particle Hamiltonians

We consider the spectrum of the quantum Hamiltonian H for a system of N one-dimensional particles. H is given by $H = \sum\nolimits_{i = 1}^n { - \frac{1}{{2m_i }}\frac{{\partial ^2 }}{{\partial x_i^2 }}} + \sum {_{1 \leqslant i < j \leqslant N} } V_{ij} \left( {x_i - x_j } \right)$ acting in L ²(R ^N ). We assume that each pair potential is a sum of a hard core for |x|≤a, a>0, and a function V _ij (x), |x|>a, with $\smallint _a^\infty \left| {x - a} \right|\left| {V_{ij} \left( x \right)} \right|dx < \infty $ . We give conditions on V ^? _ij (x), the negative part of V _ij (x), which imply that H has no negative energy spectrum for all N. For example, this is the case if V ^? _ij (x) has finite range 2a and $$2m_i \smallint _a^{2a} \left| {x - a} \right|\left| {V_{ij}^ - \left( x \right)} \right|dx < 1.$$ If V ^? _ij is not necessarily small we also obtain a thermodynamic stability bound inf?σ(H)≥?cN, where 0<c<∞, is an N-independent constant.     

The N = 2 supersymmetric Toda lattice hierarchy

We propose a new integrable N = 2 supersymmetric Toda lattice hierarchy which may be relevant for constructing a supersymmetric one-matrix model. We define its first two Hamiltonian structures, the recursion operator and Lax-pair representation. We provide partial evidence for the existence of an infinite-dimensional N = 2 superalgebra of its flows. We study its bosonic limit and introduce new Lax-pair representations for the bosonic Toda lattice hierarchy. Finally we discuss the relevance this approach for constructing N = 2 supersymmetric generalized Toda lattice hierarchies.     

Bounds on the Minimal Energy of Translation Invariant N-Polaron Systems

For systems of N charged fermions (e.g. electrons) interacting with longitudinal optical quantized lattice vibrations of a polar crystal we derive upper and lower bounds on the minimal energy within the model of H. Fröhlich. The only parameters of this model, after removing the ultraviolet cutoff, are the constants U > 0 and α > 0 measuring the electron-electron and the electron-phonon coupling strengths. They are constrained by the condition ${\sqrt{2}\alpha < U}For systems of N charged fermions (e.g. electrons) interacting with longitudinal optical quantized lattice vibrations of a polar crystal we derive upper and lower bounds on the minimal energy within the model of H. Fr?hlich. The only parameters of this model, after removing the ultraviolet cutoff, are the constants U > 0 and α > 0 measuring the electron-electron and the electron-phonon coupling strengths. They are constrained by the condition ?2a < U{\sqrt{2}\alpha < U}, which follows from the dependence of U and α on electrical properties of the crystal. We show that the large N asymptotic behavior of the minimal energy E _N changes at ?2a = U{\sqrt{2}\alpha=U} and that ?2a ￡ U{\sqrt{2}\alpha\leq U} is necessary for thermodynamic stability: for ${\sqrt{2}\alpha > U}${\sqrt{2}\alpha > U} the phonon-mediated electron-electron attraction overcomes the Coulomb repulsion and E _N behaves like −N ^7/3.