丝阵靶箍缩等离子体软X射线辐射能谱研究

 在S—300装置上研究了丝阵靶Z箍缩等离子体的软X射线辐射的动态过程。利用多通道X射线谱仪在50～2 000 eV范围内测量了丝阵靶内爆等离子体X射线辐射谱,辐射主要位于60~220 eV谱段。辐射谱可用温度为40~50 eV的Planck黑体谱近似描述。在能量高于500 eV的谱段,辐射谱与Planck黑体谱有较大的偏离。这主要是因为等离子体热斑的出现、在1.5~2 keV范围内线谱的存在和加速电子轫致辐射的结果。     

Experimental Study of Laser Plasma of Low-Density Volume-Structured Targets

The results of a laser—matter interaction experiment are presented in the paper. Low-density volume-structured material (cellulose triacetate) is used as a target in the experiments. Low-density materials are of interest for both fundamental and applied research. The information on how the parameters of the target and laser radiation influence the penetration of laser radiation through the generated plasma layer is generalized. The energy, spatial, spectral, and temporal characteristics of the plasma of low-density cellulose triacetate targets are analyzed.

     

Plasma relativistic microwave noise amplifier with the inverse configuration

The results of numerically simulating a high-power plasma maser—the wideband microwave noise amplifier—are reported. The configuration and parameters of the device are chosen with a view to its possible future use for generating pulses with a duration of 3 ns and pulse frequency bandwidth of 0.3 to 2GHz. In the pulse-periodic mode, it is possible to generate radiation in a continuous range of 2 to 12GHz with an average pulse power of 20MWand pulse energy efficiency of 6%.     

Prolonged microbial resistance of water treated by a pulsed electrical discharge

The main characteristics of pulsed discharges in water are studied, such as the discharge current, voltage drop across the discharge gap, temperature of the discharge column, and plasma conductivity, as well as compression waves and ultraviolet radiation, which are induced by the discharge. The physicochemical properties of water treated by pulsed discharges are considered in the context of the effect produced on microorganisms. The mechanism underlying the prolonged microbial resistance of water—its capability of retaining a high activity against virtually all known pathogenic microorganisms and human-opportunistic fungi for many months after the discharge treatment—is explained.     

Optical Escape Factors for Bound-bound and Free-bound Radiation from Plasmas. I. Constant Source Function

Optical escape factors for bound-bound and free-bound radiation have been calculated by solving the equation of radiative transfer with the assumption that the corresponding source functions are space-independent. The general expression for bound-bound transitions yields for large optical depths—within a correction factor of order unity—Holstein's asymptotic expressions for the two limiting cases of a Doppler and a dispersion profile. Application to the more general case of a Voigt profile leads to an analytical formula which permits a rapid estimate of the escape factor for any optical depth. Numerical application to the resonance lines of neutral helium-which are broadened by Stark and Doppler effects—shows that under certain plasma conditions most of the higher members of the resonance series remain optically thin.—The general expression obtained for the escape factor of free-bound radiation has been applied to the resonance continuum of neutral helium. The numerical results show that the resonance continuum remains optically thin as long as the optical depth in the center of the He resonance line (λ = 584 Å) remains smaller than 10⁴ to 10⁵. A similar result is obtained for atomic hydrogen.     

Z箍缩动态黑腔形成过程和关键影响因素数值模拟研究

在Z箍缩动态黑腔研究中, 认识黑腔形成物理过程及主要特征, 明确优化黑腔辐射的关键参数, 是实验物理设计的重要基础. 本文针对W丝阵填充CH泡沫转换体的负载构型, 利用一维辐射磁流体程序, 在8 MA驱动电流条件下开展了动态黑腔形成过程和关键影响因素的数值模拟研究. 结果表明, 丝阵等离子体与泡沫转换体相互作用产生局部高压力区是驱动冲击波传播和形成动态黑腔的关键物理过程. 由于辐射超声速传播及其与冲击波波阵面的空间分离, 产生了辐射温度较高而物质未受明显压缩的动态黑腔区域. 丝阵等离子体碰撞泡沫转换体前的状态分布决定了动态黑腔辐射场的主要特征, 可以通过改变负载参数调整并优化黑腔辐射波形. 综合考虑黑腔峰值辐射温度和有效维持时间两个参数, 选择匹配质量的丝阵和泡沫, 使丝阵质量略小于泡沫, 可以获得相对优化的动态黑腔辐射波形. 同时, 合适的丝阵/泡沫初始半径比也是优化动态黑腔辐射的重要影响因素.     

Calculation of radiative heat transfer in argon arc plasmas

Radiation emission and absorption in arc plasmas are important energy transfer processes. Exact calculations, though possible in principle, are usually impossible in practice because of the need to treat a large number of spectral lines and also the continuum radiation in the whole spectrum range. Recently, we have used an approximate method of partial characteristics to evaluate the radiation intensities, radiation fluxes and the divergence of radiation fluxes for SF₆ arc plasma with cylindrical symmetry. In this paper, we have extended our calculations toargon arc plasmas for the plasma pressures of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 MPa. We have calculated the coefficients of absorption for Ar plasmas at temperatures from 300 to 35 000 K, and have used these coefficients to calculate the partial characteristics. Both the continuum and the line spectra have been included in calculations. We have taken into account the radiative photo-recombination and bremsstrahlung for the continuous spectrum, and over 500 spectral lines for the discrete spectra.The method of partial characteristics has been applied to three-dimensional calculations of radiative heat transfer — i.e. radiation intensity, radiation flux and its divergence — in simplified temperature profiles. Conclusions have been made concerning validity and utilization of the method of partial characteristics in general gas dynamics problems.     

“强光一号”钨丝阵Z箍缩等离子体辐射特性研究

在“强光一号”装置驱动电流峰值1.4—2.1MA、上升时间80—100ns条件下，研究了不同丝阵直径、丝数及丝直径的钨丝阵负载Z箍缩等离子体的辐射特性.用自行研制的测试系统对等离子体辐射参数进行了诊断.实验获得的最大X射线总能量为34kJ，最大峰值功率为1.28TW.得到了一些关于钨丝阵Z箍缩等离子体辐射特性的规律性认识. 关键词： 钨丝阵 Z箍缩 等离子体辐射     

Impacts of fast meteoroids and a plasma–dust cloud over the lunar surface

The possibility of the formation of a plasma–dust cloud in the exosphere of the Moon owing to impacts of meteoroids on the lunar surface is discussed. Attention is focused on dust particles at large altitudes of ~10–100 km at which measurements were performed within the NASA LADEE mission. It has been shown that a melted material ejected from the lunar surface owing to the impacts of meteoroids plays an important role in the formation of the plasma–dust cloud. Drops of the melted material acquire velocities in the range between the first and second cosmic velocities for the Moon and can undergo finite motion around it. Rising over the lunar surface, liquid drops are solidified and acquire electric charges, in particular, owing to their interaction with electrons and ions of the solar wind, as well as with solar radiation. It has been shown that the number density of dust particles in the plasma–dust cloud present in the exosphere of the Moon is ?10^?8 cm^?3, which is in agreement with the LADEE measurements.     

Z箍缩动态黑腔形成过程MULTI程序一维数值模拟

Z箍缩动态黑腔能够高效地将Z箍缩丝阵等离子体动能转换为黑腔辐射能,为驱动惯性约束靶丸聚变提供高品质的X射线辐射场.利用一维双温多群辐射磁流体力学程序MULTI-IFE,研究了"聚龙一号"装置驱动电流条件下的Z箍缩动态黑腔形成基本物理过程.数值模拟结果表明,在动态黑腔形成过程中,辐射热波的传播速度比冲击波的传播速度更快,比冲击波更早到达泡沫中心,使中心区域的泡沫在冲击波到达前就已具有较高的辐射温度.对于"聚龙一号"装置动态黑腔实验0180发次采用的负载参数,辐射热波和冲击波在泡沫中的传播速度分别约为36.1 cm/μs和17.6 cm/μs,黑腔辐射温度在黑腔形成初期约80 eV,在冲击波到达泡沫中心前可达100 eV以上,丝阵等离子体外表面发射的X射线能量集中在1000 eV以下.本文给出了程序采用的计算模型、美国"土星"装置丝阵内爆计算结果和"聚龙一号"装置动态黑腔实验0180发次模拟结果.     

Influence of irradiation conditions on the retention of hydrogen isotopes in structural materials

The influence of irradiation conditions on the retention of hydrogen isotopes in structural materials (austenitic steel) under heating is considered. The specimens under study were irradiated either in a reactor or by bombarding them with hydrogen-isotope ions of variable fluence and energy at accelerators. An investigation of irradiated specimens with an EM-300 transition electron microscope was accompanied by studying the kinetics of hydrogen release from samples with a high-vacuum mass spectrometer. Also, the kinetics of hydrogen-isotope release from specimens of structural materials treated with a deuterium plasma was studied. It was found that, under the effect of irradiation, the materials being studied develop radiation defects, which appear to be efficient traps for hydrogen atoms, retaining them up to rather high temperatures (650 K). It is also shown that blisters formed in the materials treated with a hydrogen plasma contain both molecular hydrogen and hydrocarbons—in particular, methane.     

紫外辐射加速老化高温硫化硅橡胶的X射线光电子能谱研究

高温硫化硅橡胶具有优良的电气性能、机械性能、憎水性而广泛应用于特高压输电线路,但亦会受外界环境的影响而老化,其抗紫外老化性能受到关注.课题组模拟户外紫外辐射环境,设计搭建了可调式紫外辐射加速老化试验箱,对A、B两个厂家的高温硫化硅橡胶样品进行了紫外辐射(0,500和1000 h)加速老化实验,重点对辐射前后的试样进行X...     

Study on modulation of near infrared radiation based on plasma photonic crystal

In this paper, a plasma photonic crystal (PPC) for infrared radiation modulation which is composed of indium tin oxide (ITO) and plasma is proposed. The performance of plasma photonic crystal in near infrared radiation modulation is researched by transfer matrix method (TMM). The simulation results show that the near infrared radiation pass band can be adjusted by the changing of plasma frequency of plasma. The reflection to near infrared radiation by plasma photonic crystal increases with plasma frequency and that of absorption decreases. In addition, the modulation performance of the plasma photonic crystal at different incidence wave angles is also studied. The results show that the incident wave angles have little effect on the transmission of plasma photonic crystal in near infrared band. The reflection of the plasma photonic crystal to near infrared radiation decreases with increasing of the incident wave angle, but that of the absorption increases with the incident wave angle. Therefore, the proposed plasma photonic crystal has a potential application in tunable near infrared filter devices.     

Z箍缩动态黑腔驱动靶丸内爆动力学

利用Z箍缩动态黑腔驱动靶丸内爆是实现惯性约束聚变可能的技术途径之一.聚龙一号装置已开展的动态黑腔实验初步表明形成了有效的动态黑腔辐射场,为驱动靶丸内爆研究奠定了重要基础.针对聚龙一号装置驱动条件,通过建立包含柱形动态黑腔与球形靶丸的柱球耦合物理模型,利用二维辐射磁流体力学程序,对Z箍缩动态黑腔驱动靶丸内爆动力学过程进行了数值模拟研究,获得了丝阵等离子体内爆、丝阵等离子体与泡沫转换体相互作用、冲击波产生和黑腔辐射传输、辐射烧蚀和燃料压缩的完整过程.在此基础上,研究了靶丸赤道面和两极的辐射源均匀性及燃料压缩对称性.结果表明,由于在泡沫转换体中的辐射传输以及黑腔-靶能量耦合过程,靶丸赤道面与两极辐射波形存在一定的时间差和峰值差,造成燃料压缩不对称.若减小靶丸半径,可以提高燃料压缩的对称性,但靶丸半径很小时聚变产额也较低;靶丸半径较大时,由于靶丸赤道面和两极辐射场时间和温度峰值的较大差异,燃料压缩呈现更为明显的不对称性.     

纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体的红外辐射特性研究

纳秒激光诱导空气等离子体存在从紫外、可见、近红外乃至射频微波的宽谱段辐射,但目前的研究大多关注紫外到可见波段的光谱辐射。激光等离子体作为一种新型的红外辐射源具有很多优势,相比于红外干扰弹以及红外干扰手段而言,空气等离子体红外辐射源可以灵活布置,成本低廉,因此研究空气等离子体的红外辐射特性就很有必要。针对目前脉冲激光诱导空气等离子体的红外干扰研究需要,对激光波长为532 nm的纳秒脉冲激光诱导空气等离子体的红外辐射特性进行实验研究,探讨激光能量对空气等离子体红外辐射强度的影响规律,以及空气等离子体红外辐射的角度分布特性,分析了等离子体红外辐射的可能产生机制。实验结果表明,激光诱导空气等离子体在950～1 700 nm范围内的红外光谱为线状谱和连续谱的叠加。其中线状谱主要是氮和氧的中性原子谱线,并且氮原子红外辐射占主导。随着激光能量的增加,由于空气击穿产生的氧和氮原子数量增加,导致空气等离子体红外辐射的谱线强度逐渐增大。随着红外探测角度的变化,在探测角度为75°时,OⅠ 1 128.63 nm和NⅠ1 246.96和1 362.42 nm谱线强度达到最大,在探测角度为120°时,NⅠ 1 011.46和1 053.96 nm谱线强度达到最大,这是因为空气等离子体红外辐射强度随探测角度变化呈现空间非对称性,表明空气等离子体内不同粒子的空间分布呈现非对称性。     

Dynamics and burning limits of near-limit hot,warm, and cool diffusion flames of dimethyl ether at elevated pressures

The near-limit diffusion flame regimes and extinction limits of dimethyl ether at elevated pressures and temperatures are examined numerically in the counterflow geometry with and without radiation at different oxygen concentrations. It is found that there are three different flame regimes—hot flame, warm flame, and cool flame—which exist, respectively, at high, intermediate, and low temperatures. Furthermore, they are governed by three distinct chain-branching reaction pathways. The results demonstrate that the warm flame has a double reaction zone structure and plays a critical role in the transition between cool and hot flames. It is also shown that the cool flame can be formed in several different ways: by either radiative extinction or stretch extinction of a hot flame or by stretch extinction of a warm flame. A warm flame can also be formed by radiative extinction of a hot flame or ignition of a cool flame. A general €-shaped flammability diagram showing the burning limits of all three flame regimes at different oxygen mole fractions is obtained. The results show that thermal radiation, reactant concentration, temperature, and pressure all have significant impacts on the flammable regions of the three flame regimes. Increases in oxidizer temperature, oxygen concentration, and pressure shift the cool flame regime to higher stretch rates and cause the warm flame to have two extinction limits. At elevated temperatures, it is found that there is a direct transition between the hot flame and warm flame at low stretch rates. The results also show that, unlike the hot flame, the cool flame structure cannot be scaled by using pressure-weighted stretch rates due to the its significant reactant leakage and strong dependence of reactivity on pressure. The present results advance the understanding of near-limit flame dynamics and provide guidance for experimental observation of different flame regimes.     

Intraband absorption of electromagnetic radiation by quantum nanostructures with parabolic confinement potential

The intraband absorption of electromagnetic radiation by two types of nanostructures of cylindrical symmetry—by a quantum cylinder (ring) and a quantum wire—is investigated. Analytical expressions for the coefficients of absorption of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation by the electron gas of nanostructures are obtained. It is shown that the absorption curve exhibits resonance peaks and that, in the case of a degenerate gas, these peaks have breaks.     

激光诱导Al等离子体辐射空间分布

用Nd :YAG脉冲激光烧蚀Al靶获得等离子体 ,脉冲能量固定在 1 45mJ·pulse- 1 。用Ar气作保护气 ,压强固定在 1个大气压 ,利用时空分辨技术 ,采集了靶前 0 5 ,1 5 ,2 5和 3 5mm处等离子体辐射的时空分辨谱。简要描述了各处等离子体的辐射特征 ,详细分析了各处连续辐射和Al原子辐射规律。根据这些位置处连续辐射和Al特征谱线的分布特征 ,简要论述了连续辐射和Al原子辐射的演化机制。认为Al原子对等离子体连续辐射吸收是形成Al原子辐射的主要机制 ,Al原子对连续辐射的共振吸收形成了叠加在连续谱上的宽带吸收谱。