自贡市城市地质环境分区评价

从自然地理条件、地质条件、环境质量、环境地质问题等方面着手,以地形地貌、区域地壳稳定性、岩（土）体工程地质特征、环境污染、地质灾害为要素开展了自贡市城市地质环境质量评价;采用了权重法、层次分析法等计算方法得出了地质环境综合评价指数,对自贡市进行了地质环境评价分区;为城市的发展规划提供了可靠的地质依据。     

X射线荧光光谱扫描法在实物地质资料中应用的可行性探讨

实物地质资料的定量无损检测对于地质学研究具有十分重要的意义,在国外x射线荧光光谱（XRF）扫描分析方法在岩芯分析测试方面的应用研究,已取得了十分显著的成果。XRF岩芯扫描分析方法具有分析速度快、无损检测、连续定量测试多元素和样品制备简单等特点,在获取高分辨测试方面更具独特的优势。因此,这一分析方法在实物地质资料分析方面具有极好的应用前景,它能提高分析的准确性和精确度,降低分析测试成本,保护实物地质资料的完整性,加强实物资料的整体性研究,为实物地质数据采集与信息共享提供更加准确的数据。从介绍XRF岩芯扫描分析方法的原理、特点、影响因素、分析结果的校正人手,进而探讨该测试方法在实物地质资料中应用的可行性。     

渭北晚古生代煤层中镧系元素的地球化学效应及理论意义

运用数理统计的相关性分析方法研究了渭北晚古生代煤中镧系元素的地球化学行为.结果表明,在通常情况下,任一地质体中的镧系元素经球粒陨石标准化后的数值,会随着其+3价离子半径的变化而呈有规律的线性变化,不同地质体之间镧系元素的比值变化,也受控于其+3价离子半径,此为作者以前发现的“镧系元素地球化学效应”的另一种表现形式.据此...     

Sequential determination of ultra-trace highly siderophile elements and rare earth elements by radiochemical neutron activation analysis: Application to pallasite meteorites

An analytical scheme of radiochemical neutron activation for the sequential determination of ultra-trace rare earth elements (REEs) and highly siderophile elements (HSEs) in geological and cosmochemical samples is presented. Using this procedure, several selected elements of REEs and HSEs were successively determined for geological reference samples and olivine crystals separated from pallasite meteorites. Based on the data for geological reference samples, it was concluded that the procedure presented in this study could yield data usable for cosmochemical discussion of the genesis of pallasite meteorites.     

地球化学分析

本文回顾、评述了我国在岩石、矿物、矿石与矿产资源、土地、环境地质与放射性测量、海洋、地下水资源、煤炭等与地球化学分析相关的研究领域中，在过去两年所取得的研究进展。     

Measurement of radon exhalation rate from soil samples of Garhwal Himalaya, India

Laboratory experiment was performed for the measurement of radon exhalation rate from the soil samples collected from Garhwal Himalayas. This study is accompanied by the measurement of soil-gas radon concentration in the same area. Both results were compared with the geological formation and structure of the area. No correlation was observed between soil-gas radon concentration and radon exhalation rate. However, it was found to be controlled by the lithology, geological structure and uranium mineralization in the area. The relationship between radon emanation, geological formation and occurrence of high indoor radon concentration is discussed.     

A new strategy of solution calibration in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for multielement trace analysis of geological samples

Because multielement trace analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is often limited by the lack of suitable reference materials with a similar matrix composition, a novel quantification strategy using solution calibration was developed. For mass spectrometric multielement determination in geological samples a quadrupole-based LA-ICP-MS is coupled with an ultrasonic nebulizer (USN). In order to arrange matrix matching the standard solutions are nebulized with a USN during solution calibration and simultaneously a blank target (e.g. lithium borate) is ablated with a focused laser beam. The homogeneous geological samples were measured using the same experimental arrangement where a 2% nitric acid is simultaneously nebulized with the USN. Homogeneous targets were prepared from inhomogeneous geological samples by powdering, homogenizing and fusing with a lithium borate mixture in a muffle furnace at 1050 degrees C. Furthermore, a homogeneous geological glass was also investigated. The quantification of analytical results was performed by external calibration using calibration curves measured on standard solutions. In order to compare two different approaches for the quantification of analytical results in LA-ICP-MS, measured concentrations in homogeneous geological targets were also corrected with relative sensitivity coefficients (RSCs) determined using one standard solution only. The analytical results of LA-ICP-MS on various geological samples are in good agreement with the reference values and the results of other trace analytical methods. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for trace element determination (N = 6) is between 2 and 10%.     

A new strategy of solution calibration in laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for multielement trace analysis of geological samples

Because multielement trace analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) is often limited by the lack of suitable reference materials with a similar matrix composition, a novel quantification strategy using solution calibration was developed. For mass spectrometric multielement determination in geological samples a quadrupole-based LA-ICP-MS is coupled with an ultrasonic nebulizer (USN). In order to arrange matrix matching the standard solutions are nebulized with a USN during solution calibration and simultaneously a blank target (e.g. lithium borate) is ablated with a focused laser beam. The homogeneous geological samples were measured using the same experimental arrangement where a 2% nitric acid is simultaneously nebulized with the USN. Homogeneous targets were prepared from inhomogeneous geological samples by powdering, homogenizing and fusing with a lithium borate mixture in a muffle furnace at 1050?°C. Furthermore, a homogeneous geological glass was also investigated. The quantification of analytical results was performed by external calibration using calibration curves measured on standard solutions. In order to compare two different approaches for the quantification of analytical results in LA-ICP-MS, measured concentrations in homogeneous geological targets were also corrected with relative sensitivity coefficients (RSCs) determined using one standard solution only. The analytical results of LA-ICP-MS on various geological samples are in good agreement with the reference values and the results of other trace analytical methods. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for trace element determination (N = 6) is between 2 and 10%.     

A review on molybdenum determination in solid geological samples

This review highlights the necessity for the development of proper sampling and storage, fast pretreatment methodology followed by highly sensitive detection for the determination of molybdenum in geological samples. Distribution of concentration and chemical speciation of molybdenum analysis in solid geological matrices have also been discussed.     

地质分析中标准物质的选用及注意事项

对地质分析时使用标准物质的一般原则、容易忽略的问题、贵金属标准物质的选择、过期标准物质的选择、疑难样品“标准物质室”的建立、仪器期间核查标准物质的选择进行了论述。     

The preparation of iron-free solutions from geological materials for the determination of boron (and other elements) by inductively-coupled plasma emission spectrometry

A procedure based on successive fusions with potassium dihydrogenphosphate and potassium hydroxide is described which yields an iron-free solution for the determination of boron in a wide variety of geological matrices. Data obtained for boron and other trace elements in geological reference materials are presented.     

The ExoMars Raman spectrometer and the identification of biogeological spectroscopic signatures using a flight-like prototype

The molecular specificity of Raman spectroscopy provides a powerful tool for the analytical interrogation of mineralogical and many biological specimens. The Raman Laser Spectrometer (RLS) is a compact Raman spectrometer under development for deployment on the Martian surface as part of the forthcoming ESA ExoMars mission. This will be the first Raman instrument deployed in space. The scientific interpretation of the data emerging from such an instrument not only addresses the geological and mineral composition of the specimens but also enables an assessment to be made of organic biomaterials that may be preserved in the planetary geological record. The latter evidence centres on the residual and distinctive chemistry relating to the biological adaptation of the geological matrix that has occurred as a result of extremophilic organisms colonizing suitable geological niches for their survival in environmentally stressed habitats on Mars. These biogeological modifications have been studied terrestrially for Mars analogue sites and consist of both a geological component and residual key organic biomarkers, the recognition of which would be a prime factor in life detection surveys of a planetary surface and subsurface. In this paper, the protocols required for the Raman spectral discrimination of key biogeological features that may be detectable on the Martian planetary surface or subsurface are developed using the UK breadboard (UKBB) instrument. This instrument has been constructed to be functionally equivalent to the RLS flight instrument design in order to evaluate the feasible science return of the instrument which will finally be delivered to Mars. Initial Raman measurements using the UKBB are presented and compared with the performance of a commercial laboratory Raman microscope. The initial measurements reported here demonstrate this flight-like prototype achieves straightforward detection of biological signatures contained in geological matrices with Raman band signal to noise ratios high enough to determine sample composition by inspection and without the need for deconvolution or further processing.     

Microanalysis of minerals by laser ablation ICPMS and SIRMS

Due to permanent re-equilibration processes that minerals undergo during dynamic processes within the earth, minerals build up concentration profiles – mainly from rim to core – which are ideal indicators of the geological processes the rocks have suffered. To understand these fingerprints of geological processes micro-analytical facilities are required that allow measurement of the isotopic and chemical composition of spot sizes from about 1 μm to 1 mm at concentration levels in the ng/g-range. Laser ablation techniques combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) and stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry (SIRMS) recently have achieved these demands. This contribution gives an example about their potential in establishing concentration gradients within minerals for geological questions.     

PIXE analysis of geostandards at the University of Montreal

Four geological standards, BEN, GSN, MRG 1 and SY2 have been analysed using thick target PIXE, and the results are in good agreement with the accepted concentration values for 25 elements. This demonstrates that thick target PIXE analysis employing modern computer codes for data reduction, can be used for fast reliable analysis of geological samples.     

湖南湘潭市的城市地质环境调查

从地质环境、水文环境、大气环境和地球化学环境阐述了湘潭市区的城市环境,提出进一步开展城市生态地球化学研究,对环境状态未来的变化进行预测,加强环境保护,使经济发展与自然环境和谐一致。     

A new quantitative radiochemical separation procedure to determine Ir at 10−12 g/g level in geological samples by a long chain primary amine extraction

A radiochemical separation procedure has been set up to determine Ir of 10^?12 g/g level and other noble metals in geological samples by using a long chain s-alkyl primary amine, N-1923, as an extractant. A series of factors affecting the chemical recovery of Ir were considered, including extractant, diluent, oxidant, oxidation temperature an time, extraction acidity, reflux acidity and time, etc. Some improvements in the procedure for geological samples were made, i.e. eliminating interference from chromium and raising recoveries of noble metals in geological samples. The extraction percentages of noble metals are more than 95% in one step of extraction and of base metals are generally less than 0.5%.     

An ion-selective electrode method for determination of chlorine in geological materials

A method is presented for the determination of chlorine in geological materials, in which a chloride-selective ion electrode is used after decomposition of the sample with hydrofluoric acid and separation of chlorine in a gas-diffusion cell. Data are presented for 30 geological standard materials. The relative standard deviation of the method is estimated to be better than 8% for amounts of chloride of 10 mug and greater.     

Characterization of the rhyolitic rocks from the Lela ore body using neutron activation analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) is a well-known analytical method for nondestructive, sensitive and accurate determination of elemental composition of geological samples. In the present work twenty-two elements were determined by INAA in nine rhyolitic geological samples from a wolframium ore body Lela, located in the territory of Isla de la Juventud, Cuba. The obtained results are important for the preliminary geochemical evaluation of the studied rocks.     

激光波长对拉曼光谱检测地质成分的影响

随着激光技术的不断发展,以激光为光源的拉曼光谱检测技术由于其快速、无损、无接触探测等优势,已成为地质样品成分鉴别的一种重要途径。由于激光波长是样品拉曼效应的重要决定因素之一,进一步明确其在地质样品成分检测中的影响,能够为开展行星矿物成分研究提供重要参考依据。本工作基于自主建立的532nm/785nm双色光源激光拉曼光谱探测系统,开展了不同激光波长对地质样品成分拉曼光谱的影响研究,获得了包括硝酸根、碳酸根、磷酸根、硅酸根等分子基团以及硫化物、氧化物等多种地质样品主要成分的拉曼特征光谱。通过对比表明,532nm激发光具有更高的光子能量,能够检测更多的样品成分,但荧光效应较强,785nm激发光存在拉曼信号强度较低问题,但是具有很好的荧光抑制效果,可根据实际样品种类进行最佳激发光波长的选择。     

Comparison of the role of photon and neutron activation analyses for elemental characterization of geological,biological and environmental materials

The potential of photon activation analysis (PAA) for multielement trace analysis can hardly compare with that of neutron activation analysis (NAA). However, PAA appears superior over NAA for the determination of a number of elements, namely C, N, O, F, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti, Ni, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Sn, Tl and Pb in geological, environmental and biological materials. Most of these and other elements can be determined using nondestructive, instrumental PAA (IPAA), especially in geological materials. The possibilities of IPAA for multielement analysis using photoexitation and other photonuclear reactions are reviewed and compared with those of instrumental NAA (INAA), namely for geological materials. The need for and usefulness of radiochemical PAA (RPAA) procedures are also discussed.