A novel grey forecasting model and its optimization

Although the grey forecasting model has been successfully employed in many fields and demonstrated promising results, its prediction results may be inaccurate sometimes. For the purposes of enhancing the predictive performance of grey forecasting model and enlarging its suitable ranges, this paper puts forward a novel grey forecasting model termed NGM model and its optimized model, develops a calculative formula for solving the parameters of the novel NGM model through the least squares method, and obtains the time response sequence of NGM model by using differential equation as a procedure for reasoning. It performs a numerical demonstration on the prediction accuracy of NGM model and its optimized models. As shown in the results, the proposed model and it optimized model can enhance the prediction accuracy. Numerical results illustrate that the proposed NGM model and its optimized model are effective. They are suitable for predicting the data sequence with the characteristics of non-homogeneous exponential law. This work makes important contribution to the enrichment of grey prediction theory.     

基于VAR—GM(1.1)—SVR模型的房地产价格预测研究

为提高房地产价格预测精度,克服传统统计数据真实性低、时效性差的缺点,本文以网络搜索数据为基础,首先通过斯皮尔曼相关分析和时差相关分析筛选出与房地产价格具有高度相关性的先行关键词,并利用向量自回归模型(VAR)和GM(1.1)模型分别预测房地产价格;然后构建基于向量自回归模型和GM(1.1)模型的VAR—GM(1.1)—SVR模型将以上两个模型的预测结果进行预测融合,并以西安市数据为例进行验证,得出均方误差(MSE)和标准平均方差(NMSE)分别为0.97和0.03,优于单一模型预测效果.     

A new method to mitigate data fluctuations for time series prediction

Although the classic exponential-smoothing models and grey prediction models have been widely used in time series forecasting, this paper shows that they are susceptible to fluctuations in samples. A new fractional bidirectional weakening buffer operator for time series prediction is proposed in this paper. This new operator can effectively reduce the negative impact of unavoidable sample fluctuations. It overcomes limitations of existing weakening buffer operators, and permits better control of fluctuations from the entire sample period. Due to its good performance in improving stability of the series smoothness, the new operator can better capture the real developing trend in raw data and improve forecast accuracy. The paper then proposes a novel methodology that combines the new bidirectional weakening buffer operator and the classic grey prediction model. Through a number of case studies, this method is compared with several classic models, such as the exponential smoothing model and the autoregressive integrated moving average model, etc. Values of three error measures show that the new method outperforms other methods, especially when there are data fluctuations near the forecasting horizon. The relative advantages of the new method on small sample predictions are further investigated. Results demonstrate that model based on the proposed fractional bidirectional weakening buffer operator has higher forecasting accuracy.     

基于灰色加权马尔可夫链的移动通信市场预测

在传统的用灰色预测模型预测的方法基础上,建立了灰色加权马尔可夫链模型.以中国移动通信市场预测作为实例,介绍了使用这种模型的方法与步骤.灰色加权马尔可夫链模型既考虑了从时间序列中挖掘数据的演变规律,又通过规范化各阶自相关系数为权重,用加权的马尔可夫转移概率矩阵的变换,考虑数据的随机波动,具有严密的科学性,能较好地应用于中国移动通信市场的预测.     

基于系统冲击的灰色预测模型及其应用研究

针对系统受到系统外部冲击问题,结合泛函理论和灰色系统理论,建立了含有系统冲击泛函分析因子的灰色泛函预测模型。并运用贝叶斯网络推理技术,建立了系统冲击与系统控制的灰色贝叶斯网络推理预测模型。所建模型可以分析基于系统冲击演化的泛函分析因子的动态推演问题。依据泛函分析因子的变动,可以预测与修正系统发展趋势。案例分析了2013年房地产经济受到新政策的冲击问题。由于房地产经济受到新政策冲击,使经济发展态势发生转变。根据房地产经济的当前时段信息,利用灰色贝叶斯网络推理预测模型对历史趋势进行修正,预测结果与实际数值仅有3.81%的偏离,预测结果较其它现有模型的预测结果精确。灰色贝叶斯网络推理模型强调对近期数据的开发利用,适用于预测系统近期受到外部冲击的发展趋势问题。     

Evolutionary learning of fuzzy grey cognitive maps for the forecasting of multivariate,interval-valued time series

Time series are built as a result of real-valued observations ordered in time; however, in some cases, the values of the observed variables change significantly, and those changes do not produce useful information. Therefore, within defined periods of time, only those bounds in which the variables change are considered. The temporal sequence of vectors with the interval-valued elements is called a ‘multivariate interval-valued time series.’ In this paper, the problem of forecasting such data is addressed. It is proposed to use fuzzy grey cognitive maps (FGCMs) as a nonlinear predictive model. Using interval arithmetic, an evolutionary algorithm for learning FGCMs is developed, and it is shown how the new algorithm can be applied to learn FGCMs on the basis of historical time series data. Experiments with real meteorological data provided evidence that, for properly-adjusted learning and prediction horizons, the proposed approach can be used effectively to the forecasting of multivariate, interval-valued time series. The domain-specific interpretability of the FGCM-based model that was obtained also is confirmed.     

Forecasting seasonal time series data: a Bayesian model averaging approach

A flexible Bayesian periodic autoregressive model is used for the prediction of quarterly and monthly time series data. As the unknown autoregressive lag order, the occurrence of structural breaks and their respective break dates are common sources of uncertainty these are treated as random quantities within the Bayesian framework. Since no analytical expressions for the corresponding marginal posterior predictive distributions exist a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach based on data augmentation is proposed. Its performance is demonstrated in Monte Carlo experiments. Instead of resorting to a model selection approach by choosing a particular candidate model for prediction, a forecasting approach based on Bayesian model averaging is used in order to account for model uncertainty and to improve forecasting accuracy. For model diagnosis a Bayesian sign test is introduced to compare the predictive accuracy of different forecasting models in terms of statistical significance. In an empirical application, using monthly unemployment rates of Germany, the performance of the model averaging prediction approach is compared to those of model selected Bayesian and classical (non)periodic time series models.     

基于修正的时间序列模型对冲击负荷的预测

电力负荷预测的实质是对电力市场需求的预测,是利用以往的历史数据资料找出电力负荷的变化规律,进而预测负荷在未来时期的变化趋势.由于经济、气候以及工业生产等诸多因素的约束和限制,电力负荷预测精度很难提高.一个好的实用的电力负荷预测模型则要求既能充分利用负荷的历史数据,又能灵活方便地综合考虑其他多种相关因素的影响.提出了回归与自回归模型相结合的时间序列混合回归预测模型,它的待估参数由BP神经网络进行修正,经实例验证,预测效果良好.     

基于神经网络技术的水质预测

随着地表饮用水源的藻类高发程度的加重和藻毒素的对健康的危害性逐渐被认识,供水企业需建立水源水质预警系统以确保供水水质和实现水厂经济运行,而水源水质预测是预警系统的基础.收集天津引滦源水1744天的水质检测资料,通过相关及指标聚类两种方法分析,确定建立预测2天后源水水质-叶绿素-a的神经网络模型的输入变量选择方案共26个,每个方案经10次试验,比选出模型最优输入变量和模型结构.为建立具有代表性的模型,使用前1209天数据训练模型,训练后的模型对剩余数据的仿真输出值与实际值间相关系数达0.88,其预测准确率为85%,满足水厂运行要求.     

Forecasting energy demand using neural-network-based grey residual modification models

Grey forecasting models have taken an important role for forecasting energy demand, particularly the GM(1,1) model, because they are able to construct a forecasting model using a limited samples without statistical assumptions. To improve prediction accuracy of a GM(1,1) model, its predicted values are often adjusted by establishing a residual GM(1,1) model, which together form a grey residual modification model. Two main issues should be considered: the sign estimation for a predicted residual and the way the two models are constructed. Previous studies have concentrated on the former issue. However, since both models are usually established in the traditional manner, which is dependent on a specific parameter that is not easily determined, this paper focuses on the latter issue, incorporating the neural-network-based GM(1,1) model into a residual modification model to resolve the drawback. Prediction accuracies of the proposed neural-network-based prediction models were verified using real power and energy demand cases. Experimental results verify that the proposed prediction models perform well in comparison with original ones.     

基于分解—集成的铁路货运需求预测研究

铁路货运量受到多种因素影响,准确的预测可以为铁路行业未来规划的编制提供重要的参考依据,也可以使铁路部门制定符合当前货运市场的运输政策。货运量数据具有非线性、不平稳的特点,利用传统的单一预测模型进行预测,很难描述整体特征,预测精度有待提高。本文基于分解—集成的原则,利用变分模态分解算法将货运量分解为高频和低频模态,针对各模态特点,分别建立预测模型,将得到的预测结果加总起来作为最终货运量的预测值。实证表明,分解—集成预测方法与传统的单一预测模型相比,提高了预测的准确率,可以很好地应用在铁路货运量需求预测的研究中。     

组合预测模型时间要素研究

为了分析时间因素对组合预测模型预测精度的影响,基于对长期内各预测方法预测精度稳定性的考虑,借鉴一维AR(p)模型建模思路,提出了基于时间因素的组合预测模型建模方法。实例验证表明:相对于单个预测方法,考虑时间因素的组合预测方法的预测精度更高,且样本时间跨度越长,预测精度也越高。     

A novel procedure for multimodel development using the grey silhouette coefficient for small-data-set forecasting

Small-data-set forecasting problems are a critical issue in various fields, with the early stage of a manufacturing system being a good example. Manufacturers require sufficient knowledge to minimize overall production costs, but this is difficult to achieve due to limited number of samples available at such times. This research was thus conducted to develop a modelling procedure to assist managers or decision makers in acquiring stable prediction results from small data sets. The proposed method is a two-stage procedure. First, we assessed some single models to determine whether the tendency of a real sequence can be reflected using grey incidence analysis, and we then evaluated their forecasting stability based on the relative ratio of error range. Second, a grey silhouette coefficient was developed to create an applicable hybrid forecasting model for small samples. Two real cases were analysed to confirm the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed method. The empirical results showed that the multimodel procedure can minimize forecasting errors and improve forecasting results with limited data. Consequently, the proposed procedure is considered a feasible tool for small-data-set forecasting problems.     

A note on domain decomposition approaches for solving 3D variational data assimilation models

Data assimilation (DA) is a methodology for combining mathematical models simulating complex systems (the background knowledge) and measurements (the reality or observational data) in order to improve the estimate of the system state (the forecast). The DA is an inverse and ill posed problem usually used to handle a huge amount of data, so, it is a big and computationally expensive problem. In the present work we prove that the functional decomposition of the 3D variational data assimilation (3D Var DA) operator, previously introduced by the authors, is equivalent to apply multiplicative parallel Schwarz (MPS) method, to the Euler–Lagrange equations arising from the minimization of the data assimilation functional. It results that convergence issues as well as mesh refininement techniques and coarse grid correction—issues of the functional decomposition not previously addressed—could be employed to improve performance and scalability of the 3D Var DA functional decomposition in real cases.

     

基于灰色马尔科夫模型的平顶山市空气污染物浓度预测

选用平顶山市2005—2009年各空气污染物浓度作为原始数据序列,建立灰色马尔科夫预测模型,对未来10年的污染因子浓度进行预测.模型检验结果表明:均方差比值和小误差概率均为一级;运用灰色关联分析法计算各污染物原始数据序列与预测数据序列之间的关联度,定量描述灰色马尔科夫预测模型对于空气质量预测的精确度,平均精度达到99.9%,表明灰色马尔科夫预测模型对于空气质量预测有很高的实用性.     

基于TFWPA算子的模糊优化组合预测模型及其应用

传统的组合预测中,预测对象往往是实数或区间数,实际上,三角模糊数则更能刻画不确定环境下复杂事物的某些量的特征。因此,本文提出一种预测信息为三角模糊数的模糊优化组合预测新方法。定义了两个三角模糊数的相对误差,同时考虑到预测数据之间的交叉影响,基于三角模糊加权Power平均(TFWPA)算子、三角模糊加权Power几何(TFWPG)算子和max-min准则,分别构建模糊优化组合预测模型。提出非劣性和优性组合预测的概念,证明所提模糊组合预测模型具有非劣性质。最后通过实例分析说明了该模糊组合预测方法的有效性,并对参数做了灵敏度分析。     

企业财务危机预警Rough-Fuzzy-ANN模型的建立及应用

本文提出了一种基于粗糙一模糊神经网络（Rough-Fuzzy-ANN）的企业财务危机建模和预测新方法，并给出了相应的算法，在通过以我国上市公司财务数据为基础进行的实证分析之后，结果表明，Fuzzy-Rough-ANN模型具有预测精度高。学习和泛化能力强，适应性广的优点；同时有效、可行，为企业财务危机的动态预警提供了一条新的途径。     

Point and interval forecasting for carbon price based on an improved analysis-forecast system

Effective analysis and forecasting of carbon prices, which is an essential endeavor for the carbon trading market, is still considered a difficult task because of the nonlinearity and nonstationarity inherent in carbon prices. Previous studies have failed at the analysis and interval prediction of carbon prices and are limited to point forecasts. Therefore, an improved carbon price analysis and forecasting system that consists of an analysis module and a forecasting module is established in this study; more importantly, the forecasting module includes point forecasting and interval forecasting as well. Aimed at investigating the characteristics of the carbon price series, a chaotic analysis based on the maximum Lyapunov exponent is performed, the determination of appropriate distribution functions based on our newly proposed hybrid optimization algorithm is conducted, and different distribution functions are effectively designed in the analysis module. Furthermore, in the point forecasting model, the phase space reconstruction technique is applied to reconstruct the sequences decomposed by variational mode decomposition due to the chaotic characteristics of the carbon price series, and the reconstructed sequences are considered as the optimal input–output variables of the forecasting model. Then, an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system model is trained by the newly proposed hybrid optimization algorithm, which is developed for the first time in the domain of carbon price point forecasting. Moreover, based on the results of point forecasting and the distribution function of the carbon price series determined by the analysis module, the interval forecasting results can be obtained and implemented to provide more reliable information for decision making. Empirical results based on the carbon price data of the European Union Emissions Trading System and Shenzhen of China demonstrate that the proposed system achieves better results than other benchmark models in point forecasting as well as interval forecasting.     

An investigation of model selection criteria for neural network time series forecasting

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have received more and more attention in time series forecasting in recent years. One major disadvantage of neural networks is that there is no formal systematic model building approach. In this paper, we expose problems of the commonly used information-based in-sample model selection criteria in selecting neural networks for financial time series forecasting. Specifically, Akaike’s information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC) as well as several extensions have been examined through three real time series of Standard and Poor’s 500 index (S&P 500 index), exchange rate, and interest rate. In addition, the relationship between in-sample model fitting and out-of-sample forecasting performance with commonly used performance measures is also studied. Results indicate that the in-sample model selection criteria we investigated are not able to provide a reliable guide to out-of-sample performance and there is no apparent connection between in-sample model fit and out-of-sample forecasting performance.     

Forecasting the demand for banknotes: some empirical results for the Netherlands

The desired production of banknotes is the product of the demand for banknotes at any particular time, and the average lifetime. While the latter might be relatively constant, the first shows a steady increase over time. Various techniques are available to generate forecasts of banknote demand. They have in common that they are extrapolative methods which assume that the future may be derived from the pattern of the past. One major class of forecasting methods of this type are time series models, which are particularly useful in a limited information environment. Causal or regression models provide another class of forecasting methods and are particularly valuable for annual or medium-term prediction, and in cases where explanatory variables are controlled by the policy maker. Contrary to these quantitative models, qualitative forecasting methods do not require as many data but are sometimes very beneficial in guiding intuitive thinking about future developments.The present paper presents some examples of forecasting models studied at the Netherlands Bank as well as some results obtained from qualitative research undertaken in the recent past.