Investigation of the Early Multiplication Processes of the Glow Discharge Formation in Neon Filled Diode at 1.33 mbar Pressure

The results of the investigation of the glow discharge time and space development in the neon‐filled diode at 1.33 mbar are presented. The glow is of the diffusion type with saturation current value of 0.2 mA. The temporal development of the light intensity, emitted perpendicularly on the diode axis from many different parts of the diode, is registered. Using this temporal development, the spatial development of the emitted light is examined. Electrically registered (by the oscilloscope) the total current through the diode reaches the saturation for 1.5 ms, which corresponds to the classical presumption of the formative time delay. The prebreakdown current is registered measuring the emitted light from diode gap. The investigation of light shows the increase of excitation in the gap at least 3 ms before any significant current has been registered (I < 1 µA). The negative glow appears in the diode gap near the anode and in the next a few milliseconds covers the cathode indicating the presence of the multiplication processes in the diode. The stationary regime in the diode is established for about 10 ms. Using this detection method, three stages of the discharge formation can be easily distinguished. These results indicate that the prebreakdown processes in the diode gap can be associated with the first stage of the breakdown formation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

On the Populations of Neon Levels in the Low Temperature Plasma of a Hollow Cathode Discharge

Atomic levels population measurements constitute an essential contribution to various aspects of plasma research: balance and cross-section of inelastic processes, admixtures effects on level excitation mechanism, purposeful optimisation of plasma parameters etc. Atomic level populations in the negative glow of a hollow cathode discharge are of utmost interest in view of the peculiarities of the spectral source: a rich spectrum consisting of gas lines, lines of the cathode material and also lines of the substances introduced in the discharge; intensive atomic and ionic lines of high excitation potentials; small spectral linewidth, convenient for analytical purposes.     

铕-吡哌酸时间分辨荧光法检测DNA含量

在pH值为7.2的Tris-HCl缓冲溶液中,铕与吡哌酸反应形成配合物。该体系中加入鲱鱼精DNA分子作用后荧光强度显著增强,并且在一定浓度范围内,DNA浓度与其荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,据此建立了一种简单的测定DNA的时间分辨荧光分析新方法。考查了体系的时间分辨荧光光谱,通过与普通荧光光谱的对比突显了采用时间分辨荧光法的优势,并对反应条件进行了优化。该方法对DNA的检测限为0.03 mg·L-1(3σ),对浓度为4.0 mg·L-1的DNA进行11次平行测定,其相对标准偏差为0.3％。DNA的浓度在0.1～6.0 mg·L-1范围内与荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,线性方程为：ΔI=89.58c(mg·L-1)+0.920 5,线性相关系数r=0.999 6。此方法已应用于合成样品中DNA的测定,结果和加标回收率令人满意。     

油溶性CdSe量子点荧光探针直接检测农药水胺硫磷

基于农药水胺硫磷对油溶性CdSe量子点荧光猝灭的现象,建立了一种简单、快速、直接检测农药水胺硫磷的新方法。在最佳实验条件下,油溶性CdSe量子点的荧光猝灭程度与水胺硫磷浓度在2.30×10-7～1.09×10-5 mol·L-1范围内呈较好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 9,对水胺硫磷的检出限为1.1×10-7 mol·L-1。本法已成功用于大米和小麦面粉样品中水胺硫磷农药残留的检测,加入回收率在93.3%～105.0%之间,结果满意。结合紫外-可见吸收光谱及时间分辨荧光光谱,探讨了水胺硫磷对油溶性CdSe量子点荧光猝灭的机理。研究结果表明,水胺硫磷能有效改变油溶性CdSe量子点的表面状态,增大了表面缺陷和非辐射重组的发生,从而使油溶性CdSe量子点的荧光猝灭。     

光子扫描隧道显微镜的探测场

通过修改光子扫描隧道显微镜探测场的计算模型，推导出比较符合实际的探测场及透射系数的计算公式，并利用这一新计算公式在微机上进行了模拟计算，得到了一些过去未曾发现的现象，对光子扫描隧道显微镜的实际探测具有一定的指导意义。     

以铽离子为荧光探针测定尿样中痕量环丙氟哌酸

详细研究了环丙氟哌酸同稀土离子铽形成的配合物体系的荧光光谱特性及实验条件对荧光强度的影响。在pH为6．0的条件下,配合物荧光体系可发射铽离子强的特征荧光,其最大激发和发射波长为328和545nm。以稀土离子铽为荧光探针,测定尿样中痕量的环丙氟派酸可获得满意结果。     

以花生碳量子点为探针基于其荧光猝灭-恢复测定多巴胺的研究

碳量子点(CQDs)是一种新型的荧光碳纳米功能材料,其良好的生物相容性和优异的光学性能引起了人们的广泛关注。选用富含蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物的花生仁(Peanut,PN)及水为原料,无需添加任何其他试剂,在水热反应釜中于190℃反应20 h,可一步合成绿色发光CQDs。透射电镜(TEM)结果显示,所制备的花生碳量子点(PN-CQDs)的粒径大约在10 nm左右,分布较为均匀;X射线衍射谱(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)显示PN-CQDs晶型为无定型碳,表面富含-OH、-COOH、含氮官能团等亲水性基团,具有良好的水溶性。紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和荧光发射光谱(FL)表明, PN-CQDs在275 nm处有一明显的吸收峰,为CQDs紫外特征吸收峰;该PN-CQDs具有激发波长依赖性,荧光发射峰的位置随激发波长的变化而移动;当激发波长λex为326 nm时,发射波长λem为408 nm处的荧光强度最大, PN-CQDs发出蓝色的荧光。以硫酸奎宁为参照物,利用参比法测得PN-CQDs的荧光量子产率φ为5.0%。基于该PN-CQDs良好的发光特性,以其为探针,构建了"关-开"型荧光体系用于多巴胺(Dopamine,DA)的高灵敏度检测。研究表明,在pH 3.80的HAc-NaAc缓冲介质中, Ce(Ⅳ)存在下, PN-CQDs与Ce(Ⅳ)之间的电子转移反应和Ce(Ⅳ)与该PN-CQDs表面基团结合使PN-CQDs发生的聚集作用共同导致PN-CQDs在λex/λem=326 nm/408 nm处的荧光发生猝灭,荧光信号"关闭";当加入DA后, DA与结合于PN-CQDs表面的强氧化性Ce(Ⅳ)发生反应,从而将Ce(Ⅳ)从PN-CQDs表面移除, PN-CQDs的荧光得以恢复,荧光信号重新"打开"。在优化的实验条件下, DA浓度与PN-CQDs在λex/λem=326/408 nm处的荧光恢复值ΔF呈良好线性关系,线性范围为2.5×10-7~1.0×10-5mol·L^-1,决定系数R2为0.997 6,检出限为9.0×10-8mol·L^-1。探讨了体系的荧光"猝灭-恢复"机理,对PN-CQDs和PN-CQDs-Ce(Ⅳ)体系进行了荧光寿命拟合,其加权平均荧光寿命分别为6.02与5.15 ns, Ce(Ⅳ)对PN-CQDs荧光猝灭类型为动态猝灭;反应中生成的Ce(Ⅲ)于λex/λem=251/350 nm处的荧光对DA的测定无影响。该方法灵敏、简便、快速,应用于实际样品中DA的测定,加标回收率(平均值±SD)在97.5%±1.3%~103%±1.5%之间,结果满意。该研究提供了一种新的DA荧光检测方法,实现了对DA的准确测定。     

吲哚基二聚体菁类探针同步荧光测定蛋白质的研究

基于蛋白质对双嵌吲哚染料具有良好的荧光增强作用,以新型水溶性吲哚基同型二聚体探针I,建立了一种灵敏的蛋白质同步荧光分析体系。实验考察了吲哚探针的荧光特征、吲哚探针浓度、缓冲体系pH、盐浓度等参数对体系荧光的影响。在酸性条件下,蛋白质分子与探针I发生结合作用,同步荧光明显增强并向长波方向发生红移,且同步荧光强度与蛋白质浓度成良好的线性关系。在最优条件下,牛血清白蛋白BSA的线性响应范围5.00×10-7～2.50×10-5 g·mL-1,检测限(3σ/K)为3 ×10-8 g·mL-1;测定了血清蛋白BSA的合成样品,不同浓度BSA样品回收率为98.6%～103.0%,相对标准偏差1.1%～1.9%;与蛋白质紫外标准测定法比较,测定偏差为0.4%～3.9％。     

碳量子点/曙红Y比率型荧光探针测定L-抗坏血酸

以天然生物质去皮的蓖麻为碳源,采用一步水热法合成了荧光性能优良的绿色荧光蓖麻碳量子点(CO-CQDs),对其形貌和发光性能进行了表征。通过将该CO-CQDs与荧光极强的卤代荧光素染料曙红Y(EY)复合,二者可形成荧光发射峰相距较远的新型CO-CQDs/EY复合物。在pH=4.00的Na₂HPO₄-柠檬酸缓冲溶液中,在320 nm的激发波长下,CO-CQDs/EY复合物于405 nm和540 nm处显示出两个独立的荧光发射峰。在该体系中加入Cr(Ⅵ),405 nm和540 nm两处的荧光信号均显著猝灭。L-抗坏血酸(L-ascorbic acid,AA)的加入可使复合物于540 nm的荧光信号恢复,而405 nm处的荧光强度基本不变。据此建立了一种以CO-CQDs/EY复合物为比率型荧光探针测定AA的新方法。实验测定了荧光信号恢复的最佳条件和影响荧光恢复的因素,初步探讨了反应机理。在优化的实验条件下,该探针于540 nm/405 nm两处的荧光强度比值与AA的浓度在5.0×10^-8～4.0×10^-6 ...     

结构匹配酞菁缔合物红区荧光探针在纳克级肝素测定中的应用

肝素是一种聚阴离子生物活性多糖,具有重要的临床价值,简便快速、特异性高的分析方法的研发一直受到重视。基于分子缔合作用原理,构建了酞菁离子缔合物荧光探针,并籍此建立了肝素高特异、高灵敏的荧光分析新方法,分析浓度可达纳克级。发射强红色荧光的四磺基铝酞菁（AlS₄Pc）是一种带负电的金属酞菁荧光化合物,研究发现,母体结构相同、荷电相反的阳离子铜酞菁化合物阿利新蓝（Alcian blue 8 GX）对AlS₄Pc具有高效荧光猝灭作用。由于二者均具有大平面的酞菁母体,但电性相反,分子结构有着高度的匹配性,易于通过静电作用、平面疏水作用等分子间力而形成强的缔合作用,生成近乎无荧光的缔合物。据此现象构建了AlS₄Pc-Alcian blue 8 GX缔合物荧光探针。进一步的糖类物质考察、筛选实验显示,具有强负电性的阴离子生物多糖可以使AlS₄Pc-Alcian blue 8 GX缔合体系的荧光发生不同程度的恢复,重新发出AlS₄Pc的荧光,其中尤以肝素存在下的荧光恢复行为最为显著,且恢复程度与肝素的浓度呈正相关。这是因为肝素带有大量磺酸根阴离子,对AlS₄Pc构成强的竞争结合（Alcian blue 8GX）的作用,导致AlS₄Pc从缔合体系中游离出来,体系荧光得以恢复。基于这一发现,研究建立了一种高灵敏、高特异性测定肝素的荧光增强分析法。考察了体系的分子光谱（荧光光谱和吸收光谱）行为以探讨缔合物形成和反应体系荧光恢复的作用机理;对反应参数（包括pH、反应温度、反应时间、AlS₄Pc以及Alcian blue 8 GX的用量等）进行了优化;在最佳条件下,方法的线性回归方程y=1.08x+58.62,工作曲线线性区间为6.0～600.0 ng·mL-1,检测限为5.7 ng·mL-1;提出了简便实用的样品前处理方法（极性有机溶剂沉淀分离法）以解决实际样品测定时存在偏差的问题;此外,较为全面地考察了多种类物质（常见阴、阳离子、小分子、表面活性剂及生物大分子）对肝素测定的干扰行为;本法应用于实际样品（肝素钠注射液）的测定,取得了较为满意的结果。开拓了酞菁类化合物作为分子光谱探针在分析科学中的应用。     

扫描近场光学显微镜探针与光场相互作用的分析

采用时域有限差分方法对镀金属膜光纤探针在近场光探测中对光场产生的扰动和相互作用过程进行了数值分析。选择纳米孔径的隐失场光场和镀金属膜光纤探针建立了近场光探测的理论模型,讨论了探针孔径尺寸、扫描高度等因素对光场探测的影响,以及测量光场与初始光场之间的关系等。研究结果表明,当探针孔径尺寸与待测纳米孔径尺寸相当,探针扫描高度在接近探针孔径尺寸的一半时,测量得到的光场分布数据能够准确描述初始光场分布。     

表面放电光泵浦XeF(C-A)激光数值模拟

 采用数值方法模拟表面放电光泵浦XeF(C-A)激光形成过程,分析反应粒子、气体温度、腔内损失、耦合透过率、XeF₂压力对激光输出的影响,数值计算结果与自行研制的表面放电光泵浦XeF(C-A)激光器的实验结果吻合较好。     

Determination of the Radial Potential Profile in the Modified Penning Discharge with a Heavy Ion Beam Probe

A heavy ion beam probe is used to examine the radial electrostatic potential profile in the Modified Penning Discharge. The plasma potential in the discharge violates the usual constraint on the ion beam energy in that the primary probing beam energy undergoes large changes in its energy while passing through the plasma. In order to determine the radial potential profile, the primary beam trajectories are calculated to agree with measured trajectories by parametric variation of a potential model in the trajectory calculating program. This iteration calculation provides a first approximation to the profile. This profile can be used to predict observation of secondary ions, and observation of such ions provides a confirmation and cross check on the potential profile model found by the primary beam.     

Numerical integration of the fluctuating hydrodynamic equations

An approach to numerically integrate the Landau-Lifshitz fluctuating hydrodynamic equations is outlined. The method is applied to one-dimensional systems obeying the nonlinear Fourier equation and the full hydrodynamic equations for a dilute gas. Static spatial correlation functions are obtained from computer-generated sample trajectories (time series). They are found to show the emergence of long-range behavior whenever a temperature gradient is applied. The results are in very good agreement with those obtained from solving the correlation equations directly.     

Langmuir Probe Measurement of the Electron Temperature in the Plasma Plume Formed by Pulsed Laser Deposition of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O

The electron temperature of the plasma formed during pulsed laser deposition of Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O target was measured using Langmuir probe. The main parameters of the experiment were as follows: The distance of the probe from the target was in the range of (4-6) mm, the basic working pressure was 2×10^–3 Pa and the planar pulse energy density of laser beam was approximately 8 J/cm². The obtained values of electron temperature were in the range of (1.0-2.5) eV. Presented results are discussed from the point of view of different theories of plasma splitting.     

Probe Measurements in Electronegative Plasmas: Modeling the Perturbative Effects of the Probe‐Holder

A basic property of an electronegative plasma is its separation into two distinct regions: an ion‐ion region far from boundaries, where the densities of positive and negative ions are higher then electron density, and a near‐boundary electron‐ion region, where negative ions have practically negligible density. This is due to the influence of the ambipolar electric field, which depends on electron (not negative ion) plasma parameters. This electric field “holds off” negative ions from the boundary, as the ions have lower mobility and temperature compared to the electrons. Therefore, negative ions will be repelled by any object inserted into the plasma. This can lead to errors in measurements of negative ion and electron parameters by any invasive method. Numerical modeling of electric probes in an argon‐oxygen plasma clearly demonstrates possible errors of direct measurements of negative ion probe current. This can also affect results from the photo‐detachment method and direct measurements of negative ion energy distribution (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Numerical Determination of the Relaxation Parameters of NMR in Complex Heterogeneous Systems

The methods of mathematical processing of the envelopes of spin-echo signals have been considered within the framework of the multiphase relaxation theory. A mathematical model for separation of multiexponential relaxation curves into individual exponential components of spin-spin relaxation times T _2i and amplitudes I _i is described. The multiphase nature of the relaxation of protons in complex heterogeneous systems has been revealed, and the relaxation characteristics of individual components — spin-spin relaxation times and amplitudes — have been determined.     

Investigation of the Influence of Overvoltage,Auxiliary Glow Current and Relaxation Time on the Electrical Breakdown Time Delay Distributions in Neon

Results of the statistical analysis of the electrical breakdown time delay for neon‐filled tube at 13.3 mbar are presented in this paper. Experimental distributions of the breakdown time delay were established on the basis of 200 successive and independent measurements, for different overvoltages, relaxation times and auxiliary glows. Obtained experimental distributions deviate from usual exponential distribution. Breakdown time delay distributions are numerically generated, usingMonte‐Carlo method, as the compositions of the two independent random variables with an exponential and a Gaussian distribution. Theoretical breakdown time delay distribution is obtained from the convolution of the exponential and Gaussian distribution. Performed analysis shows that the crucial parameter that determines the complex structure of time delay is the overvoltage and if it is of the order of few percentage, then distribution of time delay must be treated as an convolution of two random variables. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

荧光探针技术研究阿特拉津与ct-DNA的相互作用

利用分子荧光探针和紫外吸收光谱技术研究了阿特拉津（Atrazine）与小牛胸腺DNA（ct-DNA）之间的相互作用。实验中选用溴化乙锭（EB）为荧光探针,考察了阿特拉津浓度、磷酸盐、离子强度以及碘化钾对系统荧光的影响。结果表明,阿特拉津对ct-DNA-EB体系的荧光存在猝灭现象,并同时存在静态和动态两种猝灭方式。KI对ct-DNA-Atrazine体系的荧光猝灭及阿特拉津使ct-DNA紫外吸收的增色和红移现象表明阿特拉津与ct-DNA之间存在嵌插作用。磷酸盐、离子强度对ct-DNA-EB-Atrazine体系的荧光强度影响表明,阿特拉津与ct-DNA的磷酸基之间存在非特征性的静电作用,并且高离子强度不利于这种作用。     

非欧姆注入单层有机发光器件低场下电流传导温度特性的数值研究

温度是影响有机发光器件特性的一个重要因素,考虑了电流的注入限制和体限制之后,运用数值方法,研究了在低电场下温度对单层有机发光器件的J-V特性以及电场和载流子在有机层中的分布的影响。结果表明,在一定电压下,温度升高时,器件电流增大,有机层中载流子及其梯度分布增大,电场强度分布梯度也增大。并且当温度逐渐升高时,器件的电流传导将趋向于体限制,而当温度逐渐降低时,器件电流传导将趋向于注入限制,此时有机层内各处电场强度趋于均匀。并且结果表明,数值结果与实验结果符合得比较好。