基于漫反射光谱法下层组织信息的最佳探测位置的研究（英文）

由于人体组织结构的复杂性和个体差异性,采用光谱分析技术实现组织内部信息的检测方法中,仍存在着检测位置不明确的问题。采用多位置空间分辨漫反射光谱法对脂肪肌肉组织中内部信息的最佳探测位置进行了研究。由于目标组织为肌肉组织,为了消除由于不同人体皮下脂肪层厚度的差异以及目标层中多次后向散射光对测量结果引起的较大误差,并根据光在复杂生物组织中的传输模型,通过增加约束条件——两条理想的“香蕉型”路径—来定义有效光子比SNR,并以SNR作为评价最佳探测位置SDSbest的标准,对优化后的Monte Carlo仿真结果进行统计分析,分别研究了脂肪层厚度hf、脂肪层吸收系数μaf和肌肉层吸收系数μam与光源探测器间距SDS之间的关系,并以hf为自变量与SDSbest建立线性回归模型。研究表明,(1)当0hf0.6cm时,μaf和μam对SDSbest几乎没有影响,而hf与SDSbest的建模相关系数R2为0.9918;(2)任取脂肪层厚度值0.12与0.22cm作预测,得到预测误差分别为0.030 14和0.020 16,预测误差均能控制在5%以内。该方法能更方便、快速地为测量组织内部信息确定最佳检测位置,并有效削弱浅表组织以及目标层中多次背向散射光的干扰。     

实验不可分辨的Voigt线型重叠谱线的压致展宽线宽的偏差确定

通过仿真和拟合Voigt线型重叠谱线,讨论了将实验上不可分辨的两条谱线重叠后视为单条谱线时所得到的压致展宽线宽与其实际值的相对误差ε,分析了该误差与两谱线的中心位置距离δν₀和实际的压致展宽线宽δν0_Ｌ的变化规律。发现ε在谱线的压致展宽线宽远小于多普勒线宽δν_Ｄ时显得很大,与δν₀和δν0_Ｌ的变化规律较复杂;当δν0_Ｌ可与δν_Ｄ比拟时,ε随δν₀的变化趋于呈光滑的二次项函数曲线,但曲线的斜率在δν0_Ｌ小于δν_Ｄ情况下为负,而在δν0_Ｌ大于δν_Ｄ时为正。整体来说,随着δν0_Ｌ对总线宽的影响越大,ε越小。所有这些结论和相应关系数据为修正压致展宽线宽的拟合值具有积极的参考价值,并且为进一步从实验上不可分辨的重叠谱线确定精确的压致展宽系数提出了极有意义的方法和思路。     

多基色混合白光LED显色性优化研究

为优化多基色混合白光LED的显色性,得到色彩生动的白光LED照明效果,以评价饱和红色的特殊显色指数R₉为研究对象,通过多基色光源混合白光LED的光谱功率分布的高斯数学模型,选取峰值波长λ_m、半波宽Δλ和幅值A为基色光源光谱功率分布的主要参量,并以“蓝光芯片+YAG黄色荧光粉”和“红、绿和蓝基色LED”为分析模型分别进行二基色和三基色混合白光LED显色性研究,讨论两种基色混合情况下三个参量对混色白光LED的显色性R₉贡献。结果表明：为使多基色混合白光LED的显色性更好,首先确定光源S1的峰值波长λ_m1、半波宽Δλ₁及幅值A₁;然后设定其他基色光源幅值A_i以求此条件下峰值波长λ_mi和半波长Δλ_i取值范围;最后在求得的峰值波长λ_mi和半波长Δλ_i取值范围,反求基色光源的最佳幅值A_iopt,从而使多基色混合白光LED的显色性达到最佳效果。该方法对分析基色混合白光LED的显色性具有理论参考价值。     

二元溶液中基频拉曼散射系数随浓度变化对费米共振的影响

在二硫化碳(CS₂)和苯(C₆H₆)的二元溶液中,随着相对体积浓度而变化,C₆H₆的基频ν_１(992 cm-1) 的拉曼散射系数随浓度减小而增加,而CS₂的基频ν₁(656 cm-1)的拉曼散射系数则随浓度增加而增加。文章测量了这二元溶液相对不同体积浓度的拉曼光谱。结果表明,尽管CS₂和C₆H₆的基频ν₁的强度都随着浓度变化而发生较大变化,但C₆H₆的基频ν₁对其参与的ν₁+ν₆～ν₈费米共振几乎没有影响,而CS₂的基频ν₁强度的变化不仅对ν₁～2ν₂费米共振产生较大影响,还使基频ν₂发生变化。文章给出了实验结果,并用Bertran费米共振理论和群论给予了解释。     

卤代苯甲酰基二茂铁的紫外光谱研究

研究了全系列的邻、间、对-卤代苯甲酰基二茂铁的紫外光谱,发现化合物紫外光谱K带及R带 λ_max值呈现如下规律：卤素相同而取代位置不同时,K带和R带λ_max值均为λ_max(m-X)＞λ_max(p-X)＞λ_max(o-X); 卤素不同而取代位置相同时,K带λ_max值顺序为λ_max(Cl)＞λ_max(Br)＞λ_max(I)＞λ_max(F),而R带λ_max值顺序为λ_max(I)＞λ_max(Br)＞λ_max(Cl)＞λ_max(F), 邻位为Br,I时出现例外。     

852.3 nm激光线共振激发Cs蒸气的荧光光谱

研究了Cs蒸气被单模半导体激光器的852.3 nm线激发产生的荧光光谱。由Cs,Cs₂的荧光及其强度确定了在受激Cs-Cs₂系统中的若干碰撞和辐射过程。高位态原子线是由Cs(6P_3/2)+ Cs(6P_3/2)到Cs(6D,8S)的碰撞能量合并形成的,Cs₂(B 1∏_u)带则由Cs(6P)+Cs₂(X 1Σ+_g)碰撞转移产生。通过激发转移、能量碰撞合并和Cs₂-Cs碰撞传能研究了6 2P原子的精细结构混合,得到了6P_3/2→6P_1/2碰撞转移速率系数是(5.2±2.1)×10-11 cm3·s-1,给出了过程Cs₂(B 1∏_u)+Cs(6S)→Cs₂(X 1Σ+_g)+Cs(6P_1/2)的速率系数是(1.0±0.4)×10-9 cm3·s-1。     

温度对二氧化硫紫外吸收特性的影响

以氘灯为激发源,获得了不同温度、大气压条件下SO₂分子在285.0～320.0 nm波长区间的吸收谱。光谱图由弥散谱叠加分离谱组成,弥散谱产生于SO₂分子由基态向密集的高振转能级的吸收跃迁,分离谱主要产生于B1B₁←X1A₁跃迁,由分离谱带的间隔,获得了B1B₁激发电子态的对称拉伸和弯曲振动频率分别为：ω₁=(665±29) cm-1,ω₂=(448±17) cm-1。通过观测不同温度下的吸收谱,发现不同温度下吸收谱的结构基本相同,但吸收截面随温度升高而下降,不同吸收峰对应的吸收截面随温度呈现三次方规律变化,但比例系数不同。所以,在以吸收截面为基础的SO₂差分吸收光谱探测中,必须考虑温度变化对测量结果的影响。     

基于水面光谱数据的官厅水库有色可溶性有机物反演

有色可溶解性有机物(简称CDOM,又称为黄色物质),存在于所有自然水体中,可以用于指示水体有机物污染的状况。相比于常规采样监测方法,基于遥感数据反演CDOM具有重要优势。但是遥感数据反演CDOM的方法通常具有区域局限性,因此需要对不同区域水体进行反演方法的检验和完善。我国北方水体CDOM遥感反演的相关研究较少,选择位于河北省张家口市和北京市延庆区交界的官厅水库为研究区,利用2013年10月26日获取的水面遥感反射率光谱(R_rs(λ))和实验室测得的CDOM吸收系数(a_CDOM(λ))数据,首次进行了CDOM浓度(以440 nm处CDOM的吸收系数(a_CDOM(440))表示)反演。对半解析方法即QAA-CDOM方法进行了检验和改进,并建立了CDOM反演的经验模型。QAA-CDOM方法反演结果的均方根误差RMSE为0.10,平均相对误差σ为10.8%。通过实测数据计算了每个波段的水面以下上行辐照度与辐亮度的比值Q,代替了QAA-CDOM方法中的固定Q值,对QAA-CDOM方法进行改进,反演结果精度仅略有提升,RMSE=0.09, σ=10.2%。同时,用四个遥感反射率的比值与a_CDOM(440)进行回归分析,建立了CDOM反演的经验模型。结果显示R_rs(531)/R_rs(551)与CDOM浓度的相关性最大,决定系数为0.63;基于该波段比值建立的CDOM反演经验模型的反演结果的均方根误差RMSE为0.08,平均相对误差σ为8.8%。经验方法反演结果的精度更高,但需要同步实测数据进行所选波长和模型系数的标定;半解析方法不需要标定,更易于推广。     

四种姜黄素类似物核磁共振谱的理论研究

在B3LYP/6-31G(d, p)水平下优化了四种姜黄素类似物的几何构型,并通过振动分析验证了其构型稳定性。在B3LYP/6-311G(d, p)水平下计算了该类化合物的核磁共振谱,研究结果表明：四种化合物主体结构共平面性较好,为一较大共轭体系。由于羟基及甲氧基的引入,使Compound-B/C/D中C₃,C₄以及Compound-A/D中C₅均具有较大δ值,Compound-A中C₄和C₆的δ值相对较小,C₃的δ值相对较大。而在羰基与碳碳双键所形成的共轭羰基化合物中,羰基C₁₃的δ值(183 ppm)相对于乙醛中的δ值(201ppm)有所减小,C_{11, 15}(α碳)的δ值(122 ppm)相对减小,而C_{9, 17}(β碳)的δ值(145 ppm)相对增大。最后,通过线性回归方法,利用相关系数值r研究了1H NMR δ值的实验和理论计算值的相关性,结果表明相关性较好,实验值和理论值基本吻合。     

新雪的热红外偏振特性研究

积雪直接影响地表能量平衡和气候变化,与人类生产、生活息息相关,运用热红外偏振技术对新雪的发射光谱特性进行研究,可为热红外遥感监测雪的热辐射偏振特性定量研究提供基础,对加深对全球变暖理解及制定相应对策等具有重要意义。研究结果表明：波段对新雪热红外偏振特性影响很大,其偏振辐亮度(L)表现为：L_CH1>L_CH3>L_CH4>L_CH2,偏振亮温(T)表现为：T_CH4>T_CH1>T_CH2>T_CH3,在探测角50°偏振角90°处出现最大值而在探测角30°偏振角75°处存在最小值,利用CH₃偏振亮温数据分析新雪热辐射偏振特性效果更优。探测角对新雪的偏振亮温影响极其显著,表现为：T₁₀203005040,偏振度(P)表现为：P₀>P₃₀>P₄₀>P₂₀>P₁₀>P₅₀。偏振角对新雪亮温影响呈线性关系,在0~135°范围,每单位偏振角偏振亮温增加约0.003 ℃,这为新雪偏振亮温预测提供可能,在研究探测角对新雪偏振亮温影响时可忽略波段造成的差异。相对方位角对新雪的热辐射偏振特性影响不显著,这主要是由物质表面粗糙程度与组织结构差异导致,利用热红外偏振度对新雪的理化特性监测具有重要作用。     

Determination of optimal source-detector separation in measuring chromophores in layered tissue with diffuse reflectance

Based on analysis of the relation between mean penetration depth and source-detector separation in a threelayer model with the method of Monte-Carlo simulation, an optimal source-detector separation is derived from the mean penetration depth referring to monitoring the change of chromophores concentration of the sandwiched layer. In order to verify the separation, we perform Monte-Carlo simulations with varied absorption coefficient of the sandwiched layer. All these diffuse reflectances are used to construct a calibration model with the method of partial least square (PLS). High correlation coefficients and low root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) at the optimal separation have confirmed correctness of the selection. This technique is expected to show light on noninvasive diagnosis of near-infrared spectroscopy.     

基于混合漫射近似的空间分辨漫反射光学参量灵敏度的研究

根据空间分辨漫反射的双点源混合漫射近似模型, 推导了空间分辨漫反射率对生物组织吸收系数μ_a和有效散射系数μ'_s灵敏度的解析表示, 系统研究了在强吸收条件近光源区域吸收系数μ_a和有效散射系数μ'_s对漫反射光子分布的影响. 研究表明: 吸收系数的灵敏度随光源与探测器间距ρ的增加呈线性增长, 其斜率正比于(μ'_s/μ_a)^1/4, 比例系数约为1.4, 同时获得一个优化的探测距离ρ_opt, 距离光源约3.4个输运平均自由程, 在这个距离处有效散射系数的变化对测量吸收的影响最小. 这项研究对于生物组织的光学性质测量以及漫反射光谱技术的应用具有重要意义.     

Detection Limit of Glucose Concentration with Near-InfraredAbsorption and Scattering Spectroscopy

Theoretical analyses and Monte Carlo simulation are performed to investigate the detection limit of glucose concentration with near-infrared spectroscopy. The relation between detection limitation of glucose concentration and source-detector separation is derived. Monte Carlo simulation performed with a skin-layered model shows that the ratio of effective photons from the target layer could excess 50% by selecting proper source-detector separation, and that the detection limit of glucose concentration approaches to 0.28mM, which satisfies the requirement of food and drug administration for noninvasive glucose sensing.     

大空间生物组织透射的Monte Carlo模拟方法的加速

乳腺等类型生物组织的透射Monte Carlo模拟(简称MC模拟)耗时很长,这主要是由于被模拟的组织较厚和Monte Carlo模拟自身统计特性引起的所需光子数量多造成的。针对光源与接收面在同一直线上,采用光纤接收透射光的模型进行分析,通过考虑生物组织自身的光学特性,进行了边界约束和有效后向散射次数的限制来缩短仿真时间,经过多次实验验证,以两次散射所到位置为分界,并充分利用组织光学参数计算约束边界,计算相对比较简单,同时考虑到入射与出射的实际情况进行微扩,从而得到的约束边界。对光学参数相同但厚度不同的组织进行仿真,分析进入同一位置光纤的光子数所发生后向散射次数,发现后向散射次数随着组织厚度与散射系数的增大而增大,随着吸收系数与各向异性因子的增大而减小,通过限定后向散射次数来节省时间。仿真结果表明,在传统计算机上,该方法能够显著缩短MC模拟的运算时间50%左右,尤其适用于较厚且边界较为复杂的高散射物质的MC模拟。该提速方法主要应用于光源与接收面处于同一直线,且生物组织较厚,散射系数较大的情况,能够有效节约仿真所需时间,有利于分析组织透射成像。     

Ultrasonic spectrum characterization of pig''''s pathological liver tissues

I.IntroductionCurrent1ythemajorityofcommcrcialultrasonicscannersutilizeon1ytheamplitudcinformationcarriedbytheechoesbackscatteredfrombiologicaltissuestoproduccandriageintimedomain.Potentia1lyusefulinformationinfrequencyd0maincontainedbytheechoesiscomp1ete1ydiscarded.Theu1trasonicspectrumanalysistechnique,whichcancompensatethislack,canpresentsomeusefulparametcrsinfrcqucncydomainusedinultrasonictissuecharacterization.Onthisbackgroud,asericsofworksonthisficldhavcbeendoneduringthepastdecadell-5l.…     

A 168-km ultra-long-range OTDR measurement at a wavelength of 1.55 μm

A Rayleigh backscattered signal and Fresnel reflection over a 167.6-km and a 251.2-km long pure silica-core fiber (PSF) with fiber loss 0.176 dB/km, and a 138.6-km and a 206.5-km long Ge-doped core dispersion shifted fiber (DSF) with fiber loss 0.218 dB/km have been observed with ultra-long-range optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) using a 1.55-μm high-power semiconductor laser (LD) and InGaAs-APD with a low dark current at room temperature. The Rayleigh backscattered signal level and fiber loss are strongly dependent on the fiber dopant materials and fiber structural parameters. DSF gives a better SNR for short length fibers because the Rayleigh backscattered signal level is larger than PSF, but because the DSF loss is also larger, PSF gives a better SNR for fibers longer than the critical length. Accordingly, the dynamic range of OTDR in the different fiber types such as PSF and DSF becomes different. One-way backscattered dynamic ranges of 29.5 dB for the PSF and about 30.2 dB for the DSF at room temperature have been achieved.     

Acoustic recognition of voice disorders: a comparative study of running speech versus sustained vowels

The signals of running speech and sustained vowels of normals and subjects suffering from dysphonia were analyzed statistically with respect to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The distribution of the SNR measured in multiple overlapping frames in the speech signal was described by a linear combination of the distribution frequencies for SNR = 0 dB, 0 dB less than SNR less than 15 dB, and SNR greater than or equal to 15 dB. The values of the linear combination, the SNR of the vowels, and clinical assignment of the voices to normal and pathologic populations based on laryngoscopic and stroboscopic investigation parameters were used to compare the different evaluations of the voices. The SNR distribution in speech remained stable over signal lengths of more than 30 s. The correlation coefficient between the SNR measure for running speech and the SNR of sustained vowels amounted to only 0.63. The error rate in the discrimination between normal and dysphonic voices amounted to 22.6% in application to sustained vowels and 5.6% when the SNR distribution was used. Possible reasons for the observed discrepancies are discussed, and the results are compared to those of other studies.     

X射线在影像增强器中散射特性的研究

Ｘ射线在影像增强器中的散射是影响Ｘ射线影像增强器输出图像对比度和分辨率的主要因素。首先用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃｓｒｏｌｏ方法模拟了轫致辐射Ｘ射线与影像增强器的输入转换屏（ＣｓＩ：Ｎａ）的作用过程,给陋了透过转换屏的Ｘ射线的能谱。然后以无限大平面铁板作为增强器内电极和客壳的几何模型,以ＣｓＩ：Ｎａ的透过Ｘ射线能谱为铁板模型的入射能 ,分析了Ｘ射线在影像增强器中的背向散射特性。Ｘ射线管电压为２０～１２０ｋＣＶ     

A novel power spectrum calculation method using phase-compensation and weighted averaging for the estimation of ultrasound attenuation

An estimation of ultrasound attenuation in soft tissues is critical in the quantitative ultrasound analysis since it is not only related to the estimations of other ultrasound parameters, such as speed of sound, integrated scatterers, or scatterer size, but also provides pathological information of the scanned tissue. However, estimation performances of ultrasound attenuation are intimately tied to the accurate extraction of spectral information from the backscattered radiofrequency (RF) signals. In this paper, we propose two novel techniques for calculating a block power spectrum from the backscattered ultrasound signals. These are based on the phase-compensation of each RF segment using the normalized cross-correlation to minimize estimation errors due to phase variations, and the weighted averaging technique to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The simulation results with uniform numerical phantoms demonstrate that the proposed method estimates local attenuation coefficients within 1.57% of the actual values while the conventional methods estimate those within 2.96%. The proposed method is especially effective when we deal with the signal reflected from the deeper depth where the SNR level is lower or when the gated window contains a small number of signal samples. Experimental results, performed at 5 MHz, were obtained with a one-dimensional 128 elements array, using the tissue-mimicking phantoms also show that the proposed method provides better estimation results (within 3.04% of the actual value) with smaller estimation variances compared to the conventional methods (within 5.93%) for all cases considered.     

Tagged photon facility at Centre for Advanced Technology, Indore: Possible scenarios

Photoproduction of ω in nuclear medium with the ELSA facility at Bonn is discussed in the context of medium modification of hadronic properties. Utilization of Indus-2 at CAT, Indore for producing tagged bremsstrahlung photons and laser backscattered photons has been explored with a comparison between the two techniques for producing tagged high energy photons for the first time in the country with emphasis on the ADSS programme to have a precise information of (γ,n) reactions