傅里哀变换红外发射光谱法研究金属氧化物催化剂——Ⅰ.实验建立及氧化钼的还原-氧化研究

本文报导了傅里哀变换红外发射光谱法研究多相氧化物催化剂的实验装置的建立及实验条件的考察。设计加工了一个温度范围宽,可在各种气氛和真空条件下原位研究氧化物催化剂的红外发射池。以MoO_3为例,考察了样品厚度,测试温度对发射光谱的影响。当样品量小于1mm·cm~(-2)时,随样品量增加,谱峰强度线性增加,但峰形不发生变化。当样品量高于1mg.cm~(-2)时,随样品量增加,谱图严重畸变。随样品温度升高,谱峰强度近似线性增加。并用该方法研究了MoO_3在还原和再氧化过程中表面氧物种的变化。结果表明桥式MO?O?Mo物种比端基Mo=O物种较易还原,再氧化时,Mo=O物种比Mo?O?Mo物种优先形成。     

红外发射光谱法原位研究褐煤的低温氧化过程

用傅氏红外发射光谱法原位考察了低温氧化过程，用峰拟合程序处理光谱数据，在定量的基础他煤中各主要官能团的变化规律。数据表明，氧化时，煤的芳核部分是稳定的，氧原子主要进攻脂肪族基团，通过生成过氧化物进入煤结构中，整个过程表现为含氧基团的增多和脂肪族基的减少。作为煤低通氧化的一个特征是芳烃Ｃ－Ｈ含量的逐渐递增，这主要是由于它含有较多羧基，其中芳酸的羧基发生脱羧的结果。     

V2O5/TiO2催化剂表面结构FT-IR发射光谱研究(II)

用傅里哀变换红外发射光谱原位考察了V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂在制备焙烧过程中担载偏钒酸铵的热分解步骤及其形成的表面活性相结构。偏钒酸铵在200 ℃左右分解, 在300 ℃之前完全转化为晶相V_2O_5。担载于TiO_2上的偏钒酸铵在100 ℃左右与TiO_2已产生强的化学作用, 在200 ℃之前已完全分解。对于10%(质量分数)V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂其担载偏钒酸分解后在1020 cm~(-1)附近出现晶相V_2O_5的特征峰。但在500 ℃进一步焙烧后晶相V_5O_5的峰减弱并在1025—900 cm~(-1)区出现宽峰, 表明部分晶相V_2O_5可能转化为二维高分散的VO_x物种。2%(质量分数)V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂在焙烧过程中也显示晶相V_2O_5的弱峰, 但同时也观察到属于VO_x物种的宽峰。进一步降低钒担载量, V_2O_5晶相特征峰逐渐消失, 而在1025—900 cm~(-1)区出现二维VO_x物种的宽峰。结果还表明傅里哀变换红外发射光谱是表征氧化物催化剂表面相结构的一种有力的方法。     

含不同碱金属杂多酸盐催化剂氧化还原性的ESR研究

用ＥＳＲ法研究了异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸过程中所用杂多酸盐催化剂的氧化－还原特性，得到含不同碱金属杂多酸盐催化剂的还原－再氧化处理后的ＥＳＲ谱，讨论了不同碱金属对催化剂氧化还原特性的影响，比较了催化剂中过渡金属离子Ｃｕ，Ｖ，Ｍｏ的氧还原能力，分析了Ｃｕ＾＋易氧化性能对催化反应速度的影响。     

Ag-MoO3催化丙烯直接气相环氧化反应的原位红外研究

制备了对丙烯直接气相环氧化具有较好催化性能的Ag-MoO3催化剂, 采用原位FT-IR技术研究了丙烯、环氧丙烷及丙烯+氧气的混合气在Ag和Ag-MoO3催化剂表面上的吸附及反应行为. 研究表明, 丙烯在Ag和Ag-MoO3催化剂表面上吸附后, 均不发生化学反应, 而环氧丙烷吸附后在较高温度下则发生开环和聚合反应直至产生积炭. 与Ag催化剂相比, 在Ag-MoO3催化剂上, MoO3的加入在降低催化剂活性的同时, 在一定程度上抑制了产物环氧丙烷的开环及深度反应, 使环氧丙烷的选择性提高. 另外, 在较低的反应温度和较短的滞留时间下, 环氧丙烷发生深度反应的程度明显降低.     

含铈Cu-Fe-O催化剂的氧化还原性研究

用TPR等方法研究了Cu-Fe-Ce-O/γ-Al₂O₃(Ⅰ)催化剂的氧化还原性能。结果表明,在(Ⅰ)中铜的存在有利于Fe₂O₃的还原,铈作为助催化剂能增强Cu-Fe-O/γ-Al₂O₃(Ⅱ)的氧化还原性能,配合CO、NO和CO+NO气对试样进行预处理后发现,铜吸附CO的能力比铁强,铁吸附NO的能力比铜强,铈的存在可增强(Ⅱ)在NO+CO反应气氛中对CO的吸附能力,并对NO在催化剂表面吸附形成硝酸盐物种产生影响。     

现场傅里叶变换-红外光谱及紫外-可见光谱电化学研究高氯酸四苯基卟啉合锰(Ⅲ)氧化还原机理

本文以现场透射傅里叶变换-红外光谱及紫外-可见光谱电化学方法,研究了高氯酸四苯基卟啉合锰(Ⅲ)在二氯乙烷溶液中电极氧化还原的机理,发现了红外及紫外—可见光谱电化学的证据,表明该锰(Ⅲ)卟啉的第一步还原反应的电子转移发生在金属中心上,生成锰(Ⅲ)卟啉,而第一步氧化反应是发生卟啉环上,生成锰(Ⅲ)卟啉环阳离子自由基。     

添加铈对锰基催化剂的织构-结构及其氧化还原性能的影响

考察了添加稀土Ce对Mn/γ-Al2O3催化剂的织构-结构、表面活性组分的分布及氧化还原性能的影响,以催化燃烧易挥发有机污染物(VOCs)苯为探针反应研究了Ce对Mn基催化剂催化性能的影响。采用传统的浸渍法制备了系列催化剂,利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD),N2吸脱附程序升温还原(TPR)等手段对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,添加稀土使Mn基催化剂比表面积、孔体积减小,说明部分Ce进入孔道中,形成了更多的氧化还原活性位,并且进一步研究得知,适量Ce的添加可以促进催化剂活性位的自组装,达到理想的催化氧化性能。添加Ce后,催化剂的活性组分中高价Mn的含量明显增加,这些都有利于提高催化剂的氧化性能。活性实验结果表明,添加适量Ce优化了催化剂的织构-结构、表面活性组分及氧化还原性能,因此催化剂的活性和稳定性明显提高,其中以MnCe为1∶1时,活性最佳,280℃左右就能完全转化苯。     

氮掺杂还原氧化石墨烯负载铂催化剂的制备及甲醇电氧化性能

采用高温热解聚苯胺修饰的氧化石墨烯（PANI-GO）,得到了氮掺杂的还原氧化石墨烯碳材料（N-RGO）,以其负载Pt 制备了Pt/N-RGO纳米结构电催化剂. 采用透射电镜（TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、X 射线衍射（XRD）谱及拉曼光谱等技术对N-RGO和Pt/N-RGO的形貌及结构进行了表征,用循环伏安、计时电流等电化学技术研究了Pt/N-RGO电极催化剂对CO溶出反应和甲醇电氧化反应的催化性能. 结果表明：高温热解PANIGO可同时实现GO的还原及其氮掺杂的过程,氮掺杂引起还原氧化石墨烯碳材料表面缺陷结构和导电性的增加;与相应的未掺杂氮样品Pt/RGO相比较,Pt/N-RGO样品上Pt 颗粒的分散更均匀,显示出更强的抗CO毒化能力和更高的甲醇电氧化催化活性及稳定性.     

The Semiquantitative Determination of Impurities in High-Purity Molybdenum Metal by Optical Emission Spectrography

Abstract

A method is reported for the determination of Ni, Co, Bi, Al, V, Ti, Cu, Si, Pb, Cr, Mg, Sn, and Fe in molybdenum metal by optical emission spectrography. The procedure consists of dissolving the metal in HNO₃ and HCl, evaporating to dryness, and igniting at 500–550°C to MoO₃. The MoO₃ is mixed with an equal weight of GeO₂, which acts as an inert collector, and ignited at 700–750°C to volatilize the MoO₃. This double ignition method concentrates the impurities on the GeO₂ thereby placing the trace elements within the range of the spectrograph. The residue is excited in a d c are at 10 amps and the spectra are recorded on a photographic emulsion.     

Dispersion and Structure Studies of Molybdenum Oxide on Anatase TiO2

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) were used to characterize the structure of the mixture of molybdenum oxide and anatase calcined at 723 K. The resuits indicate that molybdenum oxide can disperse onto the surface of anatase (TiO2) and the dispersion threshold is 11.2 mg in per gram of MoO3 or 4.8 Mo atoms/nm^2 TiO2. When the coment of MoO3 is below the dispersion threshold, MoO3 species is in highly dispersed state interacting strongly with TiO2 support and in discrete tetrahedral coordination. [MoO4], on the surface of TiO2. When the MoO3 loading is above this value, MoO3 exists in both dispersed phase and crystalline phase. MoO3 in dispersed phase is still a discrete [MoO4] tetrahedron; MoO3 in crystal phase is in octahedral coordination.     

激光烧蚀金属氯化物的发光光谱和飞行时间质谱研究

测定了３５５ｎｍ紫外线光烧蚀ＡｇＣｌ，ＣｕＣｌ和ＣｕＣｌ２产生的等离子体发光光谱顺３００～５００ｎｍ范围内的发光谱线可归属为激光态金属原子的发射线，飞行时间质谱测定表明激光烧蚀产生的正，负离子主要有Ａｇ，Ｃｕ，Ｃｕ２Ｃｌ＾＋，Ｃｕ２Ｃｌ２＾＋，Ｃｕ３Ｃｌ２及Ｃｌ，ＡｇＣｌ，ＡｇＣｌ２，Ａｇ２Ｃｌ３，ＣｕＣｌ，ＣｕＣｌ２，Ｃｕ２Ｃｌ３等，对激光烧蚀机理也进行了讨论。     

Photo- and thermoinitiated oxidation of high-impact polystyrene. I. Characterization by FT-IR spectroscopy

The photo- and thermooxidative degradation of different grades of high-impact polystyrene (HIPS) has been studied by FT-IR spectroscopy. The oxidized films were treated with NH₃ and SF₄ for the rapid identification and resolution of the various carbonyl species, alcohols, and hydroperoxides. All the sample gave similar oxidation products, but in varying quantities. The heterogenity in the film was also determined by micro-FT-IR spectroscopy. The thermal degradation processes at different temperature were compared. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Carbon-Anchored Molybdenum Oxide Nanoclusters as Efficient Catalysts for the Electrosynthesis of Ammonia and Urea

The electrochemical NO₃⁻ reduction and its coupling with CO₂ can provide novel and clean routes to synthesize NH₃ and urea, respectively. However, their practical application is still impeded by the lack of efficient catalysts with desirable Faradaic efficiency (FE) and yield rate. Herein, we report the synthesis of molybdenum oxide nanoclusters anchored on carbon black (MoO_x/C) as electrocatalyst. It affords an outstanding FE of 98.14 % and NH₃ yield rate of 91.63 mg h⁻¹ mg_cat.⁻¹ in NO₃⁻ reduction. Besides, the highest FE of 27.7 % with a maximum urea yield rate of 1431.5 μg h⁻¹ mg_cat.⁻¹ toward urea is also achieved. The formation of electron-rich MoO_x nanoclusters with highly unsaturated metal sites in the MoO_x/C heterostructure is beneficial for enhanced catalytic performance. Studies on the mechanism reveal that the stabilization of *NO and *CO₂NOOH intermediates are critical for the NH₃ and urea synthesis, respectively.     

酸性膦酸酯碱皂微乳体系的红外光谱研究

The demonized water was added to the alkali metal salts of 2-ethythexyl phosphonic acid mono 2-ethylhexyl ester (HA) to form microemulsion of W/O type. The maximum contents of H2O in these systems reached up to the mole ratio (H2O/MA+HA) of 6.5(Li), 12 (Na) and 66 (K), respectively. They are stable when the temperature is lower than 65℃ and no water separation was observed in the ultracentrifuge under 30000r?min-1. Their electrical conductance and infrared spectra in the range of 800-4000cm-1 were studied. The variation of stretching absorption peaks of P=O, P-O-C and P-O-H and their oscillator strengths with the amount of H2O added have been recorded.     

酸性膦酸酯碱皂微乳体系的红外光谱研究

近年来对溶剂革取过程中有机相形成微乳状液的研究正引起人们的重视同，我们曾用付里叶变换红外光谱法研究过钢皂及钾皂2一乙基已基股酸单·2一乙基已基酯（简写为NaA及KA下同）加水形成微乳状液的过程，观察到P二0，P－0－C，P－0－HH－0－H和0－H等基团吸收谱带频率或强度的变化［‘剑．本文进一步对＃、销和钾三种碱金属皂化2一乙基已基胁酸单一2一乙基已基酯有机相微乳状液的形成及其红外光谱作深入研究．1实验部分五．1样品的制备问将金属捏、销和钾各置于2一乙基巴基磷酸单一2一乙基已基酯（以HA表示，下同）一正庚烷中加热回流…     

Thermal evolution of PEG-based and BRIJ-based hybrid organo-inorganic materials. FT-IR studies

This work presents the application of FT-IR spectroscopy to study the thermal evolution of PEG-based nanocomposites prepared using montmorillonite STx intercalated with polyethylene oxides PEG 1500 and PEG 4000 and polyethylene oxide BRIJ. The effect of different polymer molecular weights and polymer loadings has been evaluated by means of diagnostic mid-IR bands. PEG fragmentation through the cleavage of the CO bond appears to be the main reaction step, leading to the formation of short chain carbonyl adsorbed species (such as acetaldehyde), alcohols (ethanol and methanol) and, to a lesser extent, esters species, characterized by the frequency of the carbonyl stretching band. The detection of carbonyl band evidenced the formation of partial oxidation products as first step of the thermal degradation.Increasing polymer loadings, as well as increasing polymer molecular weight leads to lower temperature of formation of the first oxidation products. No clear indication of the effect of the chemical nature for the intercalated polymers can be obtained. BRIJ thermal decomposition seems to be mainly driven by the PEG-like moiety chemistry.CH stretching bands detected at 450–500 °C for the samples intercalated with PEG samples indicated the formation of residual organic compounds resisting oxidation, possibly char species preserved from further oxidation by the interlayer galleries.