A novel 3D measuring method for discontinuous object by non-integral twin-frequency grating

A new 3D shape measurement method based on non-integral twin-frequency grating projection is proposed. In this paper, the projected composite grating is composed of two sinusoidal gratings, and the quotient of whose frequencies is not an integer. By using appropriate phase-shifting algorithms, two wrapped phases can be obtained from sixteen frames of the distorted grating patterns. In aid of appropriate phase unwrapping method, the unwrapped phase of high frequency fringe is obtained only from the relation of the two wrapped phases by a pixel-to-pixel phase unwrapping technique. Therefore the unwrapped phase of high frequency fringe pattern is independent of the low frequency fringe pattern, different from traditional integral twin-frequency grating projection methods in which the phase unwrapping error of low frequency fringe pattern may be propagated onto the unwrapped phase of high frequency fringe pattern. The new theory proves that the proposed method is applicable to measure discontinuous object, and has considerable measurement accuracy.     

Iterative two-step temporal phase-unwrapping applied to high sensitivity three-dimensional profilometry

Although temporal phase unwrapping method can be applied to solve some problems to measure an object with steep shapes, isolated parts or fringe undersampling in three-dimensional (3D) shape measurement, it needs to acquire and process a sequence of fringe pattern images which would take much time. Servin et al. proposed a 2-step temporal phase unwrapping algorithm, which only needs the 2 extreme phase-maps to achieve exactly the same results as standard temporal unwrapping method. But this method is only validated by computer simulation, shortage of experimental demonstration, its sensitivity coefficient G is limited, and it cannot be used when the G value is larger. We proposed an iterative two-step temporal phase-unwrapping algorithm which is an extension of Servin׳s method. First, add a fringe pattern with an intermediate sensitivity, project the fringe patterns of different sensitivity onto the tested object’s surface, and collect deformed fringe patterns with a CCD camera. Then we obtain the unwrapped phase with larger sensitivity coefficient G by cascading the sensitivity coefficients. And we derive the initial phase conditions of the 2-step temporal phase unwrapping algorithm. Finally, the experimental evaluation is conducted to prove the validity of the proposed method. The results are analyzed and compared with Servin׳s method. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve higher sensitivity and more accurate measurement, and it can overcome the main disadvantages encountered by Servin׳s method.     

基于可靠性的相位去包裹算法

提出了一种新的基于可靠性的相位去包裹算法。采用了队列算法及去包裹可靠性的判别标准。与传统方法相比,能够自动避开噪声区域,解决了相位去包裹中的阴影遮挡以及空洞等问题,克服了传统去包裹方法中的误差传播效应,能准确快速地对全场进行相位去包裹。设计了一套基于此算法的三维形面测量系统。     

Noise immune unwrapping based on phase statistics and self-calibration

Unwrapping is an important step for precise phase measurement in an interferometric technique. Due to the effects of noises and speckles, an accurate unwrapping has been quite difficult. To address this issue, a new phase unwrapping method is proposed. The new method uses the wrapped phase statistics together with the limited smoothness characteristics of the interference phase. In this method, statistical parameters of the wrapped phase are firstly obtained. The step is then followed by a self-calibration process to identify and correct corrupted data points to obtain preliminary unwrapped phases. Finally, a phase revision step is taken to remove the effects of the residual errors. A computational testing was carried out to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method at six different levels of noise injection. An experimental test was also carried out using a lateral shearing interferometer. The success and the precision achieved using the proposed algorithm show that the method is quite effective and accurate for phase recovery under the condition of noise contaminations.     

Load-stepping photoelasticity: new developments using temporal phase unwrapping

A new approach to load-stepping photoelasticity is presented in which the isochromatic phase is unwrapped between load steps rather than spatially. This is based on the technique known as ‘temporal phase unwrapping’ that has mainly been applied in shape measurement. The potential advantages of temporal phase unwrapping are based on the notion that each pixel is unwrapped independently of its neighbours. The benefits for load-stepping photoelasticity for reducing the effects of measurement error are discussed in this paper. New developments using temporal phase unwrapping are applied to experimental data obtained from a bimaterial interface specimen loaded in three-point bend. The results show that a modified approach to unwrapping significantly reduces the effects of systematic noise present in the data.     

基于平面估计的三维测量相位展开新方法

工业自动化生产中微米级的三维测量大多采用相位测量轮廓术,但其中现有的包裹相位展开方法容易受图像噪声和相位突变的干扰;在电路板贴片安装的锡膏三维测量中,利用电路板的平面区域包裹相位信息进行平面估计,然后全局相位展开向拟合平面靠拢,根据统计信息确定参数,得到连续相位;利用展开后的相位再进行电路板平面的二次曲面拟合,提高基平面的拟合精度和相对高度;对比实验证明了该方法的鲁棒性和快速性,处理时间短,不受噪声、相位突变、阴影等干扰。     

一种新的快速解相位方法

提出了一种快速可靠的4步相移编码-解相位算法。通过对中心条纹的光强进行摄动,将编码信息加入到基本相移光栅中,使4幅基本相移图不但包含了相位场主值信息,还包含了解相位所需的编码信息。建立了摄动度函数描述相移图的摄动信息进而得到编码信息,解出完整的相位值。对摄动度函数的误差和噪声进行分析,提出方向滤波方法来消除噪声,极大地减少了编码信息的误判情况。仿真和实验证实了本算法的可行性。与传统相移法相比,解相位的速度和可靠性得到明显的提高。     

Pixel-by-pixel absolute phase retrieval using three phase-shifted fringe patterns without markers

This paper presents a method that can recover absolute phase pixel by pixel without embedding markers on three phase-shifted fringe patterns, acquiring additional images, or introducing additional hardware component(s). The proposed three-dimensional (3D) absolute shape measurement technique includes the following major steps: (1) segment the measured object into different regions using rough priori knowledge of surface geometry; (2) artificially create phase maps at different z planes using geometric constraints of structured light system; (3) unwrap the phase pixel by pixel for each region by properly referring to the artificially created phase map; and (4) merge unwrapped phases from all regions into a complete absolute phase map for 3D reconstruction. We demonstrate that conventional three-step phase-shifted fringe patterns can be used to create absolute phase map pixel by pixel even for large depth range objects. We have successfully implemented our proposed computational framework to achieve absolute 3D shape measurement at 40 Hz.     

A novel color fringe projection based Fourier transform 3D shape measurement method

A novel Fourier transform 3D shape measurement method based on color fringe projection is proposed in order to solve the spectrum overlapping and phase unwrapping problems existed in Fourier transform profilometry (FTP). The R and G components of the color fringe are set to two sinusoidal patterns with different frequencies and the B component is set to the average value of R or G component. Then this pattern is projected to the object and the deformed fringe image is captured. Three gray patterns are separated from the color fringe, the background and high frequency noise can be eliminated using our method and the accurate unwrapped phase can be got. Only one shot color pattern is projected to get the 3D information of the object. Experiment results show that the 3D information of an object can be obtained rapidly and accurately.     

Fringe contrast-based 3D profilometry using fringe projection

Quality-guided algorithm is a widely used method in phase unwrapping. This paper shows an accurate quality map based on fringe contrast for 3D shape measurement. Phase-shifted fringe patterns are projected onto an object surface by a programmable liquid crystal projector and recorded by a CCD camera. A wrapped phase map and a fringe contrast map are extracted from the deformed fringe patterns by the phase-shifting technique. Guided by the contrast map, the quality-guided unwrapping algorithm minimizes unwanted shadow and non-uniform surface reflectance effects and is able to retrieve a correct surface profile. Validity of the proposed method is tested on a fish model and a cutting tool specimen.     

两步相移实现投影栅相位测量轮廓术

提出一种新的投影栅相位测量方法--两步相移法。该方法只需两幅相移条纹图，因此计算量小，速度快。给出了实验及计算结果，并同四步相移法进行了比较，证明了该方法具有较高的精度。     

光弹性测量中的位相展开

根据调制度排序，提出了一个新的用于模型全场光弹条纹级次测量的位相展开方法，并进行了实验验证。在位相展开区域的边界上，位相展开的路径由像素的强度调制决定。这个方法的优点是很明显的，即使在最坏情况下，其误差也限制在局部最小区域上。     

基于图切割的相位展开

剪切散斑干涉术中,普遍采取相移法提取相位,只可得到被包裹的相位信息,进一步量化计算之前,必须展开相位,但是大量的散斑噪音使相位展开变得非常困难.本文提出基于图切割理论的相位展开算法,将相位展开等价于整数的最优估计问题,通过最小化能量函数展开相位,无需对散斑包裹相位图进行滤波,就可以从包含大量散斑噪音的包裹相位图中准确地提取出真实相位,极大程度地保留了相位包裹图中的细节信息.对于同一幅模拟的散斑包裹相位图,传统的质量导向枝切法和最小二乘法的均方根误差分别为11.7076和4.9775,新算法的均方根误差则为0.9459,数值模拟与实验结果均验证了新算法优良的抗噪性能.     

用于三维测量的快速相位解包裹算法

减少条纹投影轮廓术的条纹图数量一直是本领域的研究热点。传统的时间相位解包裹算法,一般需要额外的条纹信息来确定条纹级次,导致条纹图数量过多。提出一种用于三维测量的快速相位解包裹算法,只需要N步标准相移正弦条纹图,就可以完成绝对相位的计算。首先,利用标准相移算法计算包裹相位和消除背景的掩膜;然后,直接利用包裹相位和掩膜,根据连通域标记算法计算条纹级次,进而求得绝对相位。该方法最少只需3幅条纹图,就可以完成三维测量,数据处理速度快。计算机仿真和实验结果验证了该方法的有效性和鲁棒性。     

基于图切割的相位展开

剪切散斑干涉术中,普遍采取相移法提取相位,只可得到被包裹的相位信息,进一步量化计算之前,必须展开相位,但是大量的散斑噪音使相位展开变得非常困难.本文提出基于图切割理论的相位展开算法,将相位展开等价于整数的最优估计问题,通过最小化能量函数展开相位,无需对散斑包裹相位图进行滤波,就可以从包含大量散斑噪音的包裹相位图中准确地提取出真实相位,极大程度地保留了相位包裹图中的细节信息.对于同一幅模拟的散斑包裹相位图,传统的质量导向枝切法和最小二乘法的均方根误差分别为11.707 6和4.977 5,新算法的均方根误差则为0.945 9,数值模拟与实验结果均验证了新算法优良的抗噪性能.     

A simple method to unwrap the geometrically discontinuous phase map and its application in the measurement of IC package

Research on the techniques to unwrap the geometrically discontinuous phase map is an active area during the past decade, various algorithm are developed. Basically, these algorithms need a prior knowledge about the spatial extension of the discontinuity area in the sample for correct phase unwrapping, manual mask is often involved and negate the sense of automatic processing to fringe patterns. More ever, current phase unwrapping algorithms are either computationally complex or highly time consuming. In this paper, a refined method is proposed to deal with the geometrical discontinuity problem in an improved automation sense: suppression of background noise and recognition of discontinuity area in the phase map can be finished in the same time, and discontinuous phase map can be unwrapped in a simple way to avoid the effect of discontinuity area. An example of electronic package with complex shape and structure is used to verify the efficiency of this method.     

Surface normal guided method for two-dimensional phase unwrapping

A novel phase unwraping method has been presented and evaluated in this paper. This method works by first constructing a quality map based on the characteristic of the active triangulation system from the wrapped phase data. The quality map is then used to guide the unwrapping. In order to reduce the execution time of phase unwrapping, we tessellate the whole wrapped phase map into blocks. Blocks with higher confidence will be unwrapped first. Experiment shows that this method can unwrap the wrapped phase map derived from the digital moiré system successfully. In data integration stage, only data with higher confidence will be reserved and used to merge together to form a complete 3D model.     

Surface normal guided method for two-dimensional phase unwrapping

A novel phase unwraping method has been presented and evaluated in this paper. This method works by first constructing a quality map based on the characteristic of the active triangulation system from the wrapped phase data. The quality map is then used to guide the unwrapping. In order to reduce the execution time of phase unwrapping, we tessellate the whole wrapped phase map into blocks. Blocks with higher confidence will be unwrapped first. Experiment shows that this method can unwrap the wrapped phase map derived from the digital moiré system successfully. In data integration stage, only data with higher confidence will be reserved and used to merge together to form a complete 3D model.     

光学干涉图像处理中基于质量权值的离散余弦变换解包裹相位

为减少噪声对相位恢复过程的影响,快速得到正确的解包裹相位,提出了一种改进的相位解包裹方法——加权离散余弦变换解包裹算法。该方法把离散余弦变换和标识相位数据好坏的质量权值结合起来,兼有速度快和可靠度高的优势。为验证此算法,对模拟和实验得到的包裹相位图添加随机噪声和散粒噪声,同时采用加权与非加权离散余弦变换算法进行处理,所得到的解包裹结果与未加噪声的解包裹相位值进行比较,结果表明,通过加权离散余弦变换算法恢复的相位图比非加权离散余弦变换算法所恢复的相位图更接近于理想值,而且两种算法的运行速度基本相同,这证明提出的算法不仅保证了效率高的优点,而且所恢复的解包裹相位具有较好的噪声免疫能力和可靠度。     

用于实时三维成像的双频结构光编解码方法

对三维重建中的实时性问题进行了研究,提出一种新的结构光双频测量方法。首先,投影光栅将基频正弦图案和高频正弦图案结合在一起,并保留一张图片作为直流分量,高频图案用于得出鲁棒性较好的高频相位信息,基频图案得出基频相位,并对高频相位进行展开,共5幅图片。其次,用相应的解码方法计算每一像素点的相位,滤除噪声干扰,得到照相机与投影仪的对应关系。最后,根据相位计算出每一采样点的三维坐标,实现三维重建。实验结果表明:计算得到的相位误差的方差为5.559 110-6 rad2,扫描时间为0.156 3 s,在保证实时性的同时有相对较高的精度。对表面深度变化复杂的物体进行三维测量,验证方法的可行性。相比较于传统的双频测量方法,本方法将投影图片数量减小到5幅的同时保持了较好的精度,可应用于扫描动态物体。