A stability study of Navier-Stokes equations (III)

In this paper, the necessary conditions of the existence of C² solutions in some initial problems of Navier-Stokes equations are given, and examples of instability of initial value (at t=0) problems are also given. The initial value problem of Navier-Stokes equation is one of the most fundamental problem for this equation various authors studies this problem and contributed a number of results. J. Lerav, a French professor, proved the existence of Navier-Stokes equation under certain defined initial and boundary value conditions. In this paper, with certain rigorously defined key concepts, based upon the basic theory of J. Hadamard partial differential equations¹, gives a fundamental theory of instability of Navier-Stokes equations. Finally, many examples are given, proofs referring to Ref. [4].     

Numerical issues related to the modelling of electrochemical impedance data by non-linear least-squares

Non-linear least-squares (NLS) fitting is the typical approach to the modelling of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data. In general the application of NLS to EIS models can give rise to ill-posed problems. On the one side, with ill-posed problems it is not possible to prove a priori that a unique solution exists. On the other side, the relevant numerical approximations cannot ensure that a unique solution exists even a posteriori. It is therefore basically pointless to endeavour to achieve one absolute minimum of any objective function for an EIS model in an NLS problem. A lack of awareness of the above-mentioned factors might render numerical approaches tending to locate the absolute minimum questionable.     

ON THE WELL POSEDNESS OF INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM FOR EULER EQUATIONS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLUID (Ⅱ)

IntroductionForthestudyofwellposednessontheinitialorboundaryproblemsabouttheEulerequations,therearemanyimportantresultsgivenbydifferentmethodsindifferentfunctionclasses[1]- [4 ].Thepaper (Ⅰ )oftheauthordiscussedtheill_posednessoftheCauchyproblemswhichsatisfythesameconditionsoftheinitialvalueproblematthehypersurfacet=t( 0 ) +g(x) ,g(x) ≠constant,g(0 ) =0 R4,andgavetwodifferentformalsolutions[5 ].Italsogavetheformulasforcomputation .Inthepresentpaper,twokindsofillposednessoftheEulerequation…     

Analytical solutions to general anti-plane shear problems in finite elasticity

This paper presents a pure complementary energy variational method for solving a general anti-plane shear problem in finite elasticity. Based on the canonical duality–triality theory developed by the author, the nonlinear/nonconvex partial differential equations for the large deformation problem are converted into an algebraic equation in dual space, which can, in principle, be solved to obtain a complete set of stress solutions. Therefore, a general analytical solution form of the deformation is obtained subjected to a compatibility condition. Applications are illustrated by examples with both convex and nonconvex stored strain energies governed by quadratic-exponential and power-law material models, respectively. Results show that the nonconvex variational problem could have multiple solutions at each material point, the complementary gap function and the triality theory can be used to identify both global and local extremal solutions, while the popular convexity conditions (including rank-one condition) provide mainly local minimal criteria and the Legendre–Hadamard condition (i.e., the so-called strong ellipticity condition) does not guarantee uniqueness of solutions. This paper demonstrates again that the pure complementary energy principle and the triality theory play important roles in finite deformation theory and nonconvex analysis.     

The Mean Value Theorem and Converse Theorem of One Class the Fourth-Order Partial Differential Equations

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Reductibilite des systemes hereditaires

A necessary and sufficient condition for an hereditary system in Rⁿ to be reducible to a dynamical one (i.e. governed by ordinary differential equations) is given, which also enables one to show that irreducible systems exist. It is then shown that any hereditary system is nevertheless equivalent to a system governed by non-hereditary equations, if an internal field is introduced, which is governed by partial differential equations. Two examples, one from rheology, the other from electromagnetism, illustrate this last point.     

Non-linear heat transfer of solids in orthogonal coordinate systems

Solutions to the non-linear partial differential equation of heat conduction, (Poisson type), are obtained in which the conductivity is temperature dependent, by solving a linear partial differential equation and transforming it to the non-linear form using the Kirchhoff transformation. The method applies to any orthogonal coordinate system.

Transformations for handling boundary conditions of the Dirichlet, Neumann, convection and non-zero type are developed. The method is extended to solve a special class of non-linear unsteady-state conduction problems.

Two non-linear examples are solved to illustrate the method.     

关于Hadamard定理的一个数值方法

对超弹性材料静力稳定性问题的Hadamard定理,利用Hadamard不等式中一些主子式是齐次函数的特点,引入球坐标系,将这些主子式正定性的判别转化为判别一个初等的二元函数在一个矩形区域上不小于零的问题.对于一个具体问题,只要平衡解的位移给出,则可判别超弹性体中任一点是否满足Hadamard不等式.因此,这种数值方法可以用于分析各种具体问题.该文还给出超弹性材料稳定性分析的一个算例.     

ON THE WELL POSEDNESS OF INITIAL VALUE PROBLEM FOR EULER EQUATIONS OF INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLUID(Ⅱ)

The solvability of the Euler equations about incompressible inviscid fluid based on the stratification theory is discussed. And the conditions for the existence of formal solutions and the methods are presented for calculating all kinds of ill-posed initial value problems. Two examples are given as the evidences that the initial problems at the hyper surface does not exist any unique solution. Foundation item: the National Natural Science Foundation of China (19971054) Biography: Shen Zhen (1977−)     

General solutions to a class of time fractional partial differential equations

A class of time fractional partial differential equations is considered, which in- cludes a time fractional diffusion equation, a time fractional reaction-diffusion equation, a time fractional advection-diffusion equation, and their corresponding integer-order partial differential equations. The fundamental solutions to the Cauchy problem in a whole-space domain and the signaling problem in a half-space domain are obtained by using Fourier- Laplace transforms and their inverse transforms. The appropriate structures of the Green functions are provided. On the other hand, the solutions in the form of a series to the initial and boundary value problems in a bounded-space domain are derived by the sine- Laplace or cosine-Laplace transforms. Two examples are presented to show applications of the present technique.     

On the mechanical modeling of anisotropic biological soft tissue and iterative parallel solution strategies

Biological soft tissues appearing in arterial walls are characterized by a nearly incompressible, anisotropic, hyperelastic material behavior in the physiological range of deformations. For the representation of such materials we apply a polyconvex strain energy function in order to ensure the existence of minimizers and in order to satisfy the Legendre–Hadamard condition automatically. The 3D discretization results in a large system of equations; therefore, a parallel algorithm is applied to solve the equilibrium problem. Domain decomposition methods like the Dual-Primal Finite Element Tearing and Interconnecting (FETI-DP) method are designed to solve large linear systems of equations, that arise from the discretization of partial differential equations, on parallel computers. Their numerical and parallel scalability, as well as their robustness, also in the incompressible limit, has been shown theoretically and in numerical simulations. We are using a dual-primal FETI method to solve nonlinear, anisotropic elasticity problems for 3D models of arterial walls and present some preliminary numerical results.     

On non-linear stability in unconstrained non-linear elasticity

A method of obtaining a full three-dimensional non-linear Hadamard stability analysis of inhomogeneous deformations of arbitrary, unconstrained, hyperelastic materials is presented. The analysis is an extension of that given by Chen and Haughton (Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 459 (2003) 137) for two-dimensional incompressible problems. The process that we present replaces the second variation condition expressed as an integral involving a quadratic in three arbitrary perturbations, with an equivalent sixth-order system of ordinary differential equations. The positive definiteness condition is thereby reduced to the simple numerical evaluation of zeros of a well-behaved function. The general theory is illustrated by applying it to the problem of the inflation of a thick-walled spherical shell. The present analysis provides a simpler alternative approach to bifurcation problems approached by using the incremental equations of non-linear elasticity.     

双曲偏微分方程的局部伪弧长方法研究

重点研究了局部伪弧长方法在处理偏微分方程,尤其是双曲型偏微分方程出现激波间断的奇异性问题,对比分析了全局伪弧长方法空间转化的形式及其网格自适应的性质。为提高求解效率,提出了局部伪弧长方法,利用激波间断的性质,给出了判断奇异点位置以及模板选择的方法,涉及如何处理激波振荡,如何引入弧长参数,以及怎样求解间断等问题。通过数值算例验证了局部伪弧长在激波捕捉和追踪方面的可行性,通过比较局部伪弧长方法与Godunov方法处理不同初值条件的双曲问题,显示出局部伪弧长方法处理双曲偏微分方程的优越性,为伪弧长方法应用到物理问题奠定基础。     

ARC-length method for differential equations

ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｏｒｄｉｎａｒｙａｎｄｐａｒｔｉａｌｄｉｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｅｑｕａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｕｍｐｒｏｂｌｅｍａｒｅｏｆｔｅｎｗｉｔｈｃｅｒｔａｉｎｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｓｉｎｇｕｌａｒｉｔｙａｓｓｔｉｆｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙ,ｏｒ...     

求解固体力学问题的强?弱耦合形式单元微分法

单元微分法是一种新型强形式有限单元法. 与弱形式算法相比, 该算法直接对控制方程进行离散, 不需要用到数值积分. 因此该算法有较简单的形式, 并且其在计算系数矩阵时具有极高的效率. 但作为一种强形式算法, 单元微分法往往需要较多网格或者更高阶单元才能达到满意的计算精度. 与此同时, 对于一些包含奇异点的模型, 如在多材料界面、间断边界条件、裂纹尖端等处, 传统单元微分法往往得不到较精确的计算结果. 为了克服这些缺点, 本文提出了将伽辽金有限元法与单元微分法相结合的强?弱耦合算法, 即整体模型采用单元微分法的同时, 在奇异点附近或某些关键部件采用有限元法. 该策略在保留单元微分法高效率与简洁形式等优点的同时, 确保了求解奇异问题的精度. 在处理大规模问题时, 针对关键部件采用有限元法, 其他部件采用单元微分法, 可以在得到较精确结果的同时, 极大提高整体计算效率. 在本文中, 给出了两个典型算例, 一个是具有切口的二维问题, 一个是复杂的三维发动机问题. 针对这两个问题, 分析了该耦合算法在求二维奇异问题和三维大规模问题时的精度与效率.      

Backlund变换理论发展简述及其新方法

本文首先简要介绍Bcklund变换理论的发展过程,然后介绍一种寻找微分方程Bcklund变换的新方法——wahlquist-Estabrook过程。该方法是目前处理微分方程Bcklund问题的最有效方法.尽管该方法在理论上可应用于任意维数的偏微分方程组,但是实际上它所能处理的主要是二维问题。例如,在应用该方法处理完整Navicr-Stokcs方程(四维问题)时,所得到的是无意义结果.但是,在应用该方法处理定常二维Navicr-Stokcs方程时,确实可以得到正常的Bcklund映射,以及Bcklund变换.      

A moving grid method applied to one-dimensional non-stationary flame propagation

The paper presents applications of a moving grid method to the combined problem of ignition and premixed flame propagation in a closed vessel. This method belongs to the general class of adaptive grid techniques for the numerical integration of evolutionary partial differential equations and is based on the method of lines with variable node position. In the present case the motion of the grid and the solution of the partial differential equations are strongly coupled by an implicit formulation. The problem is reduced to an initial value problem for a stiff differential-algebraic system. The continuously moving grid is determined by the equidistribution of a positive function which depends on the solution of the partial differential equations. A differential-algebraic system solver is used for the time integration of the initial value problem. The numerical results of the test problems demonstrate the computational efficiency and the capability of the method to resolve the main features of the solution.     

求解任意形状厚板自由振动的微分容积法

用一种新型的数值方法－微分容积法求解具有任意形状的厚板自由振动问题。该方法的基本思想是将任意一个线性微分算子对函数的作用值如一个连续函数或其任意阶偏导数、或其线性组合在某点处的值表示为域内各点函数值的线性加权组合，如此可将问题的控制方程和边界条件离散成为一组线性齐次代数方程。这是一典型的特征值问题，其特征值可用子空间迭代法求解。文中给出了详细的计算公式，用一些数值算例说明了该方法求解中厚板自由振动问题的可行性、有效性和通用性，并通过与有关文献比较验证了该方法的数值精度。     

Minimum drag shape in two-dimensional viscous flow

The problem of finding the shape of a body with smallest drag in a flow governed by the two-dimensional steady Navier-Stokes equations is considered. The flow is expressed in terms of a streamfunction which satisfies a fourth-order partial differential equation with the biharmonic operator as principal part. Using the adjoint variable approach, both the first- and second-order necessary conditions for the shape with smallest drag are obtained. An algorithm for the calculation of the optimal shape is proposed in which the first variations of solutions of the direct and adjoint problems are incorporated. Numerical examples show that the algorithm can produce the optimal shape successfully.