Motion of a wheel on snow

A model of a snow layer represented by a continuous set of columns whose deformations are described by the nonlinear model of an ideal elastoplastic continuous medium with viscous properties is proposed. Under the action of a rigid wheel on snow, the field of shear stresses is specified by the law of dry friction. Prom the equations of motion describing the plane-parallel motion of the wheel, there are determined a zone of contact of the wheel with snow, the steady motions of the wheel, and a mode of slipping the wheel. The numerical results are given in tables and figures. These results are obtained by solving the nonlinear equations of motion containing definite integrals with variable integration limits.     

Melting of snow with a diffusion-controlled analytical model

An analytical study is reported of melting of a snow layer in an aqueous solution. A diffusion-controlled analytical model was proposed to the melting under an ideal condition that an aqueous solution was instantaneously filled up by a snow layer at the same temperature as the solution. The analytical results gave a qualitative prediction of the experimental results of the melting of snow layers suddenly immersed in a calcium chloride aqueous solution. The temperature in a melting system decreased rapidly during the melting process. The melting was complete within a few seconds, which denoted a thermodynamic equilibrium. When the initial temperatureT _i and the initial porosity of snow ? _i were the same, the initial concentrationC _mi in the solution strongly affected both the decrease in temperature in the melting system and the melting mass per unit volume of snowM. WhenC _mi andT _i were the same, the maximum melting mass per unit volume of snowM _max was not largely affected by snow particle diameters. A figure was presented for the relationM _max?T _i,C _mi, and ? _i , and also a relationship was presented to easily predict the non-dimensional maximum melting massM _max ^* .     

Calibration of a simple cone-penetration model for snow

Numerical studies using the Material Point Method (MPM) have been conducted recently to model snow penetration tests for fine-grained and coarse-grained snows using small cones with diameters ranging from 2.5 mm to 4 mm, and cone half-angles between 15° and 45°. Although numerical studies have gained physical insight of these tests, due to the lengthy computation time needed for the MPM simulations, it is not feasible to use these simulations to develop a stochastic model to assess the large variations of the mechanical properties of snow typically shown in tests. In this paper, we present a simple and efficient physics-based analytical model based on equilibrium and a cavity expansion solution upon which a stochastic model is built to obtain calibrated material parameters for a Drucker–Prager (DP) model such that prediction of the model can be made. Sensitivity analysis of the analytical model indicates that cohesion and interfacial shear (friction) factor contribute significantly to the penetration hardness whereas the friction angle has little contribution. The calibrated material parameters are similar to those estimated via the MPM simulations. The quality of the stochastic model, when compared with test data, was assessed using four interval-based validation metrics with good results.     

Oscillations in the front of a snow avalanche

The hydraulic model of the motion of snow avalanches developed in [1] is studied, and an improvement on this model is proposed which makes it possible to describe a number of specific effects observed during the motion of avalanches.     

Modeling the impact of a snow avalanche on a structure: An experimental investigation

The problem of the interaction of a high-density moving snow mass with various obstacles is examined.Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No.4, pp. 13–17, May–June, 1993.The authors are grateful to Ts. I. Stavskii, A. I. Denisov and the other participants in the experiments.     

Cross-country mobility on various snow conditions for validation of a virtual terrain

Realistic simulation of on- and off-road vehicle performance in all weather conditions is needed by the U.S. Army for virtual training of personnel on existing vehicles, and for new vehicle design. The virtual test site is a computer simulation representing an actual terrain defined as having spatially distributed terramechanics properties and terrain interaction with vehicles. We developed a virtual test site for Ethan Allen Firing Range (EAFR) in northern Vermont. The virtual test site for EAFR is composed of terramechanics properties including spatially distributed snow depth and density, soil type, drainage class, slope, and vegetation type. Snow depth and density were spatially distributed with regard to elevation, slope, and aspect using a surface energy balance approach. This paper evaluates whether the terramechanics representation of a virtual test site is improved by adding spatially distributed snow and soil properties, rather than using uniform properties. The evaluation was accomplished by conducting a cross-country vehicle performance analysis using the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Reference Mobility Model (NRMM) to validate the new algorithms for realistic spatial distribution of snow properties. The results showed that the percentage of No-Go areas for uniform snow is lower than the distributed snow by 4% for the CIV (CRREL Instrumented Vehicle), 8% for the HMMWV (High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle), and 5% for the Stryker vehicle. For both light vehicles, approximately 12% of the No-Go areas are classified as such because of slopes 29%. These results imply that spatial distribution of snow properties provides realistic vehicle response as opposed to having the snow properties distributed uniformly throughout the entire terrain. This represents an improvement over previous versions of the terramechanics properties.     

Sliding of a Thread Over a Solid Surface

We study a longitudinal constant-speed impact against the end of a linearly elastic semi-infinite thread following the curvature of a fixed solid. The analytical solution found takes into account waves multiply reflected from the contact surface and the impact point.     

开洞口煤仓风致积雪数值模拟及雪荷载不利分区研究

风雪共同作用下开洞口煤仓网壳表面雪压不均匀分布,对网壳结构安全性极为不利,且我国《建筑结构荷载规范》和《火力发电厂圆形贮煤仓施工技术规范》并未明确规定此种结构的雪荷载,故模拟研究了此种更接近实际煤仓选型的结构表面积雪侵蚀和沉积量的变化情况。运用FLUENT计算流体力学软件,基于Euler-Euler的方法,分析了不同风向角、积雪厚度和吹雪时间对开洞口煤仓表面积雪侵蚀量和沉积量的影响,结果表明,风向角和积雪厚度对煤仓表面积雪变化量影响较大,随风向角和积雪厚度增大,煤仓中心部位垂直来流风方向的积雪侵蚀量显著增大。将数值模拟所得结果与规范进行对比,发现此类结构并不适用于我国规范给出的屋面积雪分布系数,故提供煤仓表面最不利积雪分布系数分区图,为煤仓表面雪荷载设计提供依据。     

Mobility of a lightweight tracked robot over deep snow

We designed and built a 24-kg tracked robot, named SnoBot, based on the performance of a 1400-kg manned vehicle scaled using Bekker mobility theory. We then documented the mobility of the robot for 10 cases of deep snow and four cases of shallow snow. The scaled predictions agreed well with average sinkage, resistance and traction measured in deep snow and thus gave useful design guidance. Nevertheless, large differences occurred between measured and predicted snow-compaction resistance on individual test days. The behavior of actual snow packs is difficult to capture using simple Bekker theory. Most deep-snow packs showed a linear relationship between pressure and sinkage for small indentation, followed by a steep rise in pressure as indentation compacted the snow against the ground. Also, small strength variations due to icy layers were important. SnoBot traveled easily over ice crusts that were much too weak to support foot travel. The results indicate that a lightweight tracked robot can display excellent deep-snow mobility when ground clearance, motor torque and energy storage allow for proportionally high sinkage and motion resistance compared with larger vehicles.     

锐缘硬质轮在金属表面的滚动与滑动

在工程应用的很多摩擦对偶中，往往有一方是锐形的，因此，研究锐形滑块的滚动与滑动具有重要的实用意义。以锐缘硬质轮在挤压铝和软钢两种平面试样表面的滚动和滑动为研究对象，考察了两种摩擦过程中材料的受力状况和变形状况，结果表明，要在同种金属试样表面造成相同宽度的槽痕，滚动法所需要的垂直负荷比滑动法所需要的大，然而滚动法所需要的切向牵引力却比滑动法所需要的小．对两种摩擦过程中界面上的应力与材料的强度性能之关系的分析讨论指出，滚动试验中接触界面上的正应力相应于变形材料的屈服应力，因而滚动试验可以作为材料硬度的一种测量方法；滑动试验中接触界面上的剪应力相应于变形材料的流动剪应力；但滚动试验中界面剪应力与材料的流动剪应力之间，以及滑动试验中界面正应力与材料的屈服应力之间却都没有直线关系．     

Investigation of the one-dimensional motion of a snow avalanche along a flat slope

In view of the developing construction in mountainous regions where there is danger from avalanches, the problem of protection against avalanches has become timely. In the solution of this problem, various methods can be used in practice; in connection with the use of these methods, there arise a great number of engineering and mechanical problems. In particular, in the design of structures for protection against avalanches, information is needed on the parameters of moving avalanches, i.e., on velocities, heights of the front, densities of the snow, etc., that is to say, calculations of the motion of avalanches along a slope, as well as of their interaction with the structure under consideration. From a practical point of view, information on the maximal range of the throw, i.e., on the boundary of the avalanche danger zone, is also important. The present article is devoted to an analytical and numerical investigation of the one-dimensional motion of an avalanche; an asymptotic solution is obtained to the problem of the one-dimensional motion of an avalanche along a homogeneous slope.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 5, pp. 7–14, September–October, 1973.     

Taylor instability of a fluid film on a body

The Taylor instability develops in a parallel flows when the body force acts in the direction from the heavier fluid toward the lighter [1]. It has been suggested that an increase in flow vorticity may have a stabilizing influence on the Taylor instability [2]. In studying the hydrodynamic stability of a viscous film on a body in a flow of a low-viscosity fluid [3], the author noted some stabilization of the Taylor instability with increase in Reynolds number, and suggested that cases of complete stabilization of the flow with respect to two-dimensional disturbances are possible with some increase in Reynolds number. In the present investigation, calculations revealed cases in which with increase in Reynolds number the Taylor instability goes over into a Helmholtz instability, which increases with increase in Reynolds number, and also cases in which the Taylor instability completely disappears at some value of the Reynolds number before a Helmholtz instability has developed, i.e., cases of complete stabilization of the flow with respect to two-dimensional disturbances as a result of an increase in Reynolds number.     

Effect of snow cover on obstacle performance of vehicles

Trafficability of terrain is a function of soft soil, hard or rough ground, geometric obstacles, vegetation, and the riverine environment. All of these terrain aspects are altered by cold temperatures and snow cover. This paper examines the effect of snow cover on obstacle crossing performance of vehicles. The mathematical expressions describing step negotiation, trench crossing, and slope climbing on snow-covered obstacles are given in terms of tracked vehicle, obstacle, and snow parameters.Tests of two tracked vehicles on snow-covered slopes, stream crossings, steps, and trenches were conducted, and some of the results were compared with computed values. Differences between computed and experimental values are attributed to neglecting slip-sinkage and track deflection in the computations.     

攒尖四坡屋面风致雪漂移的数值模拟

为获得攒尖四坡屋面的风致雪漂移规律,基于欧拉-欧拉方法和风雪单向耦合假定,运用计算流体动力学软件,选取Mixture模型分别对立方体周边和高低屋面上的风致雪漂移运动进行数值模拟,将模拟结果与两者的实地观测数据对比,探讨分析数值风洞的关键技术和参数设置,验证数值模拟方法的合理性与可靠性。依据攒尖四坡房屋的使用功能要求,设计分析模型与分析工况,在试算的基础上对屋面进行分区。以风速5 m/s,7 m/s,9 m/s,11 m/s,13 m/s和15 m/s,风向角0°,15°,30°和45°以及屋面坡度25°,30°,34°,40°和45°为分析参数,对攒尖四坡房屋的120种工况进行数值模拟,得到屋面各分区侵蚀沉积的基本规律,提出可用于抗雪设计的屋面积雪分布系数。研究表明,风向角的改变会使屋面积雪分布状态发生较大程度的变化,风速和屋面坡度的变化对屋面整体积雪量有较大影响。     

Sensitivity analysis,calibration and validation of a snow indentation model

Quantification of the mechanical behavior of snow in response to loading is of importance in vehicle-terrain interaction studies. Snow, like other engineering materials, may be studied using indentation tests. However, unlike engineered materials with targeted and repeatable material properties, snow is a naturally-occurring, heterogeneous material whose mechanical properties display a statistical distribution. This study accounts for the statistical nature of snow behavior that is calculated from the pressure-sinkage curves from indentation tests. Recent developments in the field of statistics were used in conjunction with experimental results to calibrate, validate, and study the sensitivity of the plasticity-based snow indentation model. It was found that for material properties, in the semi-infinite zone of indentation, the cohesion has the largest influence on indentation pressure, followed by one of the the hardening coefficients. In the finite depth zone, the friction angle has the largest influence on the indentation pressure. A Bayesian metamodel was developed, and model parameters were calibrated by maximizing a Gaussian likelihood function. The calibrated model was validated using three local and global confidence-interval based metrics with good results.     

SiC颗粒增强6061铝合金滑动磨损的周期性与随机性

采用自制盘 -块式高速摩擦试验机研究了SiC颗粒增强 6 0 6 1铝合金试盘同颗粒增强橡胶试块对摩时的滑动磨损行为 ,在滑动速度为 2 0m/s和 40m/s条件下 ,通过持续试验、间歇试验和重复试验 ,考察了试盘磨损行为的周期性和磨损量变化的随机性 .基于对磨损行为的风险率的分析 ,提出了磨损统计模型 ,结合试验数据讨论了周期磨损量概率分布的某些特殊性质 .结果表明 ,周期磨损量的概率平均值及分散程度与滑动速度有关 ,而其下限值与速度无关     

Sliding of a filament along the surface of a horizontal shelf

We consider the problem of the steady motion of a linear-elastic and envelope surface of a fixed horizontal shelf of a flexible filament of semiinfinite length. We investigate the effect of longitudinal waves reflected from the point of encounter and point of descent of the filament on the parameters of motion of the filament.Yu. Akhunbabaev Tashkent Institute of Textiles and light Industry, Uzbekistan. Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 90–96, February, 1994.