烟煤焦在H_2O和CO_2气氛下的结构演变与气化反应性关联（英文）

本研究以烟煤在1000℃热解所制得的焦样为研究对象,考察了其在H_2O、CO_2及两者混合气氛下的结构演变,以及气化反应性的影响。为了探究焦样在气化过程中的结构演变,利用氮吸附、SEM和拉曼光谱等表征手段分析不同碳转化率下的焦样结构。结果表明,H_2O气氛对焦样结构的演变明显不同于CO_2气氛,揭示了焦样在两种气氛下的反应路径不同。因结构演变的不同,随碳转化率的增加,焦样在两种气氛下表现出不同的气化反应性能。在CO_2气氛下,焦样的气化反应速率随碳转化率的增加而逐渐降低,与H_2O气氛存在下变化趋势相反。在H_2O和CO_2共气化条件下,煤焦在H_2O和CO_2混合气氛下的反应速率高于单气氛下的反应速率的计算值,表现出一定的协同作用。这是因为焦样与H_2O反应能够产生较大的比表面积,为焦样与CO_2反应提供更多的反应场所,促进了焦样与CO_2的反应。     

O2/CO2气氛下CO2和H2O气化反应对煤及煤焦燃烧特性的影响

利用热天平对比研究了大同煤及煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧行为,探讨CO₂和H₂O气化反应对其富氧燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,在5%氧气浓度下,煤粉在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的燃烧速率按顺序依次降低。氧气浓度降低到2%,由于CO₂和H₂O气化反应的作用,煤粉在高温区的整体反应速率按顺序依次增大。当氧气浓度为5%时,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的燃烧速率要低于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率,但燃烧反应推迟后气化反应的参与使得煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的整体反应速率显著升高。当氧气浓度降低到2%后,随着温度的升高,在CO₂气化反应的作用下,煤焦在O₂/CO₂中的整体反应速率逐渐高于O₂/N₂中的燃烧速率。在O₂/H₂O/CO₂中,由于H₂O在共气化中起主要作用,煤焦在O₂/H₂O/CO₂高温区的整体反应速率进一步升高。动力学分析表明,在5%氧浓度时,煤焦在O₂/N₂、O₂/CO₂和O₂/H₂O/CO₂中的表观活化能依次升高。随着氧气浓度的降低,在不同反应气氛中的表观活化能均有所下降。     

木粉焦CO2和H2O气化过程孔结构及反应性的变化

利用固定床实验装置,分别对木粉热解焦进行CO₂和H₂O气氛下的气化实验,并考察热解焦在经过部分气化反应后孔隙结构变化特点和气化反应特性。研究结果表明,木粉焦气化过程孔结构的变化规律与气化介质有关,CO₂气化过程以产生微孔为主,孔径大部分在0.4nm～0.9nm;而H₂O气化在反应初期以产生微孔为主,反应后期以扩孔为主;部分气化焦的反应性和比表面积关联结果显示,两者不具有简单相关性,反应性也受孔结构特性的影响。     

棕榈壳焦CO2气化过程中反应性及结构特性研究

850℃下,利用管式炉制备了不同转化率的棕榈壳CO₂气化焦,通过热重分析仪研究了气化焦的CO₂气化反应性,采用比表面积分析、拉曼光谱、X射线荧光光谱和扫描电镜-能谱等分析手段,考察了气化焦孔隙结构、碳组成、矿物元素含量与分布随转化率的变化。结果表明,在CO₂气化过程中,随着转化率的提高,棕榈壳气化焦固定碳的含量逐渐降低,有序化碳的相对含量为0.30~0.33,对气化过程起到一定的抑制作用;灰分含量逐渐增加,但气化反应指数R_s呈现先降低后升高的过程。转化率小于23%时,R_s与气化焦比表面积的变化趋势一致;23%< 转化率< 31%时,R_s基本不变;31%< 转化率< 68%时,比表面积随转化率线性增加,R_s取决于孔隙比表面积、矿物元素催化2个因素的协同作用,当转化率> 56 %时,该催化作用变得明显,同时碳的有序化程度开始降低;转化率> 68%时,R_s主要受矿物元素的催化作用控制。     

CO2气氛下生物焦气化反应动力学参数的实验研究：Ⅰ.活化能

利用热重分析仪在750~1 000 ℃对四种生物质进行了CO₂等温气化实验。结果表明,各生物质焦的气化反应性随气化温度的升高而增加。用碳转化率为20%时的瞬时气化反应速率r_0.2对反应速率r进行无量纲化,发现在实验温度范围内,各焦炭的无量纲气化反应速率-碳转化率曲线均存在两种变化趋势。利用等转化率法求取了四种生物焦在碳转化率达到20%后的气化反应活化能,发现同一种焦炭的气化反应活化能受碳转化率的影响较小,而不同种类焦炭的活化能主要受到焦中无机矿物成分的影响。各焦炭的活化能与焦中碱金属含量与固定碳含量的比值W_C/W_FC存在近似的线性关系：E=233.9-1 005.7×（W_C/W_FC）。若忽略催化效应的影响,焦炭本征气化反应的活化能趋于某一定值,约为234 kJ/mol。     

CO2气氛对胜利褐煤热解过程的影响

以5-8 mm胜利褐煤为研究对象,利用固定床反应器,在400-700℃、CO₂气氛下进行热解实验,研究了CO₂气氛对煤热解气、液、固三相产物分布的影响,探讨了CO₂对煤焦结构作用的机理。研究表明,与N₂气氛相比,CO₂气氛热解提高焦油和热解水产率,降低热解气和半焦产率;400和500℃时,CO₂气氛下形成的半焦孔隙结构和总孔体积没有明显的变化,600和700℃时,CO₂气氛下所得半焦的比表面积及孔容较N₂气氛下的大,是与煤焦内部挥发分大量释放以及CO₂进入孔道与活性位反应有关;煤热解过程中CO₂的引入能促进煤焦中3-5环芳香结构的消耗,导致煤焦结构芳香度的提高;600和700℃时,CO₂气氛下热解气中H₂和CH₄产率低,同时CO₂能与煤焦发生气化反应显著提高CO含量。     

费托合成铁基催化剂中Fe3O4含量对CO2选择性的影响

本研究以共沉淀法制备的α-Fe₂O₃催化剂为前驱体，通过调变碳化温度和碳化时间制备了不同物相组成的系列催化剂，采用XRD、M?ssbauer谱、XPS和Raman光谱等技术考察了催化剂体相和表面物相组成，在此基础上研究了不同条件下(不同CO转化率和H₂O分压)催化剂的物相组成与催化剂性能之间的关系，重点探究了费托合成条件下CO₂生成的活性相。结果表明，升高碳化温度和延长碳化时间有利于Fe₃O₄向碳化铁转变。在典型的费托合成条件下，催化剂的活性受到碳化铁含量和积炭程度的共同影响。当H₂O分压较低时，动力学因素限制了水煤气变换(WGS)反应的进行，CO₂选择性仅受CO转化率的影响，Fe₃O₄含量变化对CO₂选择性无明显影响；而在较高的H₂O分压下，随着催化剂中Fe₃O₄含量增加，CO     

甲酸辅助Cu-ZnO-Al2O3催化剂制备及其CO2加氢制甲醇性能研究

采用共沉淀法制备Cu/Zn/Al前驱体,经甲酸处理后N₂气氛焙烧得到Cu-ZnO-Al₂O₃催化剂(CZA)用于CO₂加氢制甲醇反应。使用XRD、BET、TG-DSC、SEM、H₂-TPR、N₂O滴定、XPS-AES、CO₂-TPD表征技术对催化剂的物相组成、结构性质以及Cu物种的比表面积、分散度以及价态分布进行分析和讨论。结果表明,甲酸处理调节了催化剂中Cu⁺与Cu⁰的比例,同时增加催化剂的中强碱性,并提高甲醇选择性。在W/F(H₂/CO₂=70/23)=10 g·h/mol、t=200℃、p=3 MPa反应条件下,使用HCOOH/Cu(物质的量比)=0.8甲酸处理获得的催化剂,CO₂转化率6.7%,甲醇选择性达76.3%。     

垃圾衍生燃料热解半焦气化过程中HCl与H2S析出规律

通过水平管式气化炉和化学吸收法,对比研究了矿化垃圾热解半焦（ARC）和常规垃圾热解半焦（NRC）在水蒸气和CO₂气化过程中腐蚀性气体（HCl和H₂S）的析出特性,考察了气化温度、气化介质类型和流量对腐蚀性气体析出特性的影响。当气化温度升至950℃,ARC在水蒸气气化过程中的碳气化率、HCl和H₂S产率分别为66.1%、100%和74.9%,而其在CO₂气化过程中的碳气化率、HCl和H₂S产率分别为77.8%、100%和2.9%;NRC在水蒸气气化过程中的碳气化率、HCl和H₂S产率分别为98.8%、100%和53.7%,而其在CO₂气化过程中的碳气化率、HCl和H₂S产率分别为100%、96.2%和10.3%。以NRC为原料,考察了水蒸气和CO₂流量对其HCl和CO₂析出特性的影响。NRC的HCl和H₂S产率均随水蒸气流量增加而增加,但当水碳比大于等于3.3时,其促进作用不再明显。NRC的HCl产率随CO₂流量的增加而增加,而H₂S产率随CO₂流量的增加而减小。     

通过实验和理论验证Pt0/SrTiO3-δ复合催化剂双反应路径促进CO2还原(英文)

在以H₂O为质子源的光催化二氧化碳还原反应(CO₂RR)过程中,光解H₂O产氢气(H₂)被认为是一个竞争反应.因此,光催化CO₂RR过程需要抑制H₂的产生,以提高碳氢产物的选择性和产率.以CO₂和H₂为反应物的逆水气变换反应(RWGS)是常见的CO₂加氢反应,在较高的温度和催化剂作用下生成CO和H₂O.目前,光催化CO₂RR研究主要聚焦于产物的选择性,而有关光解H₂O产生的还原性气体H₂在光热效应的促进下成为CO₂RR中新的质子源研究较少.光热催化是一种新的高效催化反应方式,在反应过程中需要光照和加热.光照能够促进半导体光生载流子的激发,热效应则能降低反应物分子的活化势垒,并能够促进中间产物的表面迁移以及生成物的脱附.利用光热催化热力学和动力学上的有利条件,为以H₂     

The kinetics of gasification of char derived from sewage sludge

Gasification of char derived from sewage sludge was studied under different oxidizing atmospheres containing CO₂, O₂ or H₂O. The gasification tests were carried out in thermobalance at different temperatures and oxidizing reagent concentrations. The most efficient were the gaseous mixtures containing oxygen. The reaction took place at temperature 400–500 °C, whilst in the case of CO₂ and steam much higher temperatures (700–900 °C) were necessary to complete the conversion. Two rate models for gas–solid reaction were applied to describe the effect of char conversion on reaction rate. The shrinking core model for reaction-controlled regime was found to be the best for predicting the rate of char gasification in CO₂ and O₂ atmosphere. The experimental data for steam gasification of the char were fitted best by the first-order kinetics. The kinetic parameters estimated from the experimental data are in accordance with the literature for lignocellulosic char gasification and are the first published for sewage sludge char gasification.     

Thermogravimetric analysis of gasification reactivity of coal chars with steam and CO2 at moderate temperatures

Comparative study on the gasification reactivity of the three types of Chinese coal chars with steam and CO₂ at 850–1050 °C was conducted by isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The effects of coal rank, pore structure, ash behavior, and gasification temperature on the gasification reactivity of coal chars were investigated. It is found that the gasification reactivity difference between different coal chars changes with reaction degree and gasification temperature, and has no immediate connection with coal rank and initial pore structure. Ash behavior plays an important role in the char reactivity, and changes with gasification temperature and reaction degree due to the variation in the compositions and relative amount. The influence of pore structure is more noticeable during a relatively moderate reaction process. The relative reactivity ratio of steam to CO₂ gasification generally decreases with the increasing temperature, and is related with the catalytic effect of inherent minerals. The characteristic parameters of the chars were analyzed, finding that the value of half reaction specific rate is approximate to the average specific rate under the same conditions. The nth-order distributed activation energy model is proposed to describe the coal char gasification process, and the results show that the activation energy increases with the increasing carbon conversion.     

Syngas Production from Lignite Coal Using K2CO3 Catalytic Steam Gasification with Controlled Heating Rate in Pyrolysis Step

Gasification uses steam increases H2 content in the syngas. Kinetics of gasification process can be improved by using K₂CO₃ catalyst. Controlled heating rate in pyrolysis step determines the pore size of charcoal that affects yield gas and H₂ and CO content in the syngas. In previous research, pyrolisis step was performed without considering heating rate in pyrolysis step. This experiment was performed by catalytic steam gasification using lignite char from pyrolysis with controlled heating rate intended to produce maximum yield of syngas with mole ratio of H₂/CO ≈ 2. Slow heating rate (3 °C/min) until 850 °C in the pyrolysis step has resulted in largest surface area of char. This study was performed by feeding Indonesian lignite char particles and K₂CO₃ catalyst into a fixed bed reactor with variation of steam/char mole ratio (2.2; 2.9; 4.0) and gasification temperature (750 °C, 825 °C, and 900 °C). Highest ratio of H₂/CO (1.682) was obtained at 750 °C and steam/char ratio 2.2. Largest gas yield obtained from this study was 0.504 mol/g of char at 900 °C and steam/char ratio 2.9. Optimum condition for syngas production was at 750 °C and steam/char mole ratio 2.2 with gas yield 0.353 mol/g of char and H₂/CO ratio 1.682.     

氧气对褐煤水蒸气气化半焦的活化及机理

以胜利褐煤为原料,利用一段流化床/固定床石英反应器,进行N_2/O_2/H_2O/H_2O+O_2气氛的褐煤热解/气化实验。采用BET、Raman、FT-IR、微波消解ICP-AES、TGA等技术表征半焦。研究氧气添加对气化反应以及半焦结构和反应性的影响,解析了氧气对气化半焦的活化机理。结果表明,氧气添加可以改变半焦结构,活化半焦,从而促进转化率、H_2产率和CO_2产率的提高。氧气对气化半焦的活化作用主要包括两个方面,一是芳核与氧气发生氧化分解反应,破坏了芳环大π键,形成了新的官能团,从而促进了反应(C+H_2O→H_2+CO)的发生;二是随反应的进行,芳香大环(≥6)结构解聚为芳香小环(3-5)结构,同时氧原子进入芳核,形成缺陷位C-O-C,从而导致半焦微晶结构的缺陷程度提高、缩聚程度降低,进而导致半焦反应性和表面吸附作用提高,促进反应(CO+H_2O→H_2+CO_2)的发生。     

CO2 gasification of woody biomass chars: The influence of K and Si on char reactivity

Although the influence of metallic and alkaline elements on biomass char reactivity is well known, a quantitative assessment of this catalytic effect is hard to obtain because of the chemical and textural complexity of biomass. The effect of K and Si on the CO₂ gasification reactivity of a biomass char was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. A beech sample was pyrolyzed at 800 °C and then impregnated with known amounts of silicon or potassium allowing to obtain a wide range of K/Si ratios. The reactivity of the impregnated samples was studied under a CO₂ (20% vol.) atmosphere. The results show that at low conversion ratios, the char reactivity depends on its textural properties, with strong diffusional limitations. When conversion reaches 60%, the presence of a catalyst (K) and an inhibitor (Si) becomes the major parameter influencing reactivity. From these experiments, a general trend was obtained between K/Si ratio and reactivity as a function of conversion.     

Effect of H<Subscript>2</Subscript> in the synthesis of COS using liquid sulfur and CO or CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> as reactants

The synthesis of COS from CO, CO₂ and liquid sulfur in the presence and absence of hydrogen was explored. The reaction of H₂ with liquid sulfur produced H₂S and polysulfanes, which increase the reactivity of liquid sulfur and provide alternative complementary reaction routes for the formation of COS. The reaction from CO₂ proceeds by forming CO as intermediate. Elevated pressure favors formation of COS from both carbon oxides due to the increasing residence time and the saturation of gases in the liquid. Above 350 °C, the solubility of H₂S in sulfur and the hydrogenation of COS limit the conversion of CO. The approach provides a highly efficient method for the preparation of COS under mild reaction conditions, without using a catalyst or water adsorbents.     

Gasification characteristics of coal char under CO2 atmosphere

The char gasification characteristics and the composition of evolved gases in a CO₂ environment have been studied using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG) coupled with a mass spectrometer. Three types of coal char were studied: lignite (TXL), sub-bituminous (PRB), and bituminous (KYB). TG results showed that the reactivities of TXL and PRB were higher than that of KYB, and the reactivity of TXL was higher than that of PRB. The characterization of the chars implied that the mineral content in the char plays an important role in the reactivity and that the surface area and pore volume may accelerate the reactivity of chars. The evolved gases from three chars were mainly CO and SO₂. SO₂ was slightly delayed by CO during gasification of TXL and PRB chars, but for KYB, SO₂ and CO formed in the same temperature range, but at higher temperatures compared with TXL and PRB. The CO production of KYB was the best, 0.98 mg mg^?1; and SO₂ was the least, 0.031 mg mg^?1. PRB and TXL chars had similar CO production, but SO₂ in TXL was higher.     

Pressurized CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-enhanced gasification of coal

Carbon dioxide was considered as a co-gasifying agent in a coal gasification reactor. The work presented herein describes the simulation results for the process and the experimental data on coal char gasification with CO₂ addition as the rate-controlling step for the entire process. To study the potentially beneficial effect of the introduction of CO₂ into the gasification system, several simulations were conducted using the commercial process simulation software ChemCAD 6.3^®. The results of a Gibbs equilibrium reactor were evaluated. The Boudouard reaction is a critical path for the development of this process, and the kinetics were studied experimentally. Four chars derived from the pyrolysis of Polish coals of different origins were selected for the experiments. The kinetic characteristics of this system were examined using a custom-designed pressurized fixed-bed reactor. To determine the effect of pressure on the gasification rate, several preliminary studies on the gasification of coal chars were performed isothermally at the temperature of 950 °C and pressures of 1, 10, and 20 bars. In contrast to the thermodynamic calculations, the experimental data revealed that increasing the CO₂ pressure leads to a higher reaction rate for medium-rank coal chars and low-rank lignite coal char, resulting in higher efficiency for carbon monoxide production. The pressure influences the reactivity more strongly when varied from 1 to 10 bars; a further increase in pressure affects the rate almost insignificantly. The observed behavior representing the changes in carbon conversion degree during gasification is satisfactorily described by the grain model.     

Tuning of Silver Catalyst Mesostructure Promotes Selective Carbon Dioxide Conversion into Fuels

An electrode's performance for catalytic CO₂ conversion to fuels is a complex convolution of surface structure and transport effects. Using well‐defined mesostructured silver inverse opal (Ag‐IO) electrodes, it is demonstrated that mesostructure‐induced transport limitations alone serve to increase the turnover frequency for CO₂ activation per unit area, while simultaneously improving reaction selectivity. The specific activity for catalyzed CO evolution systematically rises by three‐fold and the specific activity for catalyzed H₂ evolution systematically declines by ten‐fold with increasing mesostructural roughness of Ag‐IOs. By exploiting the compounding influence of both of these effects, we demonstrate that mesostructure, rather than surface structure, can be used to tune CO evolution selectivity from less than 5 % to more than 80 %. These results establish electrode mesostructuring as a powerful complementary tool for tuning both catalyst selectivity and efficiency for CO₂ conversion into fuels.