Regions where transient signals are influenced between a source and receiver

At infinite frequency, the only place that a medium can influence the waveform of a received signal that is emitted from a source is along one or more infinitesimally thin ray paths. For any transient signal at finite frequencies, an exact method is developed to compute the regions in a medium that significantly influence the received signal for any specified window of signal travel time. This window is sometimes chosen to surround a peak. Results at finite frequencies differ from those at infinite frequency because of diffraction. The method has its foundation in the integral theorem of Helmholtz and Kirchhoff. Part of the method involves a filter that yields an imperfect but apparently useful picture of influential regions in the presence of interfering waves. The method is useful for quantifying differences between the region of influence and a ray, and for identifying regions in which medium fluctuations significantly influence signal aberrations at a receiver. Four principal results are found at low frequencies. They are: 1) For propagation in homogeneous media, a significant portion of the received signal is influenced by waves that traverse paths that are approximately integer and half-integer numbers of cycles greater than the straight path between source and receiver. Such paths are called 'constructive and destructive paths of influence', respectively. They correspond to edge-diffracted rays for the geometrical theory of diffraction. 2) For reflection from a flat interface in an otherwise homogeneous medium, the received signal is significantly influenced by constructive and destructive paths of influence whose angles of incidence and reflection differ (non-specular reflection). 3) For acoustic propagation centered at 100 Hz in an oceanic acoustic waveguide, the region of influence markedly departs from a ray path, particularly near the reflective ocean surface. The influential region is flat for O(10) km instead of O(1) km for a ray. 4) The first Fresnel zone is an inappropriate scale to characterize the region of influence for transient signals near a steep ray in inhomogeneous media, as assumed by at least one scattering theory. Modification of that theory may yield a better fit with data.     

Multipole expansion of the atomic radiation relaxation operator

A closed-form expression is derived in this work for the atomic relaxation operator containing all yield effects with the radiation of spontaneous photons. It is shown that these effects lead to the following: 1) interference in the probabilities of transitions having different multipole order and identical parity, 2) polarization of atomic states with even multipole orders, and 3) anisotropic diffusion of atoms in momentum space.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 10, pp. 30–40, October, 1987.     

Power flow transmission influenced by vibration source impedance for a compound system

I.IntroductionVeryofteninengineeringpracticemachinesareusuallyinstalledonflexiblestructures.Buildingfloors,shipdecks,aircraftfuselages,carortrainChassisarebutafewexamplesthatfallintothiscategory.Themachinetransmitsvibrationtothereceivingstructureandresultsinstructure-bornesoundtransmission.Especiallywhenaheaviermachinerunningathighspeedismoulltedonaflekib1efoundation,thesourceandthereceiverwillpresentsimilardynamiccharacteristicsattheirinterface.Asaresult,theconventionalanalysiscannotbeappli…     

Temporal characteristics of communications channels between source and receiver in inhomogeneous medium

The temporal translation properties of communications channels between a source and receiver in an inhomogeneous medium are investigated. For this, special characteristics are introduced: the average propagation time, the time variance of signal arrival, the probability of normal arrival, and the probability of division of direct and scattered signals by inhomogeneities. Spatial maps of the distributions of the characteristics are constructed for the example of a bilinear layered waveguide. Recommendations on the use of these maps for the solution of various practical problems are provided.Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 37, No. 11, pp. 1373–1387, November, 1994.     

任意维欧氏空间的长程势多极展开

给出了在任意维欧氏空间中一个一般的长程相互作用势的多极展开结果,并推导得到了单极子和偶极子两两之间的相互作用力公式.     

Series expansion for the sound field of a ring source

An exact series expansion for the field radiated by a monopole ring source with angular variation in source strength is derived from a previously developed expression for the field from a finite disk. The derived series can be used throughout the field, via the use of a reciprocity relation, and can be readily integrated to find the field radiated by arbitrary circular sources of finite extent, and differentiated to find the field due to higher order sources such as dipoles and quadrupoles.     

Multipole expansion of the retarded interatomic potential energy: Derivation from relativistic electron theory

The inductive and dispersive retarded interaction energies of two ground state hydrogen atoms described by Dirac theory are obtained up to all multipole orders. The long range terms are given as symmetric expression in the electric and magnetic dipole moments.     

对弦振动实验中振源的改进

设计制作了一种振源．将其应用于弦振动实验时,不但能像电动音叉作振源那样,可以验证弦线上驻波波长与弦线张力、密度的关系,而且还可以验证电动音叉作振源所不能验证的弦线上驻波波长与驻波频率的关系．     

Passive source range estimation with a single receiver in shallow water

An approach for long-range passive impulsive source ranging with a single receiver in shallow water is proposed,which utilizes the frequency spectrum of the warped signal autocorrelation function via warping transform.For an ideal waveguide,there are invariable frequency features both in the frequency spectrum of the warped signal corresponding to modal cut-off frequencies and the warped signal autocorrelation function due to modal interference.These intrinsic frequency features can be used to passive source ranging.So,the approximate relationship between the frequency of warped signal at an unknown source range and the intrinsic frequency extracted by the time warping transform is derived.These rules can be generalized to an actual shallow water waveguide.Employing an acoustic model to offer the invariable frequency spectrum features,the impulsive signal data collected by a single hydrophone in the North Yellow Sea in December 2011 are analyzed to verify the proposed source ranging approach.The estimated ranges are in good agreement with the ranges measured by GPS,and the mean relative error of range estimation is less than 10%.     

浅海中利用单水听器的声源被动测距

针对浅海声波导中远距离脉冲声源被动测距问题,提出了一种利用单水听器接收信号自相关函数进行warping变换的声源被动测距方法。理想水下声波导中,接收信号warping变换输出的傅里叶变换频谱中具有不变性频率特征,即与声源距离无关的各简正波截止频率;信号自相关函数中不同简正波相干成分也存在不变性频率特征;推导了未知声源距离时特征频率提取值与不变性频率特征之间的近似关系式。这些规律可推广到实际浅海声波导,并用于声源被动测距。利用声场计算模型来提供具有不变性频率特征的频谱,对2011年12月北黄海海域水声实验中单水听器接收的脉冲声数据进行了处理,验证了方法的有效性,测距结果和实际距离符合良好,平均测距误差在10%以内。     

Generation and expansion of laser-induced plasma as a spectroscopic emission source

Laser-induced plasma represents today a widespread spectroscopic emission source. It can be easily generated using compact and reliable nanosecond pulsed laser on a large variety of materials. Its application for spectrochemical analysis for example with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has become so popular that one tends to forget the complex physical and chemical processes leading to its generation and governing its evolution. The purpose of this review article is to summarize the backgrounds necessary to understand and describe the laser-induced plasma from its generation to its expansion into the ambient gas. The objective is not to go into the details of each process; there are numerous specialized papers and books for that in the literature. The goal here is to gather in a same paper the essential understanding elements needed to describe laser-induced plasma as results from a complex process. These elements can be dispersed in several related but independent fields such as laser-matter interaction, laser ablation of material, optical and thermodynamic properties of hot and ionized gas, or plasma propagation in a background gas. We believe that presenting the ensemble of understanding elements of laser-induced plasma in a comprehensive way and in limited pages of this paper will be helpful for further development and optimized use of the LIBS technique. Experimental results obtained in our laboratory are used to illustrate the studied physical processes each time such illustration becomes possible and helpful.     

运动声源与接收器的脉冲简正波传播

基于简正波声场理论,导出了声源和接收器运动情况下窄带脉冲声传播的表式。分析了窄带脉冲声的单个简正波Doppler频移特性。通过研究接收与发射脉冲信号的相关,给出了窄带脉冲信号的Doppler匹配条件以及Doppler频移补偿间隔的一般表式。浅海55 km的D0ppler频移补偿实验验证了理论结果。     

Multipole pairing states and the correspondence between two- and four-particle transfer reactions

Data for the ^58,60Ni(⁶Li, d) ^62,64Zn reactions, together with an analysis in terms of a simple multipole pairing model, indic that two-phonon states are extremely weakly excited. This result arises from the dominance of monopole pairing correlations in four-particle transfer reactions and explains the observed correspondence between two- and four-particle transfer reactions populating the same final nucleus.     

Vibrational power transmission to a seating of a vibration isolated motor

A motor-isolator-seating arrangement is set up and predictions of the vibration transmission to the seating via the isolators is made by using the frequency averaged frequency response characteristics of the seating and motor. These estimates are compared with power measurements made by using alternative methods incorporating frequency response data and accelerations at connecting points. In general, the measurements are found to be in agreement with the predictions, with the exception occurring when significant airborne noise excited the seating. The effects of multipoint couplig are discussed.