Thermal behaviour of lanthanide complexes of 1,3-propanediamine- tetramethylenephosphonic acid

1,3-propanediaminotetramethylenephosphonic acid (PDTMP, H₈L) was prepared and its complexes with some lanthanide ions (La(III), Eu(III), Gd(III) and Sm(III)) were isolated. The IR spectra and thermal stabilities of PDTMP and its complexes were studied. All the complexes contain physically and coordinately bound water molecules, which are released from the solid samples below 370°C. On heating PDTMP decomposes to phosphorus oxides, while its anhydrous complexes decompose to lanthanide oxides, and cyclic and linear polyphosphates between 400 and 1000°C. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermal behaviour of hydrated dodecatungstosilicic acid

The thermal behaviour of H₄SiW₁₂O₄₀·24.8H₂O (SiW₁₂) was investigated by using DTA, TG and FTIR. Endothermic effects were observed at 40, 98 and 217°C, corresponding to the fusion of SiW₁₂ in its own crystallization water, boiling of the solution and decomposition of the remaining tetrahydrate into anhydrous SiW₁₂, respectively. The mass of the sample remained constant on heating from about 250 to 400°C. Subsequently, it slowly decreased and reached a constant value at about 500°C. At 526°C a DTA peak appeared. There was an abrupt change in the FTIR spectrum of the sample heated to 550°C. The typical spectrum of the Keggin unit vanished and new bands at 807.5 and 1030 cm^?1 indicated the presence of free WO₃ and SiO₂, respectively.     

Thermal behaviour of hydrated copper(II) complexes

Dehydration steps of aquacopper(II) complexes with homogeneous and heterogeneous coordination sphere are investigated from the view point of structural changes taking place under their heating to the decomposition temperature and during the dehydration. The role of loosening of intra-and intermolecular hydrogen bonds in the decomposition reaction for the structure changes of the remainder, the structural presumptions of the reactants for lower hydrates formation are discussed. Activation parameters of dehydration were found to be the lower, the smaller are the structure differences between the reactants and products. They do not reflect the bond length central atomvolatile ligand, much more the overall structure differences between the starting and resulting compounds. From all data on crystal and molecular structures of dehydrated compounds is the reaction pathway best indicated by anisotropic temperature parameters of donor atoms corrected for the thermal movement of the central atom: the higher these values in the bond direction are, the lower the values of activation energies of dehydration are.     

Thermal and spectroscopic investigations of new lanthanide complexes with 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid

The new 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylates of lanthanide(III) of the formula Ln(btc)·nH₂O, where btc is 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylate; Ln is La-Lu, and n=2 for Ce; n=3 for La, Yb, Lu; and n=4 for Pr-Tm were prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction patterns. Polycrystalline complexes are isotructural in the two groups: La-Tm and Yb, Lu. IR spectra of the complexes show that all carboxylate groups from 1,2,4-benzentricarboxylate ligands are engaged in coordination of lanthanide atoms. The thermal analysis of the investigated complexes in air atmosphere was carried out by means of simultaneous TG-DTA technique. The complexes are stable up to about 30°C but further heating leads to stepwise dehydration. Next, anhydrous complexes decompose to corresponding oxides. The combined TG-FTIR technique was employed to study of decomposition pathway of the investigated complexes.     

Thermal properties of lanthanide(III) complexes with 5-amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid

The complexes of yttrium(III) and lanthanides(III) with 5-amino-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid form two isostructural series of compounds and have the general formula Ln₂(C₈H₅O₄N)₃·nH₂O, where n = 13 for Y, La-Er and n=9 for Tm, Yb, Lu. They are insoluble in water and stable at room temperature. On heating in air or inert gas atmosphere they lose all water molecules in several steps. The anhydrous compounds are stable to about 400°C and next decompose to oxides.     

Stability constants of lanthanide complexes with salicylhydroxamic acid

The stability constants of La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Er, Yb and Y complexes of salicylhydroxamic acid have been determined potentiometrically in 3:1 v v acetone-water medium at 25 +/- 0.5 degrees and at an ionic strength of 0.1 with respect to sodium perchlorate. The stability constants are comparable with those of other lanthanide complexes with oxygen-donating ligands such as benzoylacetone and benzoylphenylhydroxylamine.     

Thermal decomposition of Y,La and light lanthanide complexes of hippuric acid

The conditions of thermal decomposition of the hippurates of Y, La and the light lanthanides from Ce(III) to Gd have been studied. When heated, the Y, Ce(III), Pr and Gd complexes decomposed in two stages, those of La, Sm and Eu in three stages, and that of Nd in four stages, the oxides finally being formed. The complexes lost crystallization water to form anhydrous (Nd) or hydrated salts, and then decomposed to oxides directly (Y, Ce(III), Pr(III) and Gd) or with intermediate formation of Ln₂O₂CO₃ (La, Nd, Sm and Eu). The temperature of oxide formation varied periodically with the ionic potential in the lanthanide series.

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Zusammenfassung Die Bedingungen der thermischen Zersetzung der Hippurate von Y, La und der leichten Lanthanide von Ce(III) bis Gd wurden untersucht. Beim Aufheizen zersetzen sich die Komplexe von Y, Ce(III), Pr und Gd in zwei Schritten, die von Sm und Eu in drei Schritten und der von Nd in vier Schritten zu den Oxiden. Die Komplexe verlieren Kristallwasser unter Bildung wasserfreier (Nd) oder hydratisierter Salze und zersetzen sich dann direkt (Y, Ce(III), Pr(III), Gd) oder über Ln₂O₂CO₃ (Ln, Nd, Sm, Eu) zu den Oxiden. Die Temperatur der Oxidbildung verändert sich periodisch mit abnehmenden Ionenpotential in der Lanthanidenreihe.

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, . , , , , — , — , . , , (, , ) Ln₂O₂CO₃ (, , ). .

     

Thermal behaviour and microstructural characterization of lanthanide sulphides

Thermal decomposition processes of rare earth sesquisulfides Ln₂S₃ (Ln= Lu, Y and Er) in O₂ flow up to 1590 K, have been studied. Decomposition takes place through incomplete oxidations and overlapping decomposition reactions. Two intermediate phases such as Ln₂O₂S and Ln₂O₂SO₄ are formed before the final more stable phase Ln₂O₃ (C-type) is obtained. Microstructural studies show the poor crystallinity of the intermediate products.We wish to thank the Centro de Microscopia Electrónica, U.C.M.) for facilities. This research was supported by the CYCIT project MAT 89-0768.     

Thermal investigation by simultaneous TG/DTG-DTA and IR spectroscopy of new lanthanide complexes with salicylhydroxamic acid

Summary The reaction of a hydrated nitrate salt of lanthanide (Ln=Pr, Nd, Gd, Dy, Er) with the polyfunctional ligand salicylhydroxamic acid (H₃sha), in the presence of base, afforded solid compounds, insoluble in common organic solvents and in water. The new complexes characterized by means of elemental analyses (C, H, N, Ln), magnetic moment determinations and spectroscopic data (IR, MS). It is proposed that they are neutral, with a possible polymeric structure of the general type: [Ln₂(Hsha)₂(H₂sha)(DMF)_x(CH₃O)(H₂O)]_n×2H₂O Their thermal decomposition was studied in nitrogen and/or oxygen atmosphere, between 25-1000°C by using simultaneous TG/DTG-DTA technique. The IR spectroscopy used to determine the intermediates and the final products. The intermediates at 180°C suggest the formation of N-hydroxylactam complex, which upon further heating gives a carbonaceous residue of Ln₂O₃ at 1000°C in nitrogen, while in oxygen the stable oxides are formed at 600°C.     

Thermal decomposition of yttrium,lanthanum and lanthanide complexes of square acid in air atmosphere

The conditions of thermal decomposition of the Y, La and lanthanide complexes of square acid in air atmosphere have been studied. On heating, the complexes of Y, La, Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd, Sm, Eu(III), Gd, Tb(III) and Ho decompose in two steps. First, the hydrated complexes lose crystallization water to form anhydrous salts. The complexes of Dy and Er decompose in three steps; they are dehydrated in two steps to form anhydrous salts. The complexes of Tm, Yb and Lu are dehydrated in three steps; in two steps they lose water molecules to form octahydrates, which in the third step are dehydrated during decomposition. On heating, the anhydrous complexes of Y, Ce(III), Pr(III), Eu(III), Gd, Tb(III), Dy, Ho and Er and the octahydrated salts of Tm, Yb and Lu decompose directly to the oxides Ln₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O₁₁ and Tb₄O₇. The anhydrous complexes of La, Nd and Sm decompose to Ln₂O₃ with intermediate formation of Ln₂O₂CO₃.

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Zusammenfassung Die thermische Zersetzung von Komplexen von Y, La und Lanthaniden mit Squaresäure in Luft wurde untersucht. Beim Erhitzen zerfallen die Komplexe von Y, La, Ce(III), Pr(III), Nd, Sm, Eu(III), Gd, Tb(III) und Ho in zwei Schritten. Die hydrierten Komplexe geben zuerst Wasser ab und bilden wasserfreie Salze. Die Komplexe von Dy und Er zerfallen in drei Schritten, wobei sie in zwei Schritten zu wasserfreien Salzen dehydriert werden. Die Komplexe von Tm, Yb und Lu werden in drei Schritten dehydriert. Sie geben in zwei Schritten einige Wassermoleküle ab, um Octahydrate zu bilden, die dann während des Zerfalles dehydriert werden. Die wasserfreien Komplexe von Y, Ce(III), Pr(III), Eu(III), Gd, Tb(III), Dy, Ho und Er sowie die Octahydratsalze von Tm, Yb, und Lu zerfallen beim Erhitzen direkt zu den Oxiden Ln₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O₁₁ und Tb₄O₇. Die wasserfreien Komplexe von La, Nd und Sm zerfallen über das Zwischenprodukt Ln₂O₂CO₃ zu Ln₂O₃.

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, . , , , , , , , . , . . . , . , , . , , , , , , , , , , Ln₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O₁₁ Tb₄O₇. , Ln₂O₃ Ln₂O₂CO₃.

     

Thermal properties of lanthanide(III) complexes with 2-aminoterephthalic ACID

The complexes of yttrium(III) and lanthanides(III) with 2-aminoterephthalic acid form the isostructural series of triclinic compounds with a space group P from La to Lu and they have the general formula of Ln₂(C₈H₅O₄N)₃·8H₂O. On heating in air or inert gas atmosphere they lose all water molecules in the temperature range 50–200°C in one or two steps. The anhydrous compounds are stable from 360 to 435°C and then decompose to oxides.     

Thermal investigation and infrared evolved gas analysis of light lanthanide(III) complexes with pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid

The characterisation of light lanthanide(III) complexes with pyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid of the formula Ln₂pdc₃·nH₂O where Ln denotes lanthanides from La to Gd, pdc = C₇H₅NO₄²⁻; n = 6 for Ce(III), n = 7 for Pr(III) and Sm(III), n = 8 for La and n = 13 for Nd(III), Eu(III) and Gd(III) was performed by the thermal analysis TG-DTA and the simultaneous infrared evolved gas analysis TG-FTIR. Heating of the crystalline complexes resulted in the dehydration process at first. Next, dehydrated compounds decompose releasing of CO₂, CO, CH₄ and hydrocarbons. Free pyridine molecules were detected only in the gaseous products of lanthanum(III) complex decomposition.     

Thermal analysis of lanthanide(III) and Y(III) complexes with 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid

Summary A procedure for the extrapolation of accelerated thermo-oxidative ageing tests to lower temperatures is proposed. The procedure involves a deconvolution of the global process into high- and low-temperature components where the extrapolation to low temperatures is carried out using the low-temperature component. The method was tested on stabilized and unstabilized polyisoprene rubber and was found to produce realistic estimations of the length of the induction period of oxidation so giving a more accurate estimation of the service life. However, to obtain the low-temperature values of the adjustable kinetic parameters, very low heating rates are required (0.04 K min^-1, 0.1 K min^-1) making the measurement process time consuming. Using this method, more realistic estimates of the durability of a material are obtained.     

A thermal study of hydrated lanthanide heptafluorobutyrates

Several hydrated lanthanide salts of heptafluorobutyric acid have been prepared and characterized.Hydration studies have shown the compounds to exist in various hydration states across the series. Powder X-ray diffraction studies support the existence of variable hydration states in that three distinct crystalline forms exist. Infrared analysis revealed two types of structures to be present. Upon dehydration of the lighter rare earth hydrates to intermediate dihydrates, all of the compounds showed similar structures. Decomposition was found to be exothermic. The volatile decomposition products were identified by infrared analysis and found to consist of CO, CO₂, CF₃CF₂COF and CF₃CF₂CF₂COF. The amounts of each gas were found to be dependent on the decomposition temperature. The non-volatile decomposition products were identified by powder X-ray diffraction and found to consist of LnF₃, LnOF and Ln₂O₃.     

Synthesis, mesomorphism, and unusual magnetic behaviour of lanthanide complexes with perfluorinated counterions

Lanthanide complexes of the Schiff base ligand 4-dodecyloxy-N-hexadecyl-2-hydroxybenzaldimine and with perfluorinated alkyl sulfate counterions were synthesised. All of the metal complexes show a smectic A mesophase. The viscosity of this mesophase is much lower than that of analogous compounds with nitrate or alkyl sulfate counterions. The behaviour of these new highly anisotropic molecular magnetic materials was studied using high-temperature X-ray measurements in an external magnetic field and temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility measurements. The mu(eff)-versus-temperature curve is more comparable with those expected for nematic phases than for smectic phases. The luminescence spectrum of a EuIII compound shows that the values of the second rank crystal field parameters are very large. The huge magnetic anisotropy can be related to this strong crystal-field perturbation.     

Study of lanthanide complexes with salicylic acid by photoacoustic and fluorescence spectroscopy

Solid complexes Ln(Sal)3.H2O (Sal: salicylic acid; Ln: La3+, Nd3+, Eu3+, Tb3+) are synthesized, and their photoacoustic (PA) spectra in the UV-Vis region have been recorded. PA intensities of central lanthanide ions are interpreted in terms of the probability of nonradiative transitions. It is found that PA intensity of the ligand increases in the order of Tb(Sal)3.H2O < La(Sal3).H2O < Eu(Sal)3.H2O < Nd(Sal)3.H2O. Different PA intensities of the ligand are interpreted by comparison with the fluorescence spectra. Ternary complexes Eu(Sal)3Phen and Tb(Sal)3Phen (Phen: 1,10-phenanthroline) are synthesized. Compared with their binary complexes, PA intensity of the ligand Sal decreases for Eu(Sal)3Phen, while the reverse is true for that of Tb(Sal)3Phen. The luminescence of Eu3+ increases remarkably when Phen is introduced, and luminescence of Tb3+ decreases greatly when Phen is added. The intramolecular energy transfer and relaxation processes in the complexes are discussed from two aspects: radiative and nonradiative relaxations.     

Polymetallic lanthanide complexes with PAMAM-naphthalimide dendritic ligands: luminescent lanthanide complexes formed in solution

Generation 3 PAMAM dendrimers functionalized with 2,3-naphthalimide chromophoric groups on the end branches were synthesized, and the formation of Eu3+ polymetallic complexes was investigated. The luminescence properties of these complexes upon binding were fully characterized. On addition of Eu3+ to the dendrimer solution, lanthanide luminescence appears. The formation of a luminescent species corresponding to a dendrimer:lanthanide ratio of 1:8 was determined by luminescence batch titration and indicated by the maximum of Eu3+ emission. This indicates an overall average coordination number of 7.5 around each lanthanide metal cation. This is the first report of such characterization in the literature. Luminescence lifetimes indicate that the metal cation is well protected from nonradiative deactivation by the dendritic structure. Despite the limited efficiency of the sensitization of Eu3+, the absolute quantum yield being 0.0006, the good protection of the eight lanthanide cations bound in the dendrimer structure and the high absorptivity leads to the red emission from Eu3+ that is easily observed in solution under irradiation with 354 nm UV light.     

Thermal behaviour of complexes of antipyrine derivatives II

Parent and mixed ligand complexes of cobalt(II) and copper(II) ions with N,N-bis-(4-antipyrylmethyl)piperazine or N,N-tetra(4-antipyryl-methyl)-1,2-diaminoethane or/and imidazole as ligand and ClO ₄ ^– or SCN^– as counterion were synthesised and their thermal behaviour was investigated.This work was performed in the framework of cooperation between the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Romanian Academy and was supported financially, in part, by the Hungarian Scientific Research Foundation (OTKA T 029554).     

Syntheses,characterization and thermal properties of lanthanide complexes with 2-mercaptonicotinic acid

Fourteen new complexes with the general formula of Ln(Hmna)₃·nH₂O (n=2 for Ln=La-Ho and n=1 for Er-Lu, H₂mna=2-mercaptonicotinic acid) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra and thermogravimetric analyses. In addition, molar specific heat capacities were determined by a microcalorimeter at 298.15 K. The IR spectra of the prepared complexes revealed that carboxyl groups of the ligands coordinated with Ln(III) ions in bidentate chelating mode. Hydrated complexes lost water molecules during heating in one step and then the anhydrous complexes decomposed directly to oxides Ln₂O₃, CeO₂, Pr₆O₁₁ and Tb₄O₇. The values of molar specific heat capacities for fourteen solid complexes were plotted against the atomic numbers of lanthanide, which presented as ‘tripartite effect’. It suggested a certain amount of covalent character existed in the bond of Ln³⁺ and ligands, according with nephelauxetic effect of 4f electrons of rare earth ions.