负离子配位多面体生长基元的理论模型与晶粒形貌

本文介绍了一种新的形貌判定准则--配位多面体生长习性法则.首先在负离子配位多面体生长基元模型的基础上建立了晶体的生长机理模型和界面模型,在此基础上提出了晶体形貌判定法则.即晶体的各晶面的生长速度与其结构中的配位多面体在界面上显露的元素种类有关.显露配位多面体顶点的晶面生长速度快,显露面的晶面生长速度慢,显露棱的晶面生长速度介于两者之间.此外,晶体的各晶面的生长速度还与配位多面体在界面上显露的元素数目有关.显露配位多面体元素数目多的晶面生长速度快.根据此法则成功地解释了γ-AlO(OH)晶体和极性晶体ZnO,SiO2的形貌特征.最后,本文还提出了两种晶体形貌的调制方法,即添加剂调制法和过饱和度调制法.成功地调制了ZnO晶体的形貌.     

负离子配位多面体生长基元和晶体形貌

本文运用负离子配位多面体生长基元理论模型讨论了负离子配位多面体在异质同构和同质异构晶体中的结晶方位和其形态之间的关系,发现晶体的生长习性与负离子配位多面体在不同面族上相互联结的稳定性密切相关.负离子配位多面体以顶角相联最稳定,以边相连次之,以面相连最不稳定.同时,本文用负离子配位多面体生长基元理论模型对极性晶体ZnO和ZnS的生长习性也做了一定的解释.     

提拉法生长镓酸锂晶体及缺陷研究

研究了提拉法生长的镓酸锂单晶的生长习性和结晶质量.晶体表面呈乳白色且表面粗糙.通过光学显微镜、四晶X射线衍射、透射光谱和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱对样品进行了表征,结果表明,在(001)面的抛光样品上存在三种缺陷: [110]和[-110]方向的十字线、[010]方向排列的气泡包裹物以及平行于(010)面的界面,界面的产生起因于(010)晶面的滑移;晶体的结晶质量从顶部到底部逐渐下降,这是由于在生长过程中氧化锂的挥发导致熔体成分偏离化学计量比造成的.     

祖母绿晶体水热生长习性研究

本文研究了在水热条件下祖母绿晶体的生长习性,指出了祖母绿晶面的发育顺序,并用负离子配位多面体生长基元理论进行了解释,根据对晶体的不同用途结合晶体生长习性采用不同的籽晶切型,生长出了符合特殊形态要求的祖母绿晶体.     

离子晶体生长机理及其生长习性

从阴、阳离子在界面上互相配位的角度介绍了一种新的微观生长机理模型,指出了生长基元进入晶格的驱动力为离子之间的静电引力,其相对大小由各界面上离子的静电键强近似测定.讨论了完好晶体(如ZnS、CsCl、PZT和PbWO4晶体)的生长习性.提出了一种新的生长习性判定法则.即当晶体生长由台阶产生速度决定时,晶体的生长习性与晶体中络合能力最小的离子在各界面上的配位数有关.在界面上离子的配位数越小,该晶面的生长速度越快.当晶体的生长速度由台阶移动速度决定时,晶体的生长习性与晶体中络合能力最小的离子在界面上的密度有关.在界面上离子的密度越小,该晶面的生长速度越快.     

掺杂YCa4O(BO3)3晶体的生长与性质研究

采用提拉方法,首次使用铂坩埚在大气气氛下生长出大尺寸,高质量的非线性光学晶体YCa4O(BO3)3(YCOB).典型晶体尺寸为直径15～20mm,长度30～40mm.对晶体进行掺杂改性研究,已分别生长出掺杂浓度为5;的Nd:YCOB,Er:YCOB和掺杂浓度为20;的Yb:YCOB晶体.对沿不同方向生长的晶体的习性和缺陷进行了研究.晶体的生长是以典型的二维成核层状生长进行的.当沿方向生长时,晶体易出现(010)面孪晶及方向的解理面;而沿〈010〉方向生长时,可避免孪晶和解理面的出现.我们认为〈010〉方向为最佳生长方向.通过测量晶体的室温透过谱发现掺杂的YCOB晶体在深紫外(220nm)有较高的透过率(80;).初步的自倍频实验可观察到Nd:YCOB晶体能够在811nm的LD泵浦下产生较强的绿光,并且阈值较低.这表明掺稀土的YCOB晶体可能是一种有应用前景的自倍频激光材料.     

Na5[B2P3O13]晶体双晶结构的研究

采用泡生法和b向籽晶生长出尺寸为22mm×24mm×20mm的透明Na5[B2P3O13]晶体.晶体定向中发现(100)和(001)晶面的一级衍射出现双峰;正交偏光显微镜下观察晶体的(010)切片,看到清晰的明暗条纹;当一束激光正入射(010)切片时,产生衍射现象;用同步辐射白光X射线形貌术拍摄了(100)、(010)和(001)切片的Laue像,观察到了晶体的孪晶结构,再借助(010)切片的化学腐蚀研究,推出该晶体为规则的聚片双晶,其结合面为(001).     

水热条件下ZnS晶体的极性生长机制与双晶的形成

本文从结晶化学角度出发,研究了ZnS晶体的极性生长的习性机理和双晶的形成,认为闪锌矿硫化锌晶体的结晶形貌主要是由正极面{111}和负极面{()}的显露程度不同所决定的,而正、负极面的显露与否与溶液的碱度密切相关.溶液碱度增加,正极面生长速率逐渐减慢,与负极面生长速率差异减小,晶粒形貌由四面体形变为以正、负极面同时显露的六四面体形和四角锥体,这主要是由于溶液中OH-在正极面上的吸附并影响了正极面生长的缘故;ZnS双晶的形成是由于溶液中存在正离子配位多面体[S-Zn4]6+和负离子配位多面体[Zn-S4]6-两种生长基元并相互结合构成双晶核所致,溶液中正、负配位四面体生长基元的多少与Zn2+、S2-的含量有关.由此合理地解释了晶体的极性生长和双晶的形成机制.     

KDP晶体各向异性力学特性分析

利用压痕实验研究了KDP晶体在(001)晶面不同晶向上的硬度和断裂韧性力学特性,在此基础上利用划痕实验对(001)晶面不同晶向上的脆塑性转变点位置进行了研究.结果表明:在KDP晶体(001)晶面的[110]晶向上硬度值最小,断裂韧性值最大,最易产生塑性变形,最不易产生脆性断裂,在该方向上可以得到较大的临界切削深度,而在[100]晶向上硬度最大,最易产生脆性断裂,不易产生塑性变形,临界切削深度最小.此研究结果为磨削实验提供指导意义,即在(001)晶面上沿[110]晶向能加工出表面质量较好的KDP晶体.     

负离子配位多面体生长基元与晶体表面结构(Ⅰ)水晶(SiO2),闪锌矿(ZnS),碘化镉(CdI2)

本文用负离子配位多面体生长基元理论模型研究了水晶(SiO2)、闪锌矿(ZnS)和碘化镉(CdI2)晶体表面结构的形成,指出晶体的表面结构是负离子配位多面体在晶体表面的迭合轨迹,把晶体的表面结构与内部结构由表及里的有机联系起来.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.